GRE 阅读

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Even as the number of females processed through juvenile courts climbs steadily, an implicit consensus remains among scholars in criminal justice that male adolescents define the delinquency problem in the United States. We suggest two reasons why this view persists. First, female adolescents are accused primarily of victimless crimes, such as truancy, that do not involve clear-cut damage to persons or property. If committed by adults, these actions are not even considered prosecutable; if committed by juvenile males, they have traditionally been looked on leniently by the courts. Thus, ironically, the plight of female delinquents receives little scrutiny because they are accused of committing relatively minor offenses. Second, the courts have long justified so-called preventive intervention into the lives of young females viewed as antisocial with the rationale that women are especially vulnerable. Traditional stereotypes of women as the weaker and more dependent sex have led to earlier intervention and longer periods of misdirected supervision for female delinquents than for males.
17.        Which of the following statements best expresses the irony pointed out by the authors in lines 13-16 of the passage?
(A) Female delinquents tend to commit victimless crimes more frequently than their male counterparts.
(B) The predicament of male delinquents receives more attention than that of females because males are accused of more serious crimes.
(C) Adults are frequently punished less severely than adolescents for committing more serious crimes.
(D) The juvenile justice system cannot correct its biases because it does not even recognize them.
(E) Although the number of female delinquents is steadily increasing, the crimes of which they are accused are not particularly serious.
18.        It can be inferred from the passage that the authors believe traditional stereotypes of women to be
(A) frequently challenged
(B) persistently inexplicable
(C) potentially harmful
(D) rapidly changing
(E) habitually disregarded
19.        The passage suggests that scholars in criminal justice could be criticized for which of the following?
(A) Underestimating the seriousness of juvenile crime
(B) Rationalizing the distinction made between juveniles and adults in the legal system
(C) Concerning themselves too little with the prevention of juvenile delinquency
(D) Focusing on those whose crimes have involved damage to persons or property
(E) Failing to point out injustices in the correctional system


即使青少年法庭受理的女性犯罪案件的数目一直在增加，犯罪学者们中还是有一个潜在的共识，那就是男性青少年犯罪占美国青少年犯罪的大多数。我们认为有两个原因使得这种观点一直在持续。 第一，女性青少年被指控的罪大多是没有受害者的罪行，比如旷课，这些罪行不会牵扯到明确的人身和财产的损害。如果是成人犯了这些罪行，这些罪行甚至都不会被认为是可以起诉的。如果是男性青少年犯了这些罪行，法庭多半会从宽处理。所以，具有讽刺意义的是，女性犯轻罪者的困境是由于她们犯的是比较轻的罪，所以法庭也不会对这些轻罪做仔细的检查。第二，由于年轻女性被认为是反社会的（其理由是认为她们更容易受到伤害），各个法院都有所谓的对年轻女性的生活的“预防性的干预”措施。认为女性是更弱小的以及更依附性的性别这一传统观念导致了社会对年轻女性犯轻罪者做了比年轻男性犯轻罪者更多的 “早期干预”和长时间的方向错误的监督。


Juvenile      少年的；未成年的
Implicit      含蓄的；不直接言明的；成为一部分的；内含的
Consensus    一致的意见；共识
Criminal      罪犯
Justice        公正；公平；审判；公道
Adolescent    青年期的
Delinquency   常指青年人的）犯罪
Persist        保持；持续存在；维持；顽强地坚持
Accuse        控告；谴责；控诉
Victim        受害者
Truancy       逃学；旷课
Prosecute     起诉；控告；检举；担任控方律师
Leniently      宽大地；温和地
Ironically      讽刺地；出乎意料的是；意想不到的是
Plight         困境；苦难；苦境
Scrutiny       仔细检查；认真彻底的审查
Offense       冒犯；犯罪；进攻设置
Preventive     预防措施；防护物；预防法；预防剂
Intervention    干预；介入；调解
Antisocial      反社会的；危害社会的；令人讨厌的；不合群的
Rationale      基本原理；根本原因
Vulnerable     （身体上或感情上）脆弱的, 易受攻击的；易受伤的；易受伤害的
Stereotype     刻板印象；模式化观念（或形象）；老一套
Intervention    干预；介入；调解
Misdirect       误导；误用；使用不当；指错方向
Supervision     监督；管理
Predicament    困境；尴尬的处境；窘境
biases         偏见
Recognize      承认;识别;认出
Inexplicable    莫名其妙的; 费解的; 无法解释的;
Harmful       不良; 不利; 对…有害的; 能造成损害的;
Rapidly        很快地，迅速地; 立即;
Habitually      习惯地，惯常地; 素; 素常;
Disregard       不顾; 不理会; 漠视，忽视; 蔑视，轻视;
Distinct         明显的，清楚的; 卓越的，不寻常的; 有区别的; 确切的;
Involve         包含; 使参与，牵涉; 围绕，缠绕; 使专心于;
Correctional     矫正的; 改正的; 纠正的;