【Persistence 小组】 第三次提纲作业 （现在才交，惭愧啊）

欣馨之火UID: 2183210

A的提纲：
180. The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company.
"Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly
improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in only two hours; another
graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. Obviously, the faster you can read,
the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover, Easy Read costs only $500 per employee—a small price to
pay when you consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong
subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly by requiring all of our employees to take the
Easy Read course."

论断：A出版公司在要求其雇员参加ER阅读班的情况下能够获益。
前提：一. the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday.
      二. 花费很少
驳论：首先是大前提：
      一. 针对这个前提文章举证无数，一一驳斥如下：
           1. 举证用了other companies的员工improved productivity的例子，其他公司是不是也是出版公司？性质不一样，对员工要求也  
            不一样，所以，不具有说服力。
           2. 有毕业生2小时读了500页的报告。这哥们儿读得是挺快的，但是，他吸收、消化了多少？很让人怀疑他掌握了更多information
             啊！
           3. 还有毕业生一年内从经理助理成了副总裁。天啦，这家伙爬得挺快。可是，这跟他阅读能力有关吗？至少没有证据证明这一点  
              。足够让人怀疑啦！
      二. 钱少问题很容易驳斥，首先是到底small不small是作者的臆断，而且，那个newsletter对于A公司有用没用？这也是不确定的。当然
         ，钱的问题是本文逻辑问题的小头，可以展开，也可以不展开。看临场情况了。
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163. The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.
"In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the
larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably
accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter
and cool it in summer. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool
than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating
income for the town of Rockingham."

论断：为了存下considerable的钱，R应该把老的市政大厅搞掉，换个新的。
前提：老的不舒服又费钱，新的不费钱，还可以挣钱。
驳论：把前提分成两部分，一个一个驳斥：
      1. 老的too small，以致装那么多人就不舒服了。这可全是作者在说啊，证据呢？没准儿，那些雇员还就喜欢老的，怀旧风格嘛，1个世
         纪了，在古董里上班的感觉，不定有多好呢！
      2. 老的冬天加热夏天降温都很费钱。嗯，这个，大概有科学证据吧，还真不好驳斥，不行就不说了。要么也得跟“新的”比照着来说（
        见下面）。实在要说，就说老建筑本身有可能冬暖夏凉，不需要太多额外的劳什子设备。
      3. 新的省钱！每平方尺加热降温都省钱呢！呵，这可是作者有力的证据。慢点儿，省不省钱咱先不说，修新东西得花钱吧？这个投资和
        省下来的比较过吗？万一花的比能够省的还多，那可麻烦了。再者说了，你加热降温省点儿钱，其他维护呢？老的没那么新玩意儿，  
        说不准其他维护就比新的省钱呢（这里回应第2点中的“见下面”）。
      4. 新的可以赚钱！咦，挺有诱惑力！可惜啊，没有证据表明是个新房子都那么好租，如果租不出去，自己还得赔钱养着，那可亏大了。
       （BTW，要是这在中国的房地产市场就没那么多事儿，稳赚不赔，嘿嘿）
      好了，回头看看前提吧，老的舒不舒服，两说，费钱不费钱，两说。新的省钱，没谱，新的赚钱，更没谱。这种情况下，搞掉老的换新  
    的？嗯，傻子会干！
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48. The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.
"Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the
national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit
and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in
regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made
citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and
services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."

论断：健康状况会随着经济状况的提升而提升。
前提：经济状况回升人们会花更多的钱在健康相关的产品和服务上，由此可以提高健康水平。
驳论：1. 今年健康相关产品和服务的消费不同寻常的低，是由于经济不景气造成的。这个，有证据吗？很可能大家觉得这些产品和服务都不能
        满足自己的要求。
      2. 那么，即便经济形式好了，人们花在健康相关的产品和服务的开支也增加了，有证据说明这些产品和服务一定能提高人们的健康水平
        吗？没准儿假冒伪劣，反而会降低健康水平呢！
      再看作者的论据：C镇健康水平和电脑拥有水平同时高，所以，电脑的使用不是造成健康水平下降的原因。
      1. C镇健康水平高不高，可不好说呢。20年的一半和今天全国的四分之一，这能比吗？没准儿，今天C镇的平均水平比全国的还低呢。
      2. 电脑拥有量高，不一定使用率就最高啊。我买来放那儿好看，玩儿，不行啊？（这点有点强词夺理，临场时，能不写就不写了。）
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235. The following appeared in a memorandum from the general manager of KNOW radio station.
"Several factors indicate that radio station KNOW should shift its programming from rock-and-roll music to a continuous news
format. Consider, for example, the number of older people in our listening area has increased dramatically, while the total
number of our listeners has recently declined. Also, music stores in our area report decreased sales of recorded music.
Finally, continuous news stations in neighboring cities have been very successful, and a survey taken just before the recent
election shows that local citizens are interested in becoming better informed about politics."

论断：K广播电台应该把它的摇滚乐节目转为滚动新闻风格的节目。
前提：摇滚乐听的人少了，滚动新闻更吸引人的耳朵了
驳论：前提分两段：
      一. 摇滚乐听的人少了。
          首先这个是没有证据证明的。那来看看作者的举证
          1. 电台覆盖区域老年人急剧上升，电台收听人数最近下降。这两点没法说明问题。听众人数下降不一定是由于节目本省的原因，有
            可能是最近节目质量不好。这点上，电台倒是应该好好反思一下自己的节目质量，而不要去盲目转节目。
          2. 老年人可能是不太爱听摇滚，可是，没人说他们就爱政治新闻，甚至滚动新闻了啊？这个作者又举证了，下面驳斥。
          3. 没人爱听音乐了，连唱片店的销售都下降了。唱片店和电台，两码事嘛！我穷，买不起唱片，那就不买了，可这也不能不让我听
            收音机吧？买个收音机的钱还是有吧？总不能因为俺穷，就剥夺了俺喜欢音乐的权利嘛？
      二. 滚动新闻更能吸引人的耳朵。
          作者的举证，是邻城新电台的成功和那个survey
          1. 不管人家成不成功，跟你关系都不大。情况不同，能对比吗？（这点也比较悬，牵强了，能不说就别说）
          2. survey啊？没看到是选举前期吗？民众参政议政意识强，这会儿关注一下新闻也正常。没有证据说，过了这个特殊时期，大家还
            会抱着政治新闻不放啊。
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10. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper.
"The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout the country is now 25 percent
greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market
has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon. To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an
apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices. Such regulation is
necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers."

论断：规范一下牛奶零售价既能保证低价，又能是保证充分的牛奶供应。（天，这哥们儿经济学肯定不及格！）
前提：牛奶农场主们在牛奶供应量明显增加的情况下获取了过分的利润。
驳论：一. 这些奶农们利润过分了？不确定吧！成本多少？赢利多少？这种赢利和同类其他商品比，高多了吗？作者好像都没调查过吧？张开  
        嘴就说别人利润过分，天理何在啊？
      二. 好吧，作者还是举证了的，咱来看：牛奶农场数量增加了，每加仑牛奶价格也增加了。
          1. 牛奶农场增加必然导致牛奶产量增加？不一定吧？如果单个奶牛场产量下降，且比较厉害，这产量到哪儿增加去啊？
          2. 价格上涨。首先，这不一定是产量变化导致的。根据经验，如果产量大了，价格应该低才对，要不谁买你的？其次，通货膨胀知
            不知道？
（这道题好像错误蛮多，但是又比较混乱，临场时，要注意理清思路，不一定要驳得面面俱到，抓要害就行了。）
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I的提纲（今天的全是抄的，我只是自己敲击了一遍，加深了点儿印象，然后根据别人的思路想了想）：
8、"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."
同意：
(下面是抄的，抄一遍印象也深)
1. In order to gain the opportunity for effective public leadership, a would-be leader must first gain and maintain political
power. In the game of politics, complete forthrightness is a sign of vulnerability and naivete, neither of which earn a
politician respect among his or her opponents.
2. Fully disclosing to the public certain types of information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national
security.
3. Nevertheless, legitimate political leadership indeed requires forthrightness with the citizenry as to the leader's motives
and agenda.
(临场就这么着吧，能想起什么改动就改动，被判抄袭也算倒霉了。下来再琢磨。“北美”有全文。)
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108. "In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings
can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings—trials, debates,
meetings, etc—that are televised, the more society will benefit."
平衡：
(下面还是抄的，Faint，除了“同意”，“平衡”和“反对”，俺好像就不会说话了。)
1. On the one hand, access to govenment proceedings via television carries several significant benefits. First, videotapes
are valuable supplements to conventional means of record keeping. Secondly, this sort of exposure provides the viewer a
valuable sense of perspective, an appreciation for other forms of government, and so forth. Thirdly, in high schools and
universities, television proceedings can be useful curriculum.
2. On the other hand, people cannot ignore the risks imposed by more and more televised government proceedings. Whtching
televised proceedings as a substitute for active participation in the political process can, on a mass scale, undermine the
democratic process by way of its chilling effect on participation.
(这家伙写了两点，临场让我怎么展开啊？好像还是凑不够一样。需要再琢磨！“北美”有全文。)
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195. "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable
consensus."
昨天写过了。
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82."Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit."

不同意（或者，平衡？）：
(继续抄的！我该回头多看看政治、政府类的资料了！郁闷啊！)
1. Museum exhibition are an influential way of public education.
2. If the artistic works or historical displays of a museum cause a destrutive social conflicts, the government should step
in to prohibit such exhibitions.
3. Admittely, government should always take care not to abuse its authority.
(晕！为什么看别人写起来就这么简单涅？说实话，就这提纲，我还不知道能不能展开论述好呢！“北美”无全文。)
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123. "It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people
—their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat—reflects their political beliefs."

同意：
(抄吧，那今天就抄到底了)
A person's words and behavior could directly reflect his or her political beliefs.
1. What one wears and eats indicates the way of life he or she advocates.
2. We can also identify a person's ideals, qualities and values from the type of friends he or she associates with. "Birds of
a feather flock together."
3. Of course, it is also necessary to watch a person's deeds if we want to know for sure what he or she truly believes in.
(这样的思路倒是可以借鉴，以掰开的例子对付“抽象”。只是，要例证丰富，字数合适，难啊！“北美”无全文。)
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