做最强的自己，与子征战兮路漫长

GG_XPUID: 2360972

哦，看来你现在是做梦，你所谓的“做梦”的时候，可能是你的真正的世界啊！你还没有从单使用英语中解禁阿？

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

no.... there is still 12 days left~~:(

arthur_bUID: 181606

+油

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

I miss him like crazy~~~~

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

In chemistry, chemical synthesis is the process of forming a particular molecule from chemical precursors.

In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory usage, this tends to imply that the process is reproducible, reliable, and established to work in multiple laboratories.

A chemical synthesis begins by selection of compounds that are known as reagents or reactants. Various reaction types can be applied to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product. The amount of product in a chemical synthesis is the reaction yield. Typically, chemical yields are expressed as a weight in grams or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity of product that could be produced. A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that diminishes the yield of the desired product.

The word synthesis in the present day meaning was first used by the chemist Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe.

Organic synthesis is the construction of organic molecules via chemical processes. Organic molecules can often contain a higher level of complexity compared to purely inorganic compounds, so the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important aspects of organic chemistry. There are two main areas of research fields within the general area of organic synthesis: total synthesis and methodology.

fantasia87UID: 2210743

谁知道怎么在国外买到九州幻想……

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

I have no idea~~~ :( :(

Cocaine addiction is physical and psychological dependency on the regular use of cocaine. It can result in physiological damage, lethargy, depression, or a potentially fatal overdose. The immediate craving of the addict for more soon after use is due the short-lived high that usually subsides within an hour, leading to prolonged, multi-dose binge use. When administration stops after binge use, it is followed by a "crash" (also known as a "come down"), the onset of severely dysphoric mood with escalating exhaustion until sleep is achieved, which is sometimes accomplished by taking sleeping medications, or sedatives, a popular one being Seroquel, or by combination use of alcohol and cannabis. Resumption of use may occur upon awakening or may not occur for several days, but the intense euphoria of such use can, as it has in many users, produce intense craving and develop rather quickly into addiction. The risk[37] of becoming cocaine-dependent within 2 years of first use (recent-onset) is 5-6%; after 10 years, it's 15-16%. These are the aggregate rates for all types of use considered, i.e., smoking, snorting, injecting. Among recent-onset users, the relative rates are higher for smoking (3.4 times) and much higher for injecting. They also vary, based on other characteristics, such as gender: among recent-onset users, females are 3.3 times more likely to become addicted, compared to males; age: among recent-onset users, those who started using at ages 12 or 13 were 4 times as likely to become addicted, compared to those who started between ages 18 and 20; and race: among recent-onset users, non-Hispanic Blacks are 7 times as likely to become addicted, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Many habitual abusers develop a transient manic-like condition similar to amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia, whose symptoms include aggression, severe paranoia, and tactile hallucinations (including the feeling of insects under the skin, or "coke bugs") during binges.
Cocaine has positive reinforcement effects, which refers to the effect that certain stimuli have on behavior. Good feelings become associated with the drug, causing a frequent user to take the drug as a response to bad news or mild depression. This activation strengthens the response that was just made. If the drug was taken by a fast acting route such as injection or inhalation, the response will be the act of taking more cocaine, so the response will be reinforced. Powder cocaine, being a club drug is mostly consumed in the evening and night hours. Because cocaine is a stimulant, a user will often drink large amounts of alcohol during and after usage or smoke cannabis to dull "crash" or "come down" effects and hasten slumber. Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax®, Rohypnol®) are also used for this purpose. Other drugs such as heroin and various pharmaceuticals are often used to amplify reinforcement or to minimize such negative effects, further increasing addiction potential and harmfulness.

It has been shown in studies that rhesus monkeys, provided with a mechanism of cocaine self-administration, prefer the drug over food that is in the cage. This happens even when the monkeys are starving.[39]

It is speculated that cocaine's addictive properties stem partially from its DAT-blocking effects (in particular, increasing the dopaminergic transmission from ventral tegmental area neurons). However, a study has shown that mice with no dopamine transporters still exhibit the rewarding effects of cocaine administration.[40] Later work demonstrated that a combined DAT/SERT knockout eliminated the rewarding effects.[41] The rewarding effects of cocaine are influenced by circadian rhythms,[42] possibly by involving a set of genes termed "clock genes".[43] However, chronic cocaine addiction is not solely due to cocaine reward. Chronic repeated use is needed to produce cocaine-induced changes in brain reward centers and consequent chronic dysphoria (described above under "Effects and Health Issues - Chronic"). Dysphoria magnifies craving for cocaine because cocaine reward rapidly, albeit transiently, improves mood. This contributes to continued use and a self-perpetuating, worsening condition

guesswhatUID: 2231211

Many pop stars have drug addictions, most on marijuana and some also on hard ones like cocaine, few takes amphetamine and its derivative substitutes.

guesswhatUID: 2231211

Marijuana is not more harmful than cigarettes, I hear?
And it is a good drug using in a non-addictive way.

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

原帖由 guesswhat 于 2007-10-14 13:44 发表
Marijuana is not more harmful than cigarettes, I hear?
And it is a good drug using in a non-addictive way.

en... might be... but I just reading my behavior book~~

Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is both a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. It is most often used recreationally for this effect. Because of the way it effects the mesolimbic reward pathway, cocaine is addictive. Nevertheless, cocaine is formally used in medicine as a topical anesthetic, specifically in eye, nose and throat surgery

TreatmentCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) combined with Motivational Therapy (MT) proven to be effective to treat drug and alcohol addictions. Cocaine vaccines are on trial that will stop desirable effects from the drug. The National Institutes of Health of US, particularly National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is researching modafinil, a narcolepsy drug and mild stimulant, as a potential cocaine treatment. Twelve-step programs such as Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous) are claimed by participants to be helpful in achieving long-term abstinence; however, the 12 step based programs have no statistically-measurable effect and does not release any quantifiable measure of its success rates.

OB叔UID: 188695

She is a cute girl :o

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

An iodide ion is an iodine atom with a −1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal oxidation state −1 are called iodides. This can include ionic compounds such as caesium iodide or covalent compounds such as carbon tetraiodide. This is the same naming scheme as is seen with chlorides and bromides The chemical test for an iodide compound is to acidify the aqueous compound by adding some drops of acid, to dispel any carbonate ions present, then adding lead nitrate, yielding a bright yellow precipitate of lead iodide. Most ionic iodides are soluble, with the exception of yellow silver iodide and yellow lead iodide. Iron(III) iodide does not exist because iron(III) ions oxidize iodide ions in aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions of iodide dissolve iodine better than pure water due to the formation of complex ions:

Iodide (>6mg/day) can be used to treat patients with hyperthyroidism due to its ability to block the release of thyroid hormone (TH), known as the Wolff-Chaikoff Effect, from the thyroid gland. In fact, prior to 1940, iodides were the predominant antithyroid agents. In large doses, iodides inhibit proteolysis of thyroglobulin. This permits TH to be synthesized and stored in colloid, but not released into the bloodstream.

Of note, this treatment is seldom used today as a stand-alone therapy despite the rapid improvement of patients immediately following administration. The major disadvantage of iodide treatment lies in the fact that excessive stores of TH accumulate, slowing the onset of action of thioamides (TH synthesis blockers). Additionally, the functionality of iodides fade after the initial treatment period. An "escape from block" is also a concern, as extra stored TH may spike following discontinuation of treatment.

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-10-14 14:11 编辑 ]

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

13-cis-retinoic acid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-cis-retinoic_acid

Isotretinoin (INN) (IPA: [ˌaɪsoʊˈtrɛtənoʊɪn]) is a medication used for the treatment of severe acne. It is sometimes used in prevention of certain skin cancers. It is a retinoid, meaning it derives from vitamin A and is found in small quantities naturally in the body. Oral isotretinoin is marketed under various trade names, most commonly Accutane (Roche), Amnesteem (Mylan), Claravis (Barr), Isotane (Pacific Pharmaceuticals), Sotret (Ranbaxy), or Roaccutane (Roche); while topical isotretinoin is most commonly marketed under the trade names Isotrex or Isotrexin (Stiefel).

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

where do you generally go at weekend?

I am in Chapel now.... Upstairs, someone will play classic music, I sit in downstairs and reading ... geatest enjoyment~~~

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

I do love chapel....
I can cook some chinese tea... and listening those Canon in D... and reading here....
like heaven~~

周末你在哪里看书？
我喜欢去CHAPEL。
２楼上常有男生教女生弹钢琴，有时侯一个人弹钢琴，一个人拉小提琴，有时候是两个人合奏三角琴。太唯美了～～我瞧一下，悄悄退出来，不敢打扰。
坐在1楼的桌子上，自己煮一壶茶，听楼上的演奏，看书。有时侯累了换坐在沙发上～～听楼上的D调CANON。有时候会有小小的错误，但是没关系，因为真的太好听啦。弹＂Ballade pour Adeline＂＂Souvenirs d’enfance＂＂Lettre à ma Mère ＂感觉比听 Richard Clayderman 的CD感觉还好，因为老李的CD演奏太千篇一律的完美了，哪里有现场版的感觉好～～
今天楼上换个法国人练琴，我考，弹的太T M D好了。＜动物狂想曲＞里面＂驴＂的出场完全弹出来那个疯狂劲儿。肯定是受什么感情刺激了，才能发挥到这水平。我太有耳福了～～

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-10-14 14:48 编辑 ]