ISSUE93 米国有米寒假4号第九次作业 欢迎狠批

cckantUID: 2247822

TOPIC: ISSUE93 - "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
WORDS: 590          TIME: 0:59:49          DATE: 2007-2-4

Outline:
1, 对于一个社会，个人责任的概念是必须。在于任何社会需要相对稳定的秩序＆社会准则，而这种相对稳定的状态需要包含了遵守保护这种秩序和准则的个人这人。

2，但这种个人责任的概念的虚构性取决与人们是否相信本身的行为是很大限度的被外在力量所决定。如果超越了这种局限，个人责任的概念会变得真实。

The relationship between individual and society is complicated in the sense that society is consisted of a large number of individual, but, in the human civilization, social institution is more and more effective for collective individual wills to be influential, which make the individual and the society inextricable. In my opinion, to some extent, it is true that individual responsibility is a necessary fictional concept, and people's behavior is largely determined by forces out of their own making. However, it is also true that the perception that concept of individual responsibility is somewhat self-validating, i.e. the belief that people's behavior is largely not to their discretion contributes verifies that the concept of individual responsibility is fictional.

To begin with, one should recognize that ordinary people bearing individual responsibility in mind are necessarily the majority of a society, though their behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. For a society to be a functional society, it must be one incorporated with social norms and orders. And such norms and orders need to be relatively stable. This is because society is consisted of diverse and people who may be inverse in many aspects. Any dramatic fluctuation in social norms and orders must be a reflection of fluctuation in times of aptitude as the social ones for individual. Such wild fluctuation gives birth to the impossibility for people to group for any purpose. As an extreme illustration, if a society is dominated by racism on one day but egalitarian on the next day, it must be the case that the majority of the society changes their belief frequently. It can not be imagined that such a society is actually a well defined society since the hostility between people and disturbance to their common life is too huge for any connection to exist. Nevertheless, a stable system of norms and orders requires that individual responsibility necessarily includes the sense and moral constraint to obey and protect the current social norms and orders. In this consideration, people's behavior is framed by the norms and orders of the society they live, which in turn depends on time, family background, location of their growth, but not forces of their own making.

However, the extent to which the concept of individual responsibility is fictional depends on the extent to which people are willing to believe so. Across history, there always was galaxy that surpasses the society they lived， in thought and faith. And not surprisingly, this contributed to human progress in civilization. These heroes are unexceptionally has a strong belief that they are able to make a difference in the current social conditions in their time. For example, Mahatma Gandhi, who led a non-violent movement which eventually causes the independence of India, must has a strong sense that non-violent event has its own merit and power in the society and he has the conscience responsibility, though the human history is full of bloody scene but rarely has incidence that is influential but peaceful. Such transcendent concept of individual responsibility, which excludes some inability and predestinate belief to human behavior, validates itself as real individual responsibility as realized. Therefore, any overemphasis and overestimation in the forces out of human control erodes the reality of individual responsibility and the capability of human self-control.

In sum, though in some sense the concept of individual responsibility is a necessary fiction, people wills are not and should are necessarily fettered by this fictional concept. And once such concept is transcended, individual responsibility would become truly exist for who transcends it.


[ 本帖最后由 cckant 于 2007-2-4 15:34 编辑 ]

blackswitchUID: 2110679

TOPIC: ISSUE93 - "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
WORDS: 590          TIME: 0:59:49          DATE: 2007-2-4

Outline:
1, 对于一个社会，个人责任的概念是必须。在于任何社会需要相对稳定的秩序＆社会准则，而这种相对稳定的状态需要包含了遵守保护这种秩序和准则的个人这人。

2，但这种个人责任的概念的虚构性取决与人们是否相信本身的行为是很大限度的被外在力量所决定。如果超越了这种局限，个人责任的概念会变得真实.


The relationship between individual and society is complicated in the sense that society is consisted of a large number of individual, but, in the human civilization, social institution is more and more effective for collective individual wills to be influential, which make the individual and the society inextricable. In my opinion, to some extent, it is true that individual responsibility is a necessary fictional concept, and people's behavior is largely determined by forces out of their own making. However, it is also true that the perception that concept of individual responsibility is somewhat self-validating, i.e. the belief that people's behavior is largely not to their discretion contributes verifies that the concept of individual responsibility is fictional.开头我认为稍微罗嗦了点

To begin with, one should recognize that ordinary people bearing individual responsibility in mind are necessarily the majority of a society, 这句话读不通though their behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. For a society to be a functional society,这种表述有点别扭，我认为就是 In order to be a functional society, 但functional society我不知道有没有这种表达方法 it must be one incorporated with social norms and orders. And such norms and orders need to be relatively stable. This is because society is consisted of diverse and去掉 people who may be inverse in many aspects. Any dramatic fluctuation in social norms and orders must be a reflection of fluctuation in times of aptitude as the social ones for individual. Such wild fluctuation gives birth to the impossibility for people to group for any purpose. As an extreme illustration, if a society is dominated by racism on one day but egalitarian on the next day, it must be the case that the majority of the society changes their belief frequently. It can not be imagined that such a society is actually a well defined society since the hostility between people and disturbance to their common life is too huge for any connection to exist. Nevertheless, a stable system of norms and orders requires that individual responsibility necessarily includes the sense and moral constraint to obey and protect the current social norms and orders. In this consideration, people's behavior is framed by the norms and orders of the society they live, which in turn depends on time, family background, location of their growth, but not forces of their own making.这段话的意思我基本没有读懂， 我不明白为什么个人责任是必要的，和社会需要稳定的规则之间有什么关系

However, the extent to which the concept of individual responsibility is fictional depends on the extent to which people are willing to believe so. Across history, there always was galaxy that surpasses the society they lived， in thought and faith. And not surprisingly, this contributed to human progress in civilization. These heroes are unexceptionally has 这句话有两个动词了a strong belief that they are able to make a difference in the current social conditions in their time. For example, Mahatma Gandhi, who led a non-violent movement which eventually causes the independence of India, must has a strong sense that non-violent event has its own merit and power in the society and he has the conscience responsibility, though the human history is full of bloody scene but rarely has incidence that is influential but peaceful. 这句话太长了，建议分割一下Such transcendent concept of individual responsibility, which excludes some inability and predestinate belief to human behavior, validates itself as real individual responsibility as realized. Therefore, any overemphasis and overestimation in the forces out of human control erodes the reality of individual responsibility and the capability of human self-control.                           

In sum, though in some sense the concept of individual responsibility is a necessary fiction, people wills are not and should are necessarily fettered by this fictional concept. And once such concept is transcended, individual responsibility would become truly exist for who transcends it.结尾总结很清楚

本文立论的方式比较新颖，可能我的理论水平不够，我怎么也没有不是很理解作者的意思。在行文上，我觉得作者的陈述还需要加强连贯性，语言还需要再提高