做最强的自己，与子征战兮路漫长

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In hepatology, the term overlap syndrome describes variant forms of the major hepatobiliary autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Patients with overlap syndromes present with both hepatitic and cholestatic biochemical and histological features of AIH, PBC, and/or PSC, and usually show a progressive course toward liver cirrhosis and liver failure without adequate treatment. AIH-PBC overlap syndromes have been reported in almost 10% of adults with AIH or PBC, whereas AIH-PSC overlap syndromes were found in 6 to 8% of children, adolescents, and young adults with AIH or PSC. A minority of patients may also show transition from stable PBC to AIH, AIH to PBC, or AIH to PSC, as documented by single case reports and small case series. Single cases of AIH and autoimmune cholangitis (antimitochondrial antibody-negative PBC) overlap have also been reported. Empiric medical treatment of AIH-PBC and AIH-PSC overlap syndromes includes anticholestatic therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid and immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and azathioprine. In end-stage disease, liver transplantation is the treatment of choice.
Introduction

The term overlap syndrome has been adopted by hepatologists to describe variant forms of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) that present with characteristics of AIH and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). It remains unclear whether these overlap syndromes form distinct entities or are only variants of the major autoimmune hepatopathies.[1-4] Standardization of diagnostic criteria for overlap syndromes has not been achieved so far, and misuse of the term overlap syndrome is common in clinical practice.

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pathophysicology

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biochemistry  notes for exam 3
(unfinished)

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http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/database/healthbooks.htm
http://www.graysanatomyonline.com/

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:cool:

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:eek:  Suddenly, my life is stuffed by application and job.
Fortunately, I'm back! ;)

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Phase I
Hydrolysis 水解
Reduction减少
Oxidation氧化
Phase II
glucuronidation  葡醛酸
sulfation 硫酸
methylation甲基
acetylation乙酰
aa conjugation AA轭
Glutathion conjugation谷胱甘肽轭

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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water.[1][2] This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers. Water is added in this reaction.

In organic chemistry, hydrolysis can be considered as the reverse or opposite of condensation, a reaction in which two molecular fragments are joined for each water molecule produced. As hydrolysis may be a reversible reaction, condensation and hydrolysis can take place at the same time, with the position of equilibrium determining the amount of each product.
水解
Oxidation describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
Reduction describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed.

This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide, or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body through a series of very complex electron transfer processes.

The term redox comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms:

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Glucuronidation is the process of chemically binding a substance to glucuronic acid via a glycosidic bond. The resulting glucuronide is typically much more water soluble than the original substance. The human body uses glucuronidation to excrete a large variety of molecules, including drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids and bile acids.[1] Most of this is done by liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferases.[2]

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sulfation
Sulfation refers to the process whereby a lead-acid battery (such as a car battery) loses its ability to hold a charge after it is kept in a discharged state too long due to the crystallization of lead sulfate.

Lead-acid batteries generate electricity through a double sulfate chemical reaction. Lead and lead oxide, which are the active materials on the battery's plates, react with sulfuric acid in the electrolyte to form lead sulfate. When formed, the lead sulfate is in a finely divided, amorphous form, which is easily converted back to lead, lead oxide and sulfuric acid when the battery is recharged.

Methylation is a term used in the chemical sciences to denote the attachment or substitution of a methyl group on various substrates. This term is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and the biological sciences.

In biochemistry, methylation more specifically refers to the replacement of a hydrogen atom with the methyl group.

In biological systems, methylation is catalyzed by enzymes; such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, regulation of protein function, and RNA metabolism. Methylation of heavy metals can also occur outside of biological systems. Chemical methylation of tissue samples is also one method for reducing certain histological staining artifacts.

Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into an organic compound. Deacetylation is the removal of the acetyl group.

Moreover, it is that process of introducing an acetyl group (resulting in an acetoxy group) into a compound, specifically, the substitution of an acetyl group for an active hydrogen atom. A reaction involving the replacement of the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl group with an acetyl group (CH3 CO) yields a specific ester, the acetate. Acetic anhydride is commonly used as an acetylating agent reacting with free hydroxyl groups. For example, it is used in the synthesis of Aspirin.

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:( :( :(

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-10-7 20:53 编辑 ]

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lecture 4 ~~ the final form

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-10-8 12:11 编辑 ]

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阿恒加油

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fight together~~!
16 days left:o

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-10-8 18:34 编辑 ]

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enthalpy 焓

clathrates, crystalline compounds of nonpolar solutes and water.

Chelation (from Greek χηλή, chelè, meaning claw; pronounced [ˌki:ˈleɪʃən]) is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate ligand. These ligands, which are often organic compounds, are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agent.