88 "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."
88．科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和道德规范。
修锐分类
科技类---科技的影响
题目出现频率
在上个作文季度，这道题出现了67次，绝对的科技类高频，这道题目之前没有在同主题活动中出现，题目本身来看还是比较简单的。
题目分析
I, 关键词解释：
１，Technology
a,The application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives.
b,The scientific method and material used to achieve a commercial or industrial objective.
2，Custom： habit; tradition; convention 3，Ethics A set of moral principles or values, principles of conduct governing an institution, or an individual II, 具体分析 A， Technology 个人分析：
1,概述：
Technology is the technical means people use to improve their surroundings. It is also a knowledge of using tools and machines to do tasks efficiently.
We use technology to control the world in which we live. Technology is people using knowledge, tools, and systems to make their lives easier and better.
People use technology to improve their ability to do work. Through technology, people communicate better. Technology allows them to make more and better products. Our buildings are better through the use of technology. We travel in more comfort and speed as a result of technology. Yes, technology is everywhere and can make life better.
2，Technology与 Science ：
Often the terms, technology and science, are confused. Technology is said to be "applied science". This is not true. Science deals with the natural world. Technology is the study of the natural laws which govern the universe.
Science tells us that objects will fall to the earth (law of gravity). Science explains why only certain plants are found on the Mojave Desert (plant ecology). Science tells us that steel exposed to oxygen will rust (chemistry). Science tells us that cross-pollinating plants will produce predictable results (biology). Science tells us that oil is most likely found near certain rock formation (geology).
On the other hand, technology deals with the human-made world. It is the study of ways people develop and use technical means - tools and machines. It tells us how to control the natural and human-made world. It is the study of the ways people use these technical means to transport, manufacture, construct, and communicate.
This is not to say science and technology are unrelated. Science deals with "understanding" while technology deals with "doing". Science helps us know how to do something efficiently.
B， Social Customs in America:
Americans, like all people, have unique social customs.
1，Invitations
Americans make statements such as "You must come to see us" or "See you later". This kind of friendly statement is not necessarily an invitation. An invitation specifies a time, date, and place. It is polite to respond to invitations with either "yes" or "no". A "yes" answer requires you to attend unless you call to cancel. You can always decline an invitation from your hosts; it is polite to say "no". If you find you must cancel a meeting or social engagement, inform your host as early as possible. It is considered impolite to accept an invitation and not go.
2，Time
Americans tend to place more emphasis on punctuality than do people in many other places. You are expected to be ready at the time agreed upon if someone is picking you up at your residence. When invited to someone's home, you are expected to arrive within five or ten minutes after the scheduled time, but never before that time. When you plan to meet someone at a restaurant, theater, or some other place where reservations have been made, it is very important to arrive at the agreed time. Many Americans feel that arriving late for social events or appointments indicates a lack of respect for the person who is kept waiting.
3，Dress
Everyday dress is appropriate for most visits to people's homes. You may want to dress more formally when attending a holiday dinner or cultural event, such as a symphony concert or theater performance. If you are uncertain about what to wear, ask your host.
4，Introduction and Greeting
It is proper to shake hands with everyone to whom you are introduced, both men and women. An appropriate response to an introduction is "I am happy to meet you." If you want to introduce yourself to someone, extend you hand for a handshake and say "Hello, I am....". Some Americans greet each other with a hug if they are well acquainted. If you do not wish to be hugged, extend your hand quickly for a handshake
5，Dining
When you accept a dinner invitation, tell your host if you have any dietary restrictions. He or she will want to plan a meal that you can enjoy. Cocktails or other beverages may be served before dinner. It is not necessary to accept an alcoholic drink if you do not want one. You can always ask for fruit juice or a soft drink. The evening meal is the main meal of the day in most parts or the United States. This is a time for family members, including children, to be together and talk about topics of interest. Guests are encouraged to join in these conversation.
Food may be served in one of several ways: "family style," by passing the serving plates from one to another around the dining table; "buffet style," with guests serving themselves at the buffet; and "serving style," with the host filling each plate and passing it to each person. Guests usually wait until everyone at their table has been served before they begin to eat. Hands may be used to eat foods such as hamburgers, raw fruit, fried chicken and sandwiches.
It is all right to say, "No, thank you" when you are offered a second serving of food. Accept more food if you want it, however, as the offer might not be repeated. Most Americans think it is impolite to insist that people have more food after they have refused a second serving. Eating all of the food on your plate indicates you have enjoyed the meal; it does not indicate that more food should be served.
6，Thank You
It is not necessary to bring a gift when you are invited to dinner. However, you may wish to present a small, inexpensive gift to your hosts on special occasions or when staying overnight in their home. (A small item you brought from home can be a pleasant surprise to hosts.) At the conclusion of a visit, thank the host and hostess for their hospitality. A written thank-you note sent a few days after your visit is always appreciated.
7，Goodbye
Dinner guests usually stay for an hour or two of conversation or other activity after the meal is finished. If your host is driving you home, he or she may suggest a time for leaving. In larger groups, it is not necessary to say goodbye to everyone before leaving.
8，Smoking
Ask your host's permission before smoking. If your host does not want you to smoke in the house, you may excuse yourself for a few minutes to go outside to smoke.
9，Pets
Many Americans have pets; especially dogs and cats that are often allowed into every room in their homes. If the presence of pets makes you uncomfortable, discuss the situation with your host.
10，Telephone Etiquette
Ask permission before using your host's telephone to make a call. Home hospitality does not include using the host's telephone for long distance calls. If you must make a long distance call, ask the operator to call you back with the charges, so that you can pay immediately. You can also reverse the charges or use your telephone credit card.
11，Helping With Household Tasks
In most families, men, women, and children share household duties. Many married women work outside the home and Americans rarely employ servants. You may want to assist with household tasks when you are present in a home, especially for an overnight or weekend visit.
12，Friendship
Americans are usually very "friendly" and appear to be very open when you meet them; they readily welcome and are willing to help newcomers. It takes a long time, however, for "friendship" (close relationships between people) to develop. In the United States, people enjoy doing things together and exchanging ideas which can lead to friendship. However, "friends" may not become deeply involved in each others' personal affairs or even spend a great deal of time together.
Americans often talk about their children and family activities, for example, but they are reluctant to discuss family problems or why they do not have children (if they have none). Americans are also reserved about discussing financial matters and will often avoid answering questions about their income or the cost of their possessions. Generally, Americans are interested in discussions about politics, religion, local and international events, and hobbies. They are curious about how people live in other parts of the world and are willing to talk about their own way of life. You do not have to discuss any subject that is difficult for you, but when friends exchange views with honesty and mutual respect, they gain new insights and understanding.
Americans often indicate their interest in others by asking questions. Their questions to you indicate an eagerness to learn about your country and culture. Even the most basic information is of interest to them. You can:
Share photographs and slides from home
Share a book from your country
Explain your national holidays
Give your hosts maps or postcards from your country
Discuss events that are happening in your country
Introduce your hosts to friends from your country
Your hosts may enjoy having you cook a favorite meal from home or may attend a cultural event you and others from your country have planned. Sharing information about your country and your home helps to make meeting and getting to know Americans an enjoyable experience -- for them and for you.
13，Student-Host Relationships
Through these community organizations, you can meet American hosts who will invite you to visit their homes and participate in such activities as:
Birthday celebrations
Picnics
Outings to historical sites
Political and community meetings
Occupational and professional experiences
Sports events
Elementary and high school programs
National holiday observances, such as Thankgiving and the Fourth of July
These activities provide opportunities to learn about the American way of life and make friends with people in the community. In addition to introducing you to the United States and its culture, American hosts can offer some practical assistance. They can, for example, help you open a bank account, find an apartment, practice your English, learn the bus system, or shop for clothing and food. Your host will suggest that you see the international student adviser at your institution if you need assistance with financial difficulties or obtaining a loan, legal matters, immigration matters (including work permits), or serious medical or personal problems.
C， Technology与 Ethics（仅仅给出思路提示，所以后面比较熟悉的话题不再分别举例）：
i）The Internet: search engines, filtering, pornography, access, etc.
ｅｇ．
From a Utilitarian Perspective
Google, Yahoo, and Amazon have all announced or begun programs to digitize the contents of books so that they can be searched and downloaded by anyone with a computer. In response to Google's announcement, the Authors Guild and the American Association of Publishers filed lawsuits over the scanning of copyrighted books. What are the benefits of allowing free access to books on line? What are the harms?
From a Rights Perspective
Free Speech and Access to Information
All the major search engine companies have agreed to censor certain sites when they operate in some foreign countries. The Chinese government has insisted on blocking certain political sites; the German government on blocking Nazi or other hate sites. Citing child pornography and unscrupulous contractors as examples, Bill Gates recently told the Financial Times, "There are Web sites that any government wants to block." Do people have a right to all information? If not, what kinds of information should be restricted and who should decide?
Privacy
Recently the U.S. government subpoenaed search records from Google, Yahoo, and MSN as part of an effort to control children's access to pornography on the Internet. Yahoo and MSN complied, but Google argued that the subpoena infringed on user privacy. To what extent are individuals' search records deserving of strong privacy protection? What about aggregated search records?
From a Fairness Perspective
All Web site owners would like to have the Number 1 position in the major search engines. In order to achieve that, many try to optimize their sites so they will achieve higher page ranking. The search engines set rules for search engine optimization (SEO); for example, webmasters are not supposed to insert invisible text, create link exchanges with irrelevant sites, etc. (For instance, to pack one's index keywords with words like sex, drugs, and rock 'n roll, even though the site might be about a new math textbook.) Some argue that these practices-called black-hat SEO-undermine the fairness of the results. Others say these tactics are not immoral because they are only breaking the arbitrary rules set by the search engines. What are the standards for a "fair" search environment, and who should set them?
From a Common Good Perspective
Search engines that produce unbiased, relevant results have become a common resource worth protecting. The information on the World Wide Web would be essentially inaccessible without them. What social policies and business practices will preserve that common good? Are sponsored links part of paying for the public good?
From a Virtue Perspective
The search engine industry depends upon trust. Users come to a particular search engine because they trust that they will get unbiased results. What virtues does a search engine company have to practice in order to gain this trust?
ii）Databases: data mining, privacy, security, etc.
Data Mining and Privacy
While we all value our privacy, we accept abrogations of privacy rights under certain circumstances. What principles could we use to determine when an infringement of privacy is warranted? The following general questions about privacy were developed by SCU Associate Professor of Philosophy William Parent.* Here we apply them to the issue of data mining.
1. For what purpose is the…personal knowledge sought?
This is always the first step of ethical analysis: Get the facts.
2. Is this purpose a legitimate and important one?
Many people might be willing to forgo some measure of privacy to ensure greater national security or better medical care, but not for more commercial purposes, such as giving retailers more information about their buying habits. A purpose that protects the common good will probably garner more support than one that benefits just a few.
3. Is the knowledge sought through invasion of privacy relevant to its justifying purpose?
One of the problems with data mining is that it culls through enormous amounts of information, much of which is irrelevant to even so important a purpose as national security. For example, if every e-mail to an address in an Arab country is monitored, many purely personal messages having no impact on security will be scanned. Is there a sliding scale of significance within the types of information that can be collected in databases; for instance, is it more of an invasion to eavesdrop on a phone call, less to know what number was called, and still less simply to know that a call was placed? With today's technology, which allows small, anonymous pieces of data to be matched and compiled into an identity, do even "insignificant" infringements of privacy appear in a more sinister light?
4. Is invasion of privacy the only or the least offensive means of obtaining the knowledge?
Proponents argue that no technique is better at identifying suspicious patterns of communication than data mining. Recently, for example, such monitoring pinpointed a drug smuggling operation at a Minnesota prison. Others argue that data mining turns up so much information that it is often difficult for analysts to "see the forest for the trees" and that older methods of on-the-ground data collection work better.
5. What restrictions or procedural restraints have been placed on the privacy-invading techniques?
This has been one of the most contentious areas in the debate over data mining and national security. What should be the role of the courts (FISA and others) in issuing warrants for data collection? Are there other regulations that might ensure that privacy violations occur only when absolutely necessary?
6. How will the personal knowledge be protected once it has been acquired?
Databases contain all manner of information, including, for example, genetic information on individuals. Collected for one purpose, the same data may later be used for another. Advances in our understanding may allow us to identify from existing databases who may develop particular diseases or even antisocial behaviors. What protection should we afford this private information? Is there a higher ethical test to pass when we keep information than when we simply collect it temporarily?
iii）Communication: e-mail, social networking, monitoring, etc.
iiii）Gaming: regulation, violence, addiction, gender stereotyping, educational games, etc.
iiiii）The IT Industry: intellectual property, e-waste, software piracy, etc.
iiiiii）Biotechnology Ethics
Genetics: genetic testing, genetically modified organisms and food, etc.
Cloning: stem cells, human cloning, etc.
General Biotechnology Ethics: neuroethics, politics and science, xenotransplantation, etc.
本文写正写反都比较好写，所以就不在这里列出来具体提纲，避免限制大家的思路
规则照旧
期待大家的大作，Fighting！
[ 本帖最后由 nostrum 于 2007-3-12 00:11 编辑 ] |
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发表于 2007-3-11 22:06:21
发表于 2007-3-11 22:13:13
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