第四次模考（98.11 讨论贴）

bright_maoUID: 186500

阅读好强啊，请问楼主读长文章要多久啊，文章全读完吗？

bright_maoUID: 186500

mkb57288UID: 2105771

楼上想知道也不用问三遍吧

MALONSOUID: 194798

LZ请教类比，你已经很多次全对了吧

mophanceUID: 195078

我现在就数学还满意，V太难看了。。。

zehuaUID: 199246

Originally posted by 翦瞳 at 2005-10-19 21:14
23  without needing to know its grammar and semantics. 语法是语言中的规则，如何排列图形是画画的规则

这篇实在难！我做了14分钟！:L

sophywUID: 203712

section2的阅读错了好多，section1倒是不多，真是怪

至今还不明白的section2的阅读：
1。17题，答案是e，可是我怎么觉得是c啊，大家的意见呢
2。18题，答案d是怎么看出来的？文章中的一个强对比，说的也不是这个阿
3。21题和搂住一样了，选择的是d，
4。27题有同样的疑惑，
5。26题是怎么判断的呢

说实话，对于section2长文章的最后两段没太绕明白，b是向generilation转化了，所以更加适应环境，那为什么文中第40行却说，向着increased specification转化呢？难道是后来被否定了，但是也没有发现阿？


还有问一个很弱的数学问题
对于section5的第2题，是怎么比较出来的阿？钝角三角形

风潇水涵UID: 3365443

挖坟下。。 做国内题的筒子们交流下
国内98.11 （）

In prehistoric times brachiopods were one of the most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth: more than 30,000 species of this clamlike creature have been cataloged from fossil records. Today brachiopods are not as numerous, and existing species are not well studied, partly because neither the animal’s fleshy inner tissue nor its shell has any commercial value. Moreover, in contrast to the greater diversity of the extinct species, the approximately 300 known surviving species are relatively uniform in appearance. Many zoologists have interpreted this as a sign that the animal has been unable to compete successfully with other marine organisms in the evolutionary struggle.
Several things, however, suggest that the conventional view needs revising. For example, the genus Lingula has an unbroken fossil record extending over more than half a billion years to the present. Thus, if longevity is any measure, brachiopods are the most successful organisms extant. Further, recent studies suggest that diversity among species is a less important measure of evolutionary success than is the ability to withstand environmental change, such as when a layer of clay replaces sand on the ocean bottom. The relatively greater uniformity among the existing brachiopod species may offer greater protection from environmental change and hence may reflect highly successful adaptive behavior.
The adaptive advantages of uniformity for brachiopods can be seen by considering specialization, a process that occurs as a result of prolonged colonization of a uniform substrate. Those that can survive on many surfaces are called generalists, while those that can survive on a limited range of substrates are called specialists. One specialist species, for example, has valves weighted at the base, a characteristic that assures that the organism is properly positioned for feeding in mud and similar substrates; other species secrete glue allowing them to survive on the face of underwater cliffs. The fossil record demonstrates that most brachiopod lineages have followed a trend toward increased specialization. However, during periods of environmental instability, when a particular substrate to which a specialist species has adapted is no longer available, the species quickly dies out. Generalists, on the other hand, are not dependent on a particular substrate, and are thus less vulnerable to environmental change. One study of the fossil record revealed a mass extinction of brachiopods following a change in sedimentation from chalk to clay. Of the 35 brachiopod species found in the chalk, only 6 survived in the clay, all of them generalists.
As long as enough generalist species are maintained, and studies of arctic and subarctic seas suggest that generalists are often dominant members of the marine communities there, it seems unlikely that the phylum is close to extinction.
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Section B的21题
21.        In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) rejecting an earlier explanation for the longevity of certain brachiopod species
(B) reevaluating the implications of uniformity among existing brachiopod species
(C) describing the varieties of environmental change to which brachiopods are vulnerable
(D) reconciling opposing explanations for brachiopods’ lack of evolutionary success
(E) elaborating the mechanisms responsible for the tendency among brachiopod species toward specialization

答案B

同样和lz一样在BD犹豫，最后排除D的原因是reconciling有调节中和的意思，而定位文中是虽然第二段的needs revising，但通篇是提出相反观点，没有中和

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When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line, shape, and so forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea, disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although I am, in fact, rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks that would have looked like sheer magic to the fourteenth-century painter Giotto. Even the crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries gasp. Perhaps there are people who conclude from this that the cereal box is superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics.
In this connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call “pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely unknown except to artists, who use it as we use all language—without needing to know its grammar and semantics.
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Section A
20.        The author’s statement regarding how artists use the language of art (lines 48-52) implies that
(A) artists are better equipped than are art historians to provide detailed evaluations of other artists’ work
(B) many artists have an unusually quick, intuitive understanding of language
(C) artists can produce works of art even if they cannot analyze their methods of doing so
(D) artists of the past, such as Giotto, were better educated about artistic issues than were artists of the author’s time
(E) most artists probably consider the processes involved in their work to be closely akin to those involved in writing poetry
答案是A。
自己选择C，出处是最后一句who use it as we use all language—without needing to know its grammar and semantics。 当时想我没用语言不需要去分析语法（当时不知道semantic是啥，感觉说母语是自然而然的，校对时发现，用语言不仅仅是说，并且还是要注意语法语义的）但A选项是怎么推出来的？

23.        It can be inferred from the passage that someone who wanted to analyze the “grammar and semantics” (line 52) of the language of art would most appropriately comment on which of the following?
(A) The relationship between the drawings in a comic strip and the accompanying text
(B) The amount of detail that can be included in a tiny illustration on a postage stamp
(C) The sociological implications of the images chosen to advertise a particular product
(D) The degree to which various colors used in different versions of the same poster would attract the attention of passersby
(E) The particular juxtaposition of shapes in an illustration that makes one shape look as though it were behind another
我觉得是A。语法分析主要是分析句子里成分之间的关系么。
答案是E

和楼主感觉一样...