关于写作的资料(1)

kenmicUID: 45995

Azure Dragon 收集整理

我打算把关于写作的资料放在这里，下次也会放在这里，发在这个贴子下面。这一篇比较
长，所以我可能会再多过一些时间才发下
一篇。希望大家喜欢。



I．对立法

  文章开头首先引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏
向的那个看法。对立法的句型多用于

有争议性的主题。

1 When asked about..., the vast / overwhelming majority of
most / many / quite a few people  say
think
believe
answer
1 that.... But other people regard / view / see / think of.. . as....
I think /view quite / a bit differently.

  1.1 When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say that it is
the serious energy crisis. They are
afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But
other people hold optimistic views: they
regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will
be only solved with further advances
in economy and technology.
  当问起世界上现在最大的问题是什么，许多人说是严重的能源危机。他们担心人类不久会
用完石油、发生食品短缺！但有些人则
持乐观的看法。他们把能源危机看成是经济发展的自然结果，而且只有随着经济和技术的进
一步发展才能得以解决。

  1.2 When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, mist
college students say that they would
choose a job which will bring them lot of money and a conformable life. Working
in a big bank or company is what
they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will
help realize my potentials.
  当问起毕业后干什么，大多数大学生说，他们会找一个能给他们带来许多钱和舒适生活的
工作。在一家大银行或大的公司里工作
是他们所向往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要选择一个能够发挥我的才能的职业。

2 When It comes to..., some people think
believe that.... Others argue
claim that the
2 opposite
reverse is true. There Is probably some truth in both  arguments
statements , but....

  2.1 When it canes to international sport such as the Olympic Games and the
World Cup soccer game, some people believe
that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games
together they will learn to live together.
Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage
false national pride and lead in
misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of truth in both
arguments, but in recent years the
Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage
international brotherhood.
  当说到国际体育比赛，诸如奥林匹克运动会和世界杯足球赛，有些人认为它能增进国与国
之间的友善。如果许多国家在一起比赛交流，
他们就会知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人则持相反的观点。他们认为国际体育竞赛只会造成
虚假的民族自豪感，导致相互间的误解和仇恨.
这两种观点可能都有点道理，但是从最近几年的奥林匹克运动会来看，很少能证明体育运动
可以增进国与国之间的友好感情。

  2.2 In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible
for people to live longer than in the
past. Yet when it comes to the desirability of extending the life of the
terminally ill, some people, including some
doctors, say that the quality of life is as important as life itself, and that
people should in be forced to go on
living when the conditions of life have become unbearable. They argue that
people should be allowed to die with dignity
and decide when they want to die. However those who are in favor of life-
extending measures argue that life under any
circumstances is better than death and that the duty of doctors is always to
extend life as long as possible. There is
probably some truth on both sides, but recently the public clamor for the
legalization of voluntary euthanasia seem
increasingly strong.
  在最近几十年，医学技术的进步使得人类有可能比过去活得长了。但是当论及延长一个无
可挽救、濒临死亡的人的生命是否必要时，
有些人，包括有些医生认为生命的质量和生命本身同样重要；当病情已变得不堪忍受了，就
不应迫使这些人再活下去。他们坚持说应允
许一个人尊严地死去，允许他们决定什么时候死。但是赞成采取延长生命的方法的人认为在
任何情况下生总比死好；一个医生的责任就
是尽可能延长一个人的生命。或许双方都有点道理，但是最近公众要求对自愿安乐死合法化
的呼声似乎越来越高。

3 There is a public
general
much  debate
discussion
controversy today
nowadays on
about
over
as to the problem
issue of.... Those who criticize
oppose
object to
3 ... contend
argue ... that.... They believe that .... But people who advocate
favor  ..., on the other hand, maintain
assert that....

  3.1 There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is
desirable. Those who criticize economic growth
argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain
limits on growth. These include the fixed
supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on
the natural environment. People who want
more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth
rate, there are still many poor people,
They maintain that only continued growth can create the capital needed to
improve the quality of life and provide the
financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from
industrialization.
  现在围绕快速的经济发展是否应该正展开一场热烈的讨论。那些持反对意见者认为我们必
须放慢发展速度。他们说发展已接近某种极限！
这其中包括有限的自然资源供应和工业对环境造成的消极影响。然而要求更快发展的人则认
为，即使按目前的发展速度还是有许多穷人。
他们认为经济的持续快速发展才能创造提高生活质量所必需的资本，才能提供用来保护环境
不受工业化破坏的资金。

  3.2 There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of
college students' doing a part-time job. Those
who object to it argue that students should not spend their precious time in
this way. But people who advocate it, on the
other hand, claim that, by taking a major-related part-time job or summer job,
students can not only improve their academic
studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get
from the textbooks.
  关于大学生打工这一现象，校园里正展开一场讨论。反对大学生打工的人指出大学生不应
该把宝贵的时间花在这上面。然而赞成者则认为，
通过从事一些与专业有关的工作，可以提高学生的学习，还可获得到书本上得不到的许多经
验。

4 Now, It is commonly
generally
widely  believed
thought
held
accepted
felt
recognized
acknowledged that.... They
4 claim
believe
argue that .... But I wonder
doubt whether ...

  4.1 It is commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the
inevitable result of economic development. They argue

that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV, no cigarettes available
everywhere, and no adequate pocket money,
teenagers are unlikely to take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt that it is
a satisfactory explanation. While conceding
the effect of advertising and other commercial factors, I think that the
primary cause is social and individual rather than
economic.
  人们普遍认为青少年吸烟人数上升是经济发展不可避免的结果。他们认为：如果电视上没
有香烟广告，香烟不是到处可买得到，孩子的
零用钱不是很多的话，青少年不太可能染上吸烟的习惯。但我怀疑这是否是一个满意的解
释。虽然有广告和其它商业因素的影响，我认为
主要原因是社会和个人因素而不是经济上的。

  4.2 It is widely felt that there is a fear plainly uppermost in the minds of
most people today. They are afraid of the
future, and if you ask them why, they conveniently blame the atomic bomb. But
I suspect that the nuclear weapon is only
the scapegoat for our fears. We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb.
We are afraid of bombs because we have no
faith in the future. I believe people no longer have faith in our ability to
control our own future.
  人们普遍感到现在大多数人明显地有一种恐惧感。他们怕将来。如果问他们为什么怕，他
们会很随意地怪原子弹。但我怀疑，核武器不过
是我们害怕的替罪羊。我们怕将来不是因为有了原子弹，说我们怕原子禅，实际上是对未来
没有信心。我认为人们对自己是否有能力控制
将来已丧失信心了。

5  To the general public
To most people
In the popular mind
In most people's opinion .... But  despite
in spite of
for all .... I believe....
one should ...

  5.1 In the popular mind, it is immediately assumed that when morals are
discussed, it is sexual morals that are
meant. The morals of salesmen, doctors, and taxi drivers are only moderately
interesting to the general public,
while the relations between men and women are frequent themes in novels and
movies, themes which no amount of
repetition makes stale. Yet in spite of this immense preoccupation with sex,
much attention should be drawn to
the general moral standards.
  当讨论起道德问题时，大多数人会立即认为是指性道德。一方面售货员、医生和出租车司
机的职业道德不大为公众所关心，
而另一方面男女间的关系却是小说和电影中经常出现的主题，再怎么不断重复也不会失去其
新鲜感。因此尽管人们对性的题目
津津乐道，我认为应注意整个道德水平。

  5.2 To most Chinese parents, college is a place their children should go. And
their children, for the most
part, are also anxious to go. It is in Chinese tradition that there is
something about a college that transfers
an ordinary child into a superior adult. But in spite of this belief, men and
women who have been to college
suspect that this is not the case.
  大多数中国父母看来，大学是他们的子女应该去的地方。而他们的孩子在大多数情况下也
渴望上大学。中国的传统观点是大
学能把一个普普通通的孩子培养成一个超人一等的人。但是尽管人们有这个观点，凡是读过
大学的人却认为情况并非如此。

6  Now a lot of
the majority of
many / most people believe
think
feel that....
6  But although
Admittedly, ... there is no / little evidence that
it is questioned /doubted ...

  6.1 A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children.
A few years ago, the same
criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent
a great deal of time studying
this problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about juvenile
delinquency.
  许多人都认为电视会给孩子带来危害。前几年，对电影也有类似的指责。然而尽管青少年
心理学者花了许多时间来研究
这个问题，却很少有证据表明电视造成了青少年犯罪。

  6.2 Most people believe that our society of consumption creates the greatest
happiness for the greatest
number. Although this view is widely held, there is little evidence that Money
brings about happiness.
Instead, we find our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety,
helplessness, and, eventually, to
the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify consumption with joy
and fun with happiness.
  许多人认为，我们这个消费社会给绝大多数人带来了最大的幸福。尽管人们普遍这样认
为，却很少有证据表明钱能给
人带来幸福。相反，我们发现，现在的全活方式使人越来越感到焦虑不安，孤立无援，最终
导致我们文化的崩溃。我不
认为消费就是快乐，玩乐就是幸福。

  6.3 There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it
once was. Radio and especially
television have taken over many of the functions once served by print.
Admittedly, television serves some
of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news events, for
example, has enormous
impact. The ability of radio to give us information while we are engaged in
doing other things ------ for
instance, driving a car  ------ is remarkable, and a great saving of time. But
it may be seriously
questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced
our intellectual skills.
  现在有些人觉得，阅读没有像过去那样有必要了。无线电广播，尤其电视已代替了曾经由
印刷所起的许多作用。确实，
电视极好地发挥了其中的一些功能，如新闻通过图像来传送有很大的影响。无线电广播能使
我们边干事，如开车，边收听消息，
真是了不起，且可节约许多时间。但是人们或许会认真发问，这些现代传播媒体的出现是否
已提高了我们的知识技能。

7 .... In reaction
response
answer to the  event
phenomenon
idea
question , some people say
think .... But do they realize...?

  7.1 Now most people get their news and information about the things that are
happening at home and abroad
from television. They believe the things they hear and see on television.
Probably most of the information is
true, and we can believe it. But shall we always believe the information which
television gives us? Do we
never suspect that the given information might be slanted, distorted or the
truth totally denied?
  现在大多数人都是从电视上知道国内外发生的事和新闻的。他们都相信在电视上看到和听
到的事。大多数消息可能是真的，
我们能相信。但是我们是否总是要相信电视给我们的消息呢？难道我们从不怀疑所给的消息
可能有偏见，或已歪曲了，或真
相已被彻底隐瞒了？

  7.2 In the past few years big business has fallen to a low level in public
esteem. A recent Gallup poll
shows that big business came in last, in terms of the quality of the products,
among all the enterprises
which sell household appliances in Shanghai; at the top of the list were small
business or business from
small towns. in response to the poll, many businessmen argue that this public
attitude is due to the
inadequacy of their advertising and can be cured by stepping up their
advertising campaigns. They are
only fooling themselves. Do they realize that the real problem for their loss
of public respect is what
they have been doing, not what they have been saying about themselves?
  在过去几年里，大企业在公众中的信誉已下降到一个低水平。最近的盖洛普民意测验表
明，就产品质量来说在上海
出售家用电器的所有企业中，大企业位居榜末，而小企业或乡镇企业名列前茅。对此许多大
企业人士认为公众的这种
态度是由于广告宣传不够造成的，只要加大广告宣传声势，就会扭转局面。这是在自欺欺
人。难道他们没有认识到失
去公众信誉的真正问题在于他们所做的，而不是所说的？

8  ... is a popular
widespread
common method
way of..., but is it a fair
wise
reasonable  one? 　
8  The
Its  method / way
valuess / wisdom s now being  questioned
challenged  by more and more people.   

  8.1 Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of
punishment, but is it a wise
one? It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find
fewer opportunities to hurt
innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesn't pay. The
system has long been considered
fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society
protected. Yet the valuess of this
form of justice is now being questioned by more and more people.
  把罪犯丢进监狱是个古老又被广泛采用的惩罚方法。但这个方法是否明智？把做坏事的人
关在一个地方，使他们没有
机会再损害无辜的人，使他们感到犯罪划不来，似乎确实有道理。这种制度一直被那些希望
罪恶得到惩罚，社会得到保
护的人视为公平而有效。但是这种司法形式的合理性现在正受到越来越多的人的质疑。

  8.2 Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in in Chinese
colleges and universities
that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a good
thing. But is it a wise method?
It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But
is there any proven
co-relation between attendance and performance in a course? The valuess of
required attendance is now
being questioned by more and more teachers and students.
  上课点名制，如同一种古老习俗，在中国的大学里非常普遍，许多教师甚至学生自己都认
为这种做法是对的。
但这种方法是否明智？上课点名确实有助于学生出勤率的上升，但是到教室上课和这个学生
在这门课上的学习表现，
两者之间是否已证实有联系？上课点名制度的合理性已受到越来越多的教师和学生的怀
疑。

9   These days we often hear about.... They  claim
argue
say  that.... But   has
is  it?   
9   Close   examination
analysis
scrutiny   doesn't bear out the  claim.
argument.   

  9.1 These days we often hear about "the classless society". They say that all
men are equal, and they
can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction
between rich and poor has lost.
But has it? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim.
  近来我们一直听到关于“无阶级社会”的说法。他们称人人平等他们都享受同等的教育机
会和工作机会；穷人和富
人的界限已经消失。果真如此吗？略细分析一下，就证明这种观点站不住脚。

  9.2 These days I have heard many exasperated students and working adults
alike express a strong desire
to take an English course and a computer course. They believe that such
knowledge will enhance their job
opportunities or promotion opportunities. But will it? The information I've
collected over last few years
leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people
think.
  这些日子我听到不少因学习或工作而感到痛苦的学生和工人表示要上英语课或电脑课的强
烈愿望。他们认为这些知识会
增加他们找工作、晋级的机会。是这样吗？从我最近几年得到的材料来看，我认为这些知识
并不像大多数人认为的那么有用。

10  We are often  shown
told   these days that.... But is this really the case?   

  10.1 We are often told that technological know-how, acquired in exploring
space, will be utilized to
make life better on earth. Is this really the case? What has the space
exploration done to relieve the
suffering of the earth's starving millions? In what way has it raised the
standard of living of anyone
of us? Man may put human beings on the moon, but there is growing skepticism
about his ability to solve
human problems closer to home.
  我们经常听说在探索空间中获得的技术知识将用来改善我们地球上的人的生活。情况真的
如此吗？太空探索对减轻
地球上正在挨饿的千百万人的痛苦到底做了什么呢？它从什么方面提高了我们的生活水平
呢？人类能够把人自己送上月球，
但人们越来越怀疑其解决地球上人自己问题的能力。

II．现象法

  对某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章往往在文章一开始首先引出这种现象或
问题，然后评论。本节句型
就适用于这种开头。

11  Recently the  rise in
phenomenon of
problem of
question of  ... has   
11  drawn / aroused public / popular / grave / world-wide attention
caused /aroused wide / general / considerable / international concern
arisen /loomed up /cropped up as controversial /as noteworthy/more distinctly
for settlement   

  11.1 Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies
on human beings have caused
wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening
global catastrophe and with so
many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who
would wish to have scientists
tampering with man's inner nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may amuse
even more anxiety than fear
of death.
  最近，有关把遗传技术用于人类自身而产生的问题的警示已引起了公众的广泛关注。这是
可以理解的。核能开发正威胁
着全球的生存，其它许多技术进步也正明显地危害生活的质量。在这种情况下，谁还会希望
科学家来任意改变人体内部机
能呢？确实，害怕对人的操纵所引起的担忧可能会超过对死亡的害怕。
   
  11.2 Recently psychologists have found only about two percent of adults use
their creativity, compared
with ten percent of seven-year-old children. When five-year-olds were tested,
the result soared to ninety
percent! The findings set off many people thinking. Curiosity and originality
are daily occurrences for
the small child, but somehow most of us lose the freedom and flexibility of the
child as we grow older.
The need to follow "directions" and "do-it-right", plus the many societal
constraints we put on ourselves,
prevent us from using our creative potential.
  最近，心理学家发现在使用自己创造力方面，成人只有2％，而7岁的儿童竟有10％。如果
在5岁的儿童中测试，这个
数上升到90％。这些发现引起许多人思索。好奇心和创造性每天可在小孩子身上发现，而当
我们逐步长大成人，多数
人丧失了孩子的那种自由和灵活性。“按常规去做”，“按正确的去做”，以及种种社会的
清规戒律把我们束缚住了，
使我们无法发挥自己的创造潜力。

12   Recently the  issue
problem
question  of... has been  in the limelight.
brought into focus.
brought to public attention.
posed among the general public.   

  12.1 The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the
limelight. Nowhere is the
clash more visible than in China, where the world's largest population faces
pollution, deforestation
and acid rain on a large scale.
  现在发展与环境的问题已成为人们议论的中心。在中国这对矛盾表现得尤为明显。这个世
界上人口最多的国家正面
临着大量的环境污染、森林减少以及酸雨的袭击。

13   In   recent
the past  5 years, many  cities
nations
people  have  been faced /plagued /troubled with
experienced/witnessed /undergone  the
a(n)  serious problem of
acute shortage of
alarming increase in   

  13.1 In recent years many factories of our country have been faced with the
problem of how to make
their workers more productive. Seeing many idle workers smoking, chatting, or
playing cards during the
working hours, some experts claim that the solution is to increase economic
reward. Other people feel
that "the iron rice bowl" should be roughly smashed. But does mere money lead
to greater productivity?
  近年来我国许多工厂一直面临着如何提高工人的生产效率的问题。针对许多工人上班的无
所事事，抽烟，聊天或打
牌的现象，有些专家主张通过增加经济报酬来解决。另一些人认为应彻底打破铁饭碗。但是
增加钱是否就能提高生产率呢？

  13.2 In recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in juvenile
crime ------ that is, crime
committed by individuals who haven't come of age. Whether the category is
murder or robbery, mugging or
rape, the story is the same: juvenile crime is on the rise. Our society has
traditionally treated the juvenile
as a special kind of offender, one who warrants punishment different from that
given to an adult, even though
the crime may be the same. Now it is time we asked ourselves: Does the
treatment work?
  最近几年，中国的青少年犯罪率急剧上升。不管那些没成年人的犯罪涉及到谋杀、偷盗、
抢劫或是强奸，情形是一样的：
青少年犯
罪在增加。我们社会的传统做法是把这些青少年当成一种特殊的罪犯处理，尽管他们的罪行
和成年人一样，但所给的惩罚和
成年人不同。现在该是问一问我们自己的时候了：这种做法是否有效？

14   One of the  searching
burning
pressing
interesting questions
problems facing
confronting our nation
society
world today is ...

  14.1 One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or
threat does new technology hold
for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about
technological development will undoubtedly
have tremendous consequences in the years to come, it is urgently necessary to
explore this question, especially
by examining science and technology in their relationship to the development
of humanity.
  当今社会面临的基本问题之一是：新技术会给世界的将来带来什么样的希望或威胁？由于
我们的社会所作出的关于技术发展的
决定会毫无疑问对未来产生巨大影响，因此探索这个问题，尤其是通过检查科学技术与人类
发展的关系来这样做就变得非常紧迫
和必要了。


  14.2 It has become apparent to us that one of the biggest problems
confronting our Chinese education today is
the increasing vocationalization of our colleges and universities. Throughout
the country schools are under economic
pressure to become job-training centers and employment agencies. All courses
are geared to cater to the business needs.
  很明显中国的教育现在面临的最大问题之一是高等院校职业化倾向。在经济发展的压力
下，全国许多大学成了职业培训中心或就
业市场机构。课程的设置都一昧迎合市场的需要。




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进退两难中......

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谢谢分享 很好啊 期待下文