[天下无G]第二次作业

richardpangUID: 194046

Argument 26

TIME:2.00      字数:693
In this memo, the chairperson of the Saluda school board recommends hiring Mr. Charles Schade, who had been the music director at Steel City High School for five years, in which the school band of Steel City High School had won three regional band competitions, and the quality of band's rehearsal facilities and musical instruments had been improved markedly. The scrutiny of this evidence, however, reveals that it lends little support for the recommendation.

Firstly, the chairperson said that Mr. Charles Schade, as music director of the school band of Steel City High School for five years, in which the bad had won three regional competitions. The winning times of the Steel City High School is also not stated. If the band has often won over other bands nearly every year, and won more than three regional band competitions, five years ago, so tree times winning in recent years, is extensible an descending trend that is an alarming signal rather than ideal results. The times of musical competitions hosted every year in Steel City is not clear. Supposing the number of different music competitions hosted in Steed City, which Steel City High School's music band has the rights to attend, is five times, in average every year, then the total times of music competitions is 25 times in five years, so the three winning times of the music band at Steel City High School in five years certainly takes a little account of the total portion.

Secondly, Mr. Charles Schade's professional background is not stated in the directors since he had been in charge of Steel City High Scholl's music band? The instructors' teaching experience is of vital importance for their teaching effects. If Schade is a graduate that left school only five years, then he is obviously not a sophisticated instructor, and would not be a better choice for Saluda school, compared with other experience educators that have more than ten years teaching experience. What's shades' studying major during his college time? The argument doesn’t give the answer. If Charles was studying saxophone or piano in college, probably he is a non-major musical teacher thus not the right person for teaching music, acted as an alternate. Then the instructors majored in music education is more suitable than Charles.

Furthermore, there is no causal relation between the improvement of quality of musical instruments and music rehearsal facilities, and the music director Charles maybe the school has a long history, whose teaching facilities and equipments are out of date, needs to be renewed. After realized it, the school's administrator spent a very large sum of money on refurnishing school’s equipment three years ago. Undoubtedly, the improvement of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments was a small portion of the school’s facilities’ renewing, obviously, has nothing relation with Charles

Fourthly, supposing Charles did a good job in teaching Steel High City Scholl's band, since the Steel City high school located in the city, is different from Saluda school, located in town,
he probably could not make an achievement in teaching music, There are several difference between two schools. Steel City High School's musical instruments maybe have more potential in learning music or more accustomed for shade's teaching style than students at Saluda school. Possibly, Schade is accustomed in living in the city other than the town, in which he always feels uncomfortable and n easy, so Schade could not concentrated in teaching music at Saluda. If one or more of above mentioned conditions is true, the teaching effects of Schade in Saluda should be under reestimated and the appropriateness of Schade's teaching in Salude city ought to be under suspicion.

In conclusion, the argument fails to provide sufficient evidence proving that Schade's suitable in teaching music at Saluda School. To convince me that Schade would be better effective in job than others, the chairperson must provide enough evidence, including the Steal City's total number of awards of annual band competitions, the professional background of Mr. Schade’s, the difference between Saluda’s school and Steal city High Scholl. Finally, to better evaluate Schade's working ability, I would need to compare him with other similar musical instructors.

[ 本帖最后由 richardpang 于 2007-1-24 10:31 编辑 ]

richardpangUID: 194046

Issue 236 "Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful."

TIME:2.00     字数:886
The statement above is certainly incorrect, insofar as the encouragement itself is a positive pursuing for self-fulfillment of one’s value and contribution to the society. Undoubtedly encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things is beneficial to their healthy development, if this encouragement setting up a worthy-doing aim at making contribution and benefiting the society. It is no reason to draw the conclusion, that the encouragement was wrong deed and potentially harmful to young people and even if they would not realize their dreams after long time endeavor. In contrast, the procedure, leading to their dreams, is a very meaningful, from which young people could gain valuable knowledge and experience.

Generally speaking, encouraging the youth to have an aspirant ideal is a justifiable and reasonable guidance for them rather than misleading. Young people, are mostly inexperienced persons, who still study in schools, have not be involved in the society. It is very important to instruct them to harbor an ambitious dream from their early years by the older people around them. To accomplish great things reflects a positive pursuing for self-fulfillment of one’s value and contribution to the society, which is a desirable motive deserving encouragement. Obviously, knowing their great mission of the future, which need hard work, the young people would be more ambitious and eager to absorb knowledge that arms them. Then they will try to improve themselves in every respect. In school, they would try to study hard, hear the lectures attentively, finish their homework in time, and think questions more profoundly. Only in this way, would they get excellent scores in their study. In home they would be respect their parents and become more diligent, more polite than other counterpart teenagers ,would be eager to learn useful knowledge or skills though help their parents to do the house work, through the instructing social experience by their parents, and though their willing to help their neighborhood. In spare time, they would read some enlightening or knowledgeable books meeting their interests, from which they could enlarge their knowledge capacity that is vital importance to their forthcoming success of the future.

The encouragement, brought up by the teenagers' fathers or teachers ought to be moderately carried out step by step, within the range of their potential reach. If the aim set up for them has exceeded their capacity of the future or is too difficult to accomplish by majority of their peers, thus it is not suitable for them. As the Nobel Prize Winner of physics Ding Zhaozhong said (and I paraphrase), it is very dangerous for scientists to do the scientific research only aiming at winning Nobel Prize. As we know, the Sweden Royal Academy of Science endorsed the Nobel Prize of physics to only three scientists annually in the entire world. While the quantity of people doing jobs associating with physics, such as college professors, researchers, PhD candidates etc, has exceeded one million all of the world, the ratio is so minor that only the elites could win the Nobel Prize. Obviously, if the older set aim of Nobel Prize winner for their youngsters, who are impossible for them, it is certainly very dangerous for their healthy growing.

The completion of the great mission set by the older for the children can be divided into several gradually continuous smaller steps, of which each step would spend at the least one year or at the most nearly ten years. While the first step is accomplished, then the parents should give rewards to their children and encourage them to face the next step of the great mission, go on to do the next procedure. After the long-term healthy growing and hardworking, they would make achievement in their working fields or research fields .Considering the aim of becoming an scientist is the encouragement brought up by the older, after his/her finishing primary school, middle school, college education, postgraduate research, step by step, when he/she becomes a scientific researcher in the research institute one day, certainly he/she would have realized his/her dream.

Even if the teenagers' great aim cannot be realized after their becoming the adults, however, the gain and experience in the process of aspirant climbing to the peak is beneficial to them through of their whole lives. Considering the aforementioned case, it is possibly that the teenager has an accident that hurting his/her brain slightly during his/her way to school that was real truth and could not be avoided, then he/she could not concentrate his/her mind into thinking and do the complex computation for long time like the his/her former healthy time, from doing those he/she would feel headache, rendering him/her cannot do the scientific work again. Certainly he/her dream of childhood could not be realized forever, but the experience during his/her healthy age has meaningful effect on him/her, which teaches him/her to be the stronger rather than loser of the life. When he/she come out from the depression brought out by the accident, he/she can also living in a peaceful and healthy life.

The young people, with moderate encouragement from their elders ,would have an aspirant guidance for their lives, which could makes them grow healthy, be stronger, be learning, be competitive, and be ambitious than their counterpart peers, which would benefit for their entire lives rather than harmful and dangerous.

richardpangUID: 194046

上次用英文写的提纲，感觉思路很乱，这次还是先用中文写提纲，思路清晰些

11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."
观点：利大于弊。支持建立世界大学，但也存在一些问题
1、当前很多严重的社会问题具有全球性，需要全世界共同协作来解决，所有国家有必要支
持建立世界大学来培养解决这样问题的研究人才
例子：环境污染、能源危机、地区冲突和战争
2、不同国家对待有不同的社会问题有不同的观点和不同的处理问题方式，世界大学通过融
合和比较分析全球不同国家的社会问题，针对不同国家的社会问题，寻求合适的成效显著
的处理问题办法。
例子：环境保护策略；节约能源消耗；法律的平等和公正性
3、如果不支持建设世界大学，那么人类的众多社会问题，很难有效得到解决，问题严重的
情况下，甚至会威胁到人类的存亡。
例子：核武器的威胁；臭氧空洞的扩大；恐怖主义的蔓延
4、因此，为了解决以上提到的严重问题，世界急需建设世界性大学。但是国家历史文化背
景、价值标准、经济条件不同，对于同类社会问题，世界大学的研究成果不一定适用于每
个国家。每个国家的发展程度有差异，对研究问题的优先顺序不一样，成熟程度也不同。
例如：法律方面、民主、人权方面

例子：发达国家热心于继续维持经济领域的优势，将环境保护作为相对于经济问题次要考虑的问题。
发展中国家想寻求经济发展，必需扩大在世界经济中占据的比重，与发达国家的经济观点相抵触，所以，全球在经济方面竞争激烈。
例子：美国反对通过京都议定书

5、全球性大学培养出的人才尽管专长于解决世界性的社会问题，但是每个国家自己培养的解决社会问题的人才往往只从本国利益角度考虑，在解决问题的公平性方面很难得到绝对保证，从而有可能对世界发展不利。因此，有必要采取必要的手段对全球性的大学进行培养人员均衡性的管理，而不是发达国家或者发展中国家一边倒的局面。


17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

17 同意要遵守公正法律，反对不公正法律，但也有一些法律很难区分公正与否
1、法律是维护社会秩序的工具，只有遵守法律才能维持社会公平
刑法解决杀人、偷盗、欺诈等等犯罪问题
经济法处理经济活动、贸易中的经济纠纷等经济问题
此外还有民法、宪法、婚姻法等等众多法律
2、当法律伤害大部分人利益的时候，是不公正的，要反对，但是，反对不公正的法律并不是倡导违法。(这里有问题)
例子：希特勒制定的纳粹法西斯法律就是不公正的，需要被反对
3、有一些法律随着时间变化，陈旧过时，已经不能适应社会发展的需要，需要进行修改和完善。
对于新出现的事物的监督，法律要及时进行添加完善；
互联网的出现，网络犯罪、网络诈骗等新形式犯罪的出现，要求对法律内容进行扩充
对于陈旧落后的观点，法律要及时更新和完善。
古代虐待人类的法律，如斩首、砍手、断足等等残忍的法律，随着人类文明的进步，需要被废除。美国宪法诞生以来，进行了27次修正

4、但是现代社会中也有一些法律，由于不同民众的观点不同，很难区分公正与否，立法者需要控制好平衡。
赌博、色情物品，在有些地区认为是合法的，而有些国家认为是非法的
妓女职业的存在


103"The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives."
历史研究的作用不仅仅在于日常生活，有更大的价值
1、历史研究和日常生活的直接关系不大,对于我们日常生活没有直接影响，研究历史对于我们日常生活有间接帮助
对个人来说，研究正面的历史人物，有良好的榜样作用和教育作用
研究负面的历史人物，有有助于学习前人失败的教训，避免犯错
2、研究历史对于我们生活之外有更大的帮助
对于国防方面来说，研究历史可以丰富军事策略
孙子兵法、历史事件中的无数次战役的宝贵经验
对社会来说，历史研究的经验教训可以避免吸取宝贵经验，避免犯错
3、研究历史对于我们人类将来的发展也有帮助(例子？)


74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
74 图象并非总是优于语言
1、承认图像生动形象、直观、具体的特点
例子：海报、照片、名画、电影、电视等等图像丰富
2、图像也有缺陷，人们对于抽象的图像、复杂的图像，很难理解和看懂
3、要图文并用
需要结合语言的描述，来共同作用，使人们理解
互联网的网页，报刊杂志，图文并茂，传递信息的效果好
电视、电影不仅要有图像，而且要有声音，缺一不可
4、有一些事物，仅能依赖于语言和文字，不需要任何图像
法律条文、
音乐、流行歌曲


109"The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves."
109 这样的广告有助于销售，但不一定改善人们的自我感觉
1、广告代言人多数都是为大众所熟悉的著名娱乐界明星，观众看到广告中的明星热衷于使用此类产品，他们也想使用此类产品，也可以体会广告中明星的感觉，商品的生产厂商利用顾客想要模仿广告中明星的心理，有效地促进销售。
化妆品广告、家用电器、酒类等等
2、消费者刚购买时感觉很好，使用之后感觉和其它普通效果一样，会懊悔，感觉浪费钱
3、有些广告专门为了迎合人们渴望社会经济地位的虚荣心，买不起的人自卑，买了也不等于实际地位提升


26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."

26 不一定都要让位
1、承认随着城市现代化的发展，许多古老建不符合经济发展需要，只能拆掉
2、有些特殊的古老建筑具有历史文化价值，是文化遗产，拆掉会使城市失去特色
古老建筑是教育年轻人的生动历史教科书；
是后代的历史文化遗产；
是宝贵的文化旅游资源；
一旦毁坏，无法复原
3、重点进行城市现代化建设，对于古老建筑区分处理。
对于没有价值又破旧可以拆掉，
对于古老建筑可以在修缮基础上服务于现代社会，体现出别具一格的典雅，带来良好的经济效益
整合现代与古典的建筑风格，丰富城市的发展旅游产业，带动城市经济发展


147"Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them."
147 传统和现代之间存在冲突，但也有一致的地方
1、承认冲突存在，需要在传统与现代之间做出选择
历史建筑、古文字和新文字
2、要看到传统和现代在某些方面也有一致性，传统是现代发展的基础，现代要充分吸收传统中好的方面
现代英语中的一些词汇起源于古希腊语和拉丁语
火车起源于历史上的蒸汽机车
无线通讯网络起源于有线网络的理论演化
3、某些不合理的、有害的、不科学的传统习惯，应当放弃
迷信思想、骗术
4、某些古代传统和现代之间必须做出选择时，传统要服从现代
语言：现代英语和古英语
古代文字和现代文字
现在用楷体，简化字，白话文
古代用篆书，繁体字，文言文

yan-dorisUID: 2261928

The statement above is certainly incorrect, insofar as the encouragement itself is a positive pursuing for self-fulfillment of one’s value and contribution to the society. Undoubtedly encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things is beneficial to their healthy development, if this encouragement setting up a worthy-doing aim at making contribution and benefiting the society. It is no reason to draw the conclusion, that the encouragement was wrong deed and potentially harmful to young people and even if they would not realize their dreams after long time endeavor. In contrast, the procedure, leading to their dreams, is a very meaningful, from which young people could gain valuable knowledge and experience.

Generally speaking, encouraging the youth to have an aspirant ideal is a justifiable and reasonable guidance for them rather than misleading. [1鼓励的指导性作用]Young people, are mostly inexperienced persons, who still study in schools, have not be involved in the society. It is very important to instruct them to harbor an ambitious dream from their early years by the older people around them. To accomplish great things reflects a positive pursuing for self-fulfillment of one’s value and contribution to the society, which is a desirable motive deserving encouragement. Obviously, knowing their great mission of the future, which need hard work, the young people would be more ambitious and eager to absorb knowledge that arms them. Then they will try to improve themselves in every respect. In school, they would try to study hard, hear the lectures attentively, finish their homework in time, and think questions more profoundly. Only in this way, would they get excellent scores in their study. In home they would be[/] respect their parents and become more diligent, more polite than other counterpart teenagers ,would be eager to learn useful knowledge or skills though help their parents to do the house work, through the instructing social experience by their parents, and though their willing to help their neighborhood. In spare time, they would read some enlightening or knowledgeable books meeting their interests, from which they could enlarge their knowledge capacity that is vital importance to their forthcoming success of the future.

The encouragement, brought up by the teenagers' fathers or teachers ought to be moderately carried out step by step, within the range of their potential reach. [2适当的鼓励]If the aim set up for them has exceeded their capacity of the future or is too difficult to accomplish by majority of their peers, thus it is not suitable for them. As the Nobel Prize Winner of physics Ding Zhaozhong[这个例子用得不错] said (and I paraphrase), it is very dangerous for scientists to do the scientific research only aiming at winning Nobel Prize. As we know, the Sweden Royal Academy of Science endorsed the Nobel Prize of physics to only three scientists annually in the entire world. While the quantity of people doing jobs associating with physics, such as college professors, researchers, PhD candidates etc, has exceeded one million all of the world, the ratio is so minor that only the elites could win the Nobel Prize. Obviously, if the older set aim of Nobel Prize winner for their youngsters, who are impossible for them, it is certainly very dangerous for their healthy growing. [healthy growing文章中用得很多，也很模糊]

The completion of the great mission set by the older for the children[个人认为children and youth不是一个概念] can be divided into several gradually continuous smaller steps, of which each step would spend at the least one year or at the most nearly ten years. While the first step is accomplished, then the parents should give rewards to their children and encourage them to face the next step of the great mission, go on to do the next procedure. After the long-term healthy growing and hardworking, they would make achievement in their working fields or research fields .Considering the aim of becoming an scientist is the encouragement brought up by the older, after his/her finishing primary school, middle school, college education, postgraduate research, step by step, when he/she becomes a scientific researcher in the research institute one day, certainly he/she would have realized his/her dream.

Even if the teenagers' great aim cannot be realized after their becoming the adults, however, the gain and experience in the process of aspirant climbing to the peak is beneficial to them through of their whole lives.[最求理想中获得的经验] Considering the aforementioned case, it is possibly [possible] that the teenager has an accident that hurting[注意语法] his/her brain slightly during his/her way to school that was real truth and could not be avoided, then he/she could not concentrate his/her mind into thinking and do the complex computation for long time like the his/her former healthy time, from doing those he/she would feel headache, rendering him/her cannot do the scientific work again. Certainly he/her dream of childhood could not be realized forever, but the experience during his/her healthy age has meaningful effect on him/her, which teaches him/her to be the stronger rather than loser of the life. When he/she come out from the depression brought out by the accident, he/she can also living in a peaceful and healthy life.