Tought Break (再战200610G) 提纲 提交贴

dnaitUID: 2206459

7-17：提纲： ISSUE214 ARGUMENT:125 （不是超高频题）
214T "Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."
214. 社会应该发现那些具有特殊天赋和能力的孩子，并在小时候就开始训练他们，这样他们最终能在他们擅长的领域中出类拔萃。否则这些潜能很可能得不到发展。
部分同意，早点训练小孩是正确的。但这样就不一定就能出类拔萃，如果得不到训练，也不一定就得不到发展。
①I concede 从小训练是有益处的。这种训练可以使孩子比别人更快更早的成为某一领域的专业人才，这对自己或社会发展来说都是宝贵的财富。
②必须承认，并不是每个从小有特殊天赋和能力的孩子经过训练都能出类拔萃。只有少数人才能成为，大部分实际只是成为自己的兴趣爱好。因为培养一个尖子生需要很多的精力，并不是每个小孩都能有这个机会得到这种幸运。
③而且，即使得不到训练（undisciplined），有时也并不能影响这些潜能的发展。如计算机天才，现在的网络使得孩子有更强的学习能力，可以得到自己需要的信息，孩子的单纯的好奇心和热情可以完全可以成为学习的动力。
反过来说，对于那些过早成为“天才”的学生，由于过早成才，心理发展跟不上，可能会成为一个EQ低的人，
④这样做实际上是忽视了其他的小孩。有的天才在小时候并不显得十分突出（差生。如：Edison。）但实际上成功取决于许多因素，社会的帮助是因素之一，但更重要的是自己的不懈努力。

125.The following is a recommendation from the president of Appleby  College.
"Whereas Appleby College holds class reunions every five years, Edelston College holds annual reunions for all classes, during which Edelston's alumni are treated to banquets, lectures, and student performances,  enhancing their loyalty to the college and their willingness to donate  money. Edelston College receives most of its alumni donations during or shortly after these reunions. Therefore, the best way for Appleby to increase its alumni donations is to offer similar reunion activities and to have each graduating class hold annual reunions."
Appleby学院每五年举行一次班级同学聚会，而Edelston学院的所有班级每年举行聚会，并且在聚会上Edelston的校友可以参加宴会、讲座和学生表演，这提高了他们对学校的感情以及他们给母校捐款的愿望。Edelston学院的大部分校友捐款是在聚会期间或之后很短时间内获得的。因此，Appleby增加校友捐款的最好途径就是组织类似的聚会活动，并且让每个毕业班级组织一年一度的聚会。
125.1． •A校校友的捐赠是否就比E少，论者没有提供具体两校收到的校友捐赠数额，
2 •A校校友是否还能捐出更多的钱来。论者没有提供有关两校学生毕业后的经济状况，有可能E校是商学院，出来的校友经商赚钱多，而A校培养的都是文化人，属清贫一族。
3．并不能确定E校每年搞的聚会花销比校友捐的钱还少。
结论：论者没有考虑到两校的差别，而且为了让校友捐钱而搞聚会只能破坏校友对学校的忠实，反而可能影响学校的声誉。

dnaitUID: 2206459

7-25：提纲：ISSUE 130 ARGUMENT 56（不是超高频题）
★★★130T."How children are socialized(使适应社会的需要的解释更好一些。) today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society." "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society." 130． 现在的孩子怎样(适应socializa: fit or train for a social environment)社会的需要会决定着社会的命运。不幸的是，我们没学会(learn通过经验学习到知识)怎样抚养孩子才能使他们将来能帮助建立起一个更好的社会。
1．        都不同意，因为对于不同的社会背景，孩子适应化发展将影响未来的社会发展，如美国的披头士的挻生和性开放时代。消极的(negative)或是积极的(positive)的风气(atmosphere)对以后社会的发展影响巨大，但并不是决定社会命运的主要因素。还要看社会的命运由社会规律来决定的。
2．        广义上来说in a broad sense建立一个更好的社会也是由社会发展规律来决定的，想通过更好的抚养孩子达到这个目的是unrealistic。但从狭义上in a narrow sense，创造更好的生活是可以实现的，如日本战败后十分贫穷，大力发展教育事业，国力得到了迅速发展。(虽然不喜欢小日本，但还没找到其它合适的例子：()
3．        实际上，如果仅从狭义上考虑，我们可以通过借鉴别国的经验，更加关注下一代的健康(身体健康心理健康)和教育，可以让孩子更有竞争力，更能适应社会的发展，为社会创造更多的贡献来反过来推动社会的发展，提高人们的生活水平。从而可以达到‘建立一个更好社会的’目的。实际上我们也是这么做的。各种儿童求助，红十字计划，越来越好的教育条件。

56. Collectors prize the ancient life-size clay statues of human figures  made on Kali Island but have long wondered how the Kalinese artists were able to depict bodies with such realistic precision. Since archeologists have recently discovered molds of human heads and hands on Kali, we can now conclude that the ancient Kalinese artists used molds of actual bodies, not sculpting tools and techniques, to create these statues. This discovery explains why Kalinese miniature statues were abstract and entirely different in style: molds could only be used for life-size sculptures. It also explains why few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools have been found. In light of this development, collectors should expect the life-size sculptures to decrease in value and the miniatures to increase in value.

收藏家很欣赏Kali岛出产的古代等身泥土雕像，但长期以来不清楚Kali的艺术家如何能够以如此高的精确度刻画人体。由于考古学家最近在Kali发现了人类头部和手的模具，我们现在可以得出结论：古代Kali艺术家使用真人的模子，而不是雕刻工具和技艺来塑造这些雕像。这一发现解释了为什么Kali的缩微雕像是抽象的而且风格迥异：模子只能被用于等身雕像。它同样也解释了为什么很少发现Kali的雕刻工具。由于有了这一研究进展，收藏家应预见到等身雕像的贬值以及缩微雕像的升值。
56.1．他没有提供任何有关与这些被发现在模型有关的雕像。
2。论者没有提供资料证明小雕像与大雕像的用途创作者是否一样，
3工具有可能是因各种原因被毁坏了，或者仅仅是考古学家还没有找到而已。
4．        论者并没有提供任何资料证明用模型做的雕像就不值得研究，或是收藏家们对于人体模型很反感，或是他们对小雕像的兴趣有所增长。
5．        结论：论者若要加强说服力，还需要提供资料解释是否有雕像是用这些模型做出来的，并还要提供收藏家的看法。

dnaitUID: 2206459

7月20日同主题作业：
提纲：ISSUE 138 ARGUMENT 182 (非高频题)
★★★138T "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."   138． 不犯错误就不会有发现和进步
错误的2个目的
1。mistake can inspire creative ideas
2. mistakes tell us when to change directions.
From practical view, ”to error is wrong” make sense. Human beings’ survival in the world need to carry out thousands of tasks without errors.
爱迪生Edison，实验灯泡bulb/filament灯丝
3.不可以为只有错误中才能前进，不可盲目的犯错误。其它方法也可以是我们进步。如：广泛的搜集信息，参考他人的经历； (2个层面的意思，1。其它方法除了犯错，别人的经历也很重要，也能帮助帮助发现和进步。2。盲目犯错，而不努力解决问题将不会有什么发现。要有正确的对待错误的观点。

ARGUMENT 182 (非高频题)
182.Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House
restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2
percent of customers have complained, indicating that 98 people out of 100
are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a
number of customers who still ask for butter do not complain when they are
given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot
distinguish margarine from butter, or they use the term "butter" to refer
to either butter or margarine. Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing
butter, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to
its restaurants in the southeast and northeast as well.

Happy Pancake
House在美国西南部的餐厅用人造黄油代替了天然黄油。只有大约2％的顾客曾经投诉，这说明100个人中有98人对于这种替换是乐于接受的。而且，很多服务生报告说很多仍然要了天然黄油的顾客在被给予人造黄油的时候并没有投诉。显然，这些顾客要么分不清天然黄油和人造黄油，要么是用"天然黄油"这个词汇来指天然黄油或人造黄油。因此，为避免购买天然黄油的花费，Happy
Pancake House应该把这项节省措施推广到在东南部以及东北部的餐厅。

1．顾客没意见。2%的顾客抱怨，不代表98%的就高兴。有人不在乎，有人在乎但不说，但下次会不再光顾。
2．证据，要黄油的顾客拿到人造的不说什么，不表示他们分辨不出来，没资料显示顾客看不出来，或是不在乎。他们怕麻烦, 但下次还是不去了。
3。结论：各地不一样，有些地方的人特别在乎人造的问题。
4. 货的成本可能也会有区别。

dnaitUID: 2206459

7月23日同主题作业：
提纲：ISSUE 88 ARGUMENT 180
★★★88T 技术进步对人类的影响 结论 因果 "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics." 88． 科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和民族习惯（ethics译成道德原则或标准或伦理更好些）
Custom: 某一特定群体或地区的人们所遵循的惯例
①        科技确实对社会风俗和ethics具有重要的影响。
To social customs: 对自然不了解，对各种自然现象，famine, flood, earthquake, 都以为是有神明（deity）.Dominate the universe. 所以有图腾崇拜totem adoration.祭祀sacrifice livestock  现在,科技帮助我们理解自然现象，并且能准确预报。不再有类似活动
To ethics: 在一定程度上决定了ethiccs，其实科学技术的发展提高了人类社会的文明水平，人们开始慢慢接受以前没有的观点
②        一些社会风俗和伦理确实是由科学技术决定的。
To social customs：电子通讯和英特网的发展，
To ethics：③        但必须承认，有些社会传统和伦理的变化是受多种因素综合影响的。如文化的，历史背景等。感恩节就没怎么变。 如今人们仍然感恩而记住这个日子。
伦理的变化更多的是与社会的道德观念有关。

Argument:180.The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the  president of Acme Publishing Company.
"Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees  take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity.  One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in  only two hours; another graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice  president of the company in under a year. Obviously, the faster you can  read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover,  Easy Read costs only $500 per employee-a small price to pay when you  consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week  seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read  newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly by requiring all of our  employees to take the Easy Read course."

很多其他公司最近指出他们的员工参加了Easy Read的速读课程之后生产效率显著提高。这个课程的一名毕业生能够在两个小时之内读完长达500页的报告，另一名毕业生在一年内从助理经理上升到了副总裁。显然，你的阅读速度越快，在一天之内所能吸收的信息就越多。而且，Easy Read的学费只有每人500元，当考虑到它给Acme带来的效益的时候这就是个小数目。这个费用包括在Spruce City举行的为期三周的研讨会和Easy Read新闻刊物的终生赠阅。显然，Acme通过要求所有员工参加Easy Read的课程将会极大地受益。

1.首先，其它公司的员工参加课程后生产效率显著提高，是因为参加课程的原因，还是因为公司加强管理，还是因为当时的经济特别景气，没有说服力。
2.第二五百页那人，看的是什么内容，又记住了多少，而且作者也没提到这个课程的大多数学员基本阅读水平怎么样？培训完以后的平均水平是否真的大幅提高，一个特例和员工本身的素质（quality）和学习的努力程度也有关系。
3.当副总的那人，他升职的原因可能跟阅读完全没有关系，也可能是因为自己的努力或别的途径如关系什么的成为副总裁，并没有说服力。.而且，阅读速度与所能吸收的信息也不是成正比的，还要看员工对信息本身是否真的吸收，这也与员工本身的素质和学习的努力程度也有关系。
4.结论也有错误，有用也不用所有人都去呀，还要考虑到企业的基本运转，（作者也没有提到课程是统一进行的，还是有多次相同的课程，如果是前者，全部参加，三周对一个商业公司来说，会耽误许多生意造成损失，如果是后者，可以考虑员工根据自己的工作情况自由选择，但还有一些岗位根本用不着快速阅读就可以不用参加。

licheewu28UID: 2131182

羡慕大家可以半夜或凌晨交作业:D

10. "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."
政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。
Strategy:
1.Most of cultural traditions can be reserved and developed in the major cities, but some of them have been assimilated and engulfed during the course of globalization and cultural melting. New York
2.However, many medium and small-sized cities play their significant role in keeping cultural traditions, where some customs remain as previously and are being enriched.
3.Therefore, governments should not only support major cities, but also assistant those smaller ones with their customs and traditions so as to preserve cultural distinction and variety.
4.In addition, the reason why governments develop major cities in the priority does not lie in their function of preserving cultural traditions, but in their leading vitality of economic and political development in the whole country.

229.hazardous-waste disposal company 论断

Strategy:
1.There is no further description about the new plan except the fitting alarm, neither is the characteristics of toxic chemicals explained.
2.There leaves a span for the managers on duty to take any steps, when the employee wearing the punctured suit could be injured or poisoned.
3.It is unknown how the production and profit have been influenced by safety problems at present. If the problems are not serious enough to have heavy effect on them, the new plan would be inefficient to improve them. Moreover, profit depends on the rate between revenue and cost; in this way, if the investment on the plan is so expensive as to overweigh the possible revenue, then no more profit would come up.

licheewu28UID: 2131182

212. "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."
只要值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的。

Strategy:
Although endeavor to obtain a goal is reasonable, whether it is justifiable or not should be determined on the case-by-case basis by weighing the benefits of the goal against its costs.
1.In theory, means should be taken to reach the ends in view.
2.In reality, however, individuals may assume illegal means for selfish purposes while some nations has wielded force in history to attain whether peaceful or self-interested goals.
3.In this way, not all purposeful behaviors can be justifiable as the speaker maintains. Individuals, groups and governments should balance any goal against the costs in all-around way.

97.television station KICK 论断：
Strategy:
1.The result of the survey is unreliable for scant data. The programs could lead to diminishing audience because other groups like female, children and seniors.
2.Other causes rather than the programs could be responsible for increased profits of W.
3.The fallacy of broadening the scope from the nation to the area and the flaw of analogy from W to K are incompetently buttressing the conclusion.
4.Balance of cost and revenue which comes from advertising.

licheewu28UID: 2131182

13. "Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."
世界上很多的小语种都快要消失了，因为越来越少的人在使用这些语言。使用这些小语种的国家应该采取行动以防止这样的语言逐渐销声匿迹。

Strategy:
Though some lesser-known language can engender communication barriers, they should be preserved as cultural heritage with support of governments.
1. Language barriers trigger misunderstanding and distrust, and as a result, conflicts and even war arise among nations.
2.One coin has two sides. The barrier was contributing to defeating fascist during the Second World War.
3.Distinct languages are the important portion of cultural heritage with their distinguished origins and unique ideas. French Canadians use French

59.flu epidemics,sunspot activity 论断：
1.The author provides no direct correlation between exposure to the sun and flu.
2.Other causes could be responsible for the flu epidemics. For example, temperature frequent fluctuation. It is still unknown whether there occurred flu epidemics in other years when sunspot activity took place.
3.We have no ideas about what sunspot activity is, whether it could lead to intense sunshine.
4.There is no accurate indication of “prolonged”, by hours, days or weeks.

licheewu28UID: 2131182

28. "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的学生是学不到什么东西的。


1. Admittedly, rote learning and memorization of facts makes little sense to learning.
2.However, facts are the foundation of any ideas, trends and concepts. Studying ideas, trends and concepts without the foundation will be meaningless as well as if a building has its blue print but no bricks.
3.The best way of learning is to start with facts, and then to attain some ideas in accordance with acquired knowledge, and after that to obtain further facts. With the frequent acceptance of facts and concepts, we can grasp laws of learning and make breakthrough.

109.
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Maple City newspaper.
'Twenty years ago Pine City established strict laws designed to limit the number of new buildings that could be constructed in the city. Since that time the average housing prices in Pine City have increased considerably. Chestnut City, which is about the same size as Pine City, has over the past twenty years experienced an increase in average housing prices similar to Pine City, but Chestnut City never established any laws that limit new building construction. So it is clear that laws limiting new construction have no effect on average housing prices. So if Maple City were to establish strict laws that limit new building construction, these laws will have no effect on average housing prices.'

1.the past experience would not take place as there could have been great change in the market.
2.Comparison between the increase of Pine buildings and that of Chestnut is unnecessarily efficient. For example, their locations, their economic development, habits of residents, previous building prices in the past.
3.Differences of M and P or C lead to invalidation of adopt a similar measure.