argument235,214,179提纲 【微观状态】 第四次作业

为了忘却的纪念UID: 2263082

argument235
The following appeared in a memorandum from the general manager of KNOW radio station.

"Several factors indicate that radio station KNOW should shift its programming from rock-and-roll music to a continuous news format. Consider, for example, the number of older people in our listening area has increased dramatically, while the total number of our listeners has recently declined. Also, music stores in our area report decreased sales of recorded music. Finally, continuous news stations in neighboring cities have been very successful, and a survey taken just before the recent election shows that local citizens are interested in becoming better informed about politics."

1.        The arguer based on an assumption that the listeners of rock-and-roll music has declined, but gives no data to support it. The evidence listed out that the decreasing of total listeners and increasing of older people shows no support to the possible decreasing of music listeners. It might be the decrease of the quality of the music program. And no evidence shows that the older people will be more interested in continuous news.
2.        The arguer listed that the sales of recorded music has decreased recently, but that does not show it is because people no longer interested in music. First, the decline maybe because of the decrease of economics. Secondly, it might because of no new record have been published recently thus less attractive to the customers. Furthermore, less people choose to buy recorded music will just show that they would have more chances to listen to the music from station. Thus, KNOW should consider to increase the program of music instead of decrease it.
3.        The experiences in neighboring cities could not be simply put in KNOW. Consider the possible factors like population structure, local inclination…
4.        The survey which taken just before recent election show little evidence that people will still be interested in political news even after election, and also, local citizens are interested in political news does not mean they do not interested in music. No evidence show that the people interested in political news is larger than the ones interested in music, thus we have the demand to do the adjustment.


Argument214
In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools-even though both cities have about the same number of residents. It seems clear, therefore, that Parson City residents care more about public school education than do Blue City residents.

1.        The arguer hastily concludes that since P budgets twice as much as money per year as B, while P and B have about the same number of resident, thus P care more about education, but overlooks the possible difference between P and B. First, it might be the case the tax income of P is much more than B, for example, 4th that of B, then from this case, we could not say that P is more care about education than B.
2.        Another case maybe that the number of students in B is much smaller than P, it is possible that the number of students in P is also twice of that in B, in this case, according to the arguer, we should say that B and P care the same on education.
3.        Furthermore, the arguer assumed that there is a causal relationship between the residents’ attention on public school education and the money government spends on education, which not necessarily the case.


Argument179
The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation.

"It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, its prices have risen in each of the last three years, and it refuses to provide meals for people on special diets. Just last month three employees complained to me that they no longer eat in the cafeteria because they find the experience 'unbearable.' Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is a family-owned local company and it offers a varied menu of fish and poultry. I recently tasted a sample lunch at one of the many companies that Discount serves and it was delicious-an indication that hiring Discount will lead to improved employee satisfaction."

The arguer suggested to hire D instead of G to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year, but give little support that D is better than G.
1.        First of all, the arguer mentioned that G is the second most expensive caterer in the city, and its prices have risen in each of the last three years, but show no evidence about the price situation of D. Maybe D is the most expensive caterer in the city, and the price rising every year is higher than G;
2.        The arguer listed the evidence that three employees complained about the diet from G last month, but that does not make sense. Maybe just happen chances and three employees and only last month does not represent the whole situation. Maybe a survey should be carried before draw out any conclusion.
3.        The arguer used his experience of a sample lunch in D, which show little support that D is better than G. First, only one lunch does not mean anything, furthermore, the arguer’s gustation, could not represent that of all the employees. It might be the case that most of the employee will not satisfied with D. And, only delicious is not enough. No evidence shows that D has more nutrition than G, which is more important.