issue按高频的提纲

brufengUID: 2267718

Issue 高频

51 "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student." [05/90; 06/7]
只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。
topic line:
Position: Student-centered education is the most effective way to help students learn.
A. The traditional teacher-centered education ignores the individual needs and interests of each student, which proves counterproductive.
B. Student-centered education can most effectively involve individual students in the learning process.
C. However, winking at students’ unreasonable desires would only result in chaos in education.
1.怎样衡量有效的教育，教育的定义
2. 不同的教育阶段是否应该有不同的目的？
3.学生不感兴趣的但是有用的知识技能是否要学呢？
4．由于现实条件的限制，很难做到完全的满足个人的兴趣和需要
5．特定specifically导致片面
以前的讨论，经典！
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=601576&highlight=issue51
由于内容比较多，建议下载附件，我的word做的很好用，每一处都有连接，连到具体题目。还有建议用word中的阅读版式看，这样连接时就不用按住Ctrl键了

[ 本帖最后由 brufeng 于 2007-3-24 20:48 编辑 ]

brufengUID: 2267718

38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books." [05/57; 06/3]
在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。
1．承认电视是某些领域好：Admittedly, 。。。holds certain advantages over。。。For the purpose of documenting and conveying。。。
最时时的消息newest.latest 画面感 temporal, spatial events
比如：911事件；印度洋海啸
2．但是书有书的好：However, the speaker overlooks several respects in which books are inherently superior to television
   1）看电视是无目的随机，被动的，还有恩多广告；读书主动性挑选要吸收的课题。
   2）有些无法替代书本。比如：textbook 电视很难理论公式讲，要看推断演义过程要反复咀嚼。电视倾向emotion development;书本可以intellect ,reasoning
perspective and insigh
   3）书随身携带portable，比如：上班的地铁上，大巴上；比如记单词。
总结：staying abreast of current affairs,。。。books facilitate learning。。。he optimal approach is to use both media side by side

[Brufeng]补充：我的新观点，以上的观点都被写滥了。
随说书具有随身携带的方便，以及可以容纳更多抽相性东东的特点，但现在的趋势是电视和书一体化，电视也出现了3G上的移动电视，随时可以看，内容上也有了收费的无广告点播电视。还有电视和书的融合。
如果想引用的话，上次的“走进高层”有对美国最大的图书商有关E-Book and Mobeil-book发展的采访
至顶
50 "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach." [05/30; 06/10]
为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作。
同意，不过不同的领域：
---有的领域与时代无关，如哲学艺术；有的有密切，如技术，商业
1．        文学类如哲学：没有应用领域
比如：研究莎翁诗集
2．艺术类：本身就是
    比如：画画， 个人创作类
2．        研究类，如数学，物理：理论与实际结合，去外面看可以知道现在的发展，和人们的需要。 技术需要跟上时代
比如：电子electronics 最新手机的技术，最新网络的程序，up-to-date，编程序怎么说？
sparking interest, and even motivating some students to pursue the field as a career.
Secondly, by keeping abreast of the changing demands of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed career decisions.
3．        商学院commercial college
绝对需要教授有从商经历：很多细节的信息，对市场的把握，案例的分析，消费者的心理。还需要鼓励学生，从家教做起tutor；或者买卖

至顶
83 "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people." [05/47; 06/6]
政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地带，保持他们的原始状态，尽管这些地区一般来说非常偏僻，很少有人能够到达
重点在于保护野生动植物和自然环境，貌似不好写，就当写环保问题和生态问题了。
至顶
17 "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws." [05/38; 06/8]
有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律。
1-法律的正义不正义没有绝对的定义 is rarely a straight forward issue
   
2）        很多法律没什么正义不正义
    法律的一项功能：keep everything in order
比如：未满十六岁喝酒，吸烟
      未满十八岁进网吧
      未满二十二岁不能结婚 法定年龄legal age: The age at which a person may by law assume the rights and responsibilities of an adult.

1）在不同观念和文化中不同
法律的功能：to govern a society , control the behavior of its members
    比如：该不该判死刑death penalty
          口香糖chewing gum
          安乐死 euthanasia

    2）在不同利益者中不同
法律的一项功能是和平解决纠纷 resolve disputes peacefully
This is especially true when it comes to personal affairs.
Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner’s rights are respected.
有争议就有利益纠纷，而争议永远存在。有审判就有满意不满意，just unjust 在两方定义不同。

2-法律不遵守，disobedience 会带来危害 poses certain risks , jeopardize to
比如：交通左右
Driving would be dangerous and chaotic.
法律和风俗思想情感不同：
Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law—whether you like that law or not—you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.
至顶

brufengUID: 2267718

103 "The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives." [05/34; 06/3]
研究历史的价值只体现在这种研究和我们的日常生活相关时。
Insofar as possible 尽可能
不同意
The speaker alleges。。。only insofar as。。。I find this allegation to be specious。。。It wrongly suggests。。。To the contrary,。。。
studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life
1．        历史让个人明白社会变化：
History is indispensable to understanding why such changes occur.
Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion.
A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamental—and essential for anyone concerned about …
History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about he human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.
比如：high-art 艺术家，知道了Van Gogh后就明白坚持艺术要孤独要艰辛
Require strong belief, persistence, and the ability to bear loneliness and misunderstanding.
Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career.
Yet, an ever-lengthening honor roll distinguishes works first received as unacceptable by resistant audiences.
2．        错过的不要再错：to avoid repeating those mistakes.
比如：二战 世界混乱，经济depression, 人们苦难suffer，进步停滞impede development 知道和平的珍贵，stability and peace，treasure
范文例子：
The nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have been studied to ensure that they do not happen again. Certainly the study of the effects of nuclear materials on humans and the environment provides value beyond that of the day-to-day life of people. The study of oil spills and their effects on the environment gives similar guidance on how to avoid or at least minimize the damage of an oil spill on the environment. The study of the disintegration of the ozone layer over the poles of the earth has given birth to new laws and regulations on certain chemicals that help to preserve this valuable part of our atmosphere.
All of these examples of studying history provide value far beyond its impact on the daily lives of people.
3．        宝贵遗产，至今适用：precious historical heritage
History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation.
比如：孔子的话“two heads are better than one” “know is know…”
      Socrates : Genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is drawing out of what is in the mind.
      孙子兵法From the ancient Chinese author Sun Tzu's book "The Art of War", today's military commanders and even business leaders gather valuable information that allows them to operate more efficiently and effectively.
4．        对国家忠诚：histories that tell the national story, emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a commitment to national loyalty.
比如：美国独立战争
总结：不仅明白，而且提高修养
     Helps us understand how recent, current, and prospective changes that affect the lives of citizens are emerging or may emerge and what causes are involved
     Lift spirits.
In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in all our activities and decisions--from our grandest to our most rote--history can inspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history is to gain the capacity to be more human--and I would be hard-pressed to imagine a worthier end.
另一开头：To state … is to ignore the value …It would seem to be a rather shallow statement that implies … only …rather than …

至顶
208 "The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people." [05/48; 06/1]
人们的眼神、穿着和动作都揭示了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外貌和举止来认识该社会的理念和价值观。(以小见大)
1.        眼神、穿着和动作与态度兴趣有一定联系，什么联系，为什么？
2.        有时从人们的言谈举止等可以看出来一个国家的习惯，如中东人，非洲人等
3.        但有时会看错，如。。。
至顶
47 "Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills." [05/47; 06/4]
社会对于智力还是重视不够，比如推理和认知的能力。
基本同意，有些问题要注意
The speaker asserts that society should place more emphasis on intellect and cognition. While the speaker might overlook the benefits of nurturing certain emotions and feelings, on balance I agree that it is by way of our heads rather than our hearts that we can best ensure the well-being of our society.
1．        社会要求快速作答：（社会浮躁？来个一段）
        比如：考试限时，有些根本无法这么快答出，而考试鼓励正确答案；
              商业社会鼓励商业赚钱，或应用，而不是长期地科研和思考；
2．        学校更job-oriented :
        比如：商学院，国际贸易等专业一直很火暴；而基础数学，物理冷门
3．但重视不要过分，要平衡发展：
    1）对人的心理，感情上的问题要同等重视；危害：depression, dysfunction, and even physical illness.
    2）对moral道德建设，理性不要用在危害。比如：基因克隆，核武器（这条不大好貌似不合适）
    3）对人文科学的重视，综合发展：艺术之类

至顶
147 "Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them." [05/32; 06/7]
传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。
1．        思想：仍然珍贵
Socrates 的教育思想 对应今天的 job-oriented
孔子Confucius的话
孙子兵法对今天
2, 文化：过的方法不同，shopping啊什么，但都会过
比如中国传统节日spring festival饺子，送钱；
    西方圣诞 Christmas 圣诞树，孩子礼物
3。日常生活，科技： 更是当代与传统的结合
比如：记录方式 video camera + written records
不能只选其一，尽管发达了，但不可替代传统
5．        历史文物，建筑：
比如：博物馆museum，和当代科技展览 modern art / high-tech exhibition
比如：长城Great Wall, 故宫Forbidden City 促进旅游 与现代建筑

至顶
43 "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards." [05/36; 06/4]
一个政府官员要想成为一位有成效的领导者，必须有极高的伦理和道德修养。
1。商业：领导要有道德
   解释：道德与责任—纸头上
   比如：员工的两个例子都能用
   比如：三凌老总的错误决定
Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system
Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the
company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but

also the confidence of consumers.

总结：CEO
总结：公司领导需要维持高标准的道德，不管个人还是公众道德，因为他的个性对整个公司影响很大，员工直接对应；他的决定对社会，对公司利益都有很大影响。
2。政治：不需要
   Politicians are not and should not be moral leaders.
不但不可行，也会影响工作（有）
   因为他们的工作是（有），超越道德； 妙话（有）
   1) 私人personal morality and public morality.：marital indiscretions（婚姻不慎重）
   比如：clinton scandal
2）公共：他需要考虑和权衡多方面问题，不总是道德至上
      比如：伦敦，美国机场检查 伤害了尊严，但确保了安全
      比如：恐怖分子威胁，杀害人质（hostage）事件，要求撤军 retreat/withdraw，有的如菲律宾总理撤了，一女的，别国没撤，很难说他们谁对谁错。
      比如：最高道德，highest ethical standard 灾难时他应该到第一线front line去现场救人，那么谁来指挥，谁去互访。
   3）承认有些情况个人道德影响和煽动带领群众：Gandhi and Martin Luther King
总结：起义和改革reform的时候需要个人扇动，但是当社会稳定，是system而不是个人魅力来使其运作。To run the society

至顶

brufengUID: 2267718

4 "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study." [05/35; 06/6]
任何领域要取得重大进展，都需要外领域者的知识和经验。
至顶
154 "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators." [05/50; 06/1]
家长和社会都应该参与到当地的学校中来。教育太重要了，不能只靠专业教育者。
1．        家长：1）道德教育：看待问题的角度；心态；性格上的培养，有所侧重；
      2）针对性的教育：孩子喜欢的领域，课后培养；音乐钢琴什么
2．社会：提供与学校建立活动 比如大学生实习到公司，培养社会化能力

但是他俩不能参与进来做决定：
3。学校：1）统一 比如：家长不能进来筛选课程，家长有自己的短见。容易有的偏商，有的技术实用。。。不利全面发展和统一规划
                 比如：军训 家长溺爱什么，过于担心，孩子不能得到锻炼
要结合：比如选学校和专业方向家长根据孩子特点，但一旦选完，学校统一不得干涉
4。家长和社会的作用可能是负面的：
   比如：10岁大学生，家长一直陪伴大学，失去 和同伴的成长，快乐
                      社会一直舆论不断，媒体，‘天才’，打扰学习，打扰同学的看法，危害性格培养ill-mannered, presumptuous, arrogant
至顶
7 "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." [05/52; 06/2]
数码相机可以精确、令人信服地记录当代人们的生活，作为一种记录方式，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。
至顶
11 "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." [05/36; 06/4]
所有的国家应共同建立一所全球性大学，用来培养学生们解决世界的最顽固的社会问题。
同意；但是需要注意一些问题
1．        许多问题需要通力合作。
比如环境问题：
比如基因工程：
2．        国家之间的合作和依赖太密切。
           亚洲金融危机
           反恐
3．        问题：不同的文化会阻碍交流
          各国家会优先考虑自己的问题
          特定的社会问题要按每个国家的国情解决
          政府会不会干涉 尤其是社会问题
附：11.亚洲金融危机表明：世界间互相依存关系越紧密
The financial crash of October 1987 and the Asia Economic Crisis in 1998
demonstrate that the world's capital markets are more closely integrated th
an ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be tran
k Z
smitted to the rest of the village-almost instantaneously.

至顶
152 "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies." [05/40; 06/7]
对于公司的执行官，他们唯一的任务就是在法律允许的范围内，为公司赚取尽可能多的金钱。
不太同意：在大多数情况下其实确保长远利益就够，但有些例外要考虑。
1．        利益是唯一的也是最大的驱动，对一公司来说。长远利益可以保证很多：
1）        竞争。提高服务和质量，降低价格，对顾客好。
2）        信誉。比如：附录
3）        员工。长远利益需要培训优秀素质的员工。比如：日本公司，终身雇佣制
4）        社会。需要打造好的形象。比如：M赞助世界杯小朋友；矿泉水，一瓶里一分捐助希望小学。
2．        但有些问题法律和利益都照顾不到：
1）        能源问题。过度开采石油
2）        环境问题。过度砍伐森林
3）        劳动力。一些歌手，艺人，工作辛苦，宣传，拍片，睡眠饮食不保证。歌手失声，演员什么盘突出。
原因在于，再长的长远利益也就最多定50年，长不了人生，所以还是不够长远，再长的问题就顾及不到。
   4）法律之外的社会问题。如网吧对青少年，网络游戏
至顶
120 "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present." [05/33; 06/9]
现代生活是崭新、复杂的，认知过去对现在没有指导价值。
同103（点以下到103）
至顶
87 "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries." [05/46; 06/2]
在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。
观点：中立

1.      新手确实有一定的优势，他们对新事物充满了passion，充满了好奇心。这种动力使得他们勇于去探索新的领域，同时也会努力的去学习新的知识。（还没想出例子）

2.      新手敢于挑战权威的理论。正是由于他们是新手，因此在看待问题的时候不会受固有思想的左右，能够从一个全新的角度去看问题，因此，也就有更多的可能发现新的问题。例子：爱因斯坦在20多岁就发现相对论。

3.      新手的劣势是经验不足，而这正是老手的优势。老手在某一个领域中已经研究多年，有着丰富的相关知识和实践经验。考虑问题会比较全面、比较系统，而这往往是发现新问题的关键。例子：Madam Curie discover radium、Alexander Fleming discover penicillin.
By sunwei0
至顶
141 "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity." [05/29; 06/6]
大多数人只意识到个性化的益处，但实际上个人的经济成功需要一致性。
1．        经济上的成功来自于个性化的决策。
2．        经济上的成功同样来自于对于规律的遵守。conformity首先我们的观点和思想不能和current customs, rules, or styles严重相违背，我们如果和主流的东西偏离太远，就会有很多的人不能理解，这样的话就很难取得经济上的成功。
3．        一个人的力量很薄弱，我们需要合作。
（另为重叠的两点，感觉挺有道理）
2.      合作可以创造更大的利润，也可以减少个人所貌的风险。而且集思广益，可以创造出更有特点的产品。
3.      把个人创造和集体合作相结合，往往可以创造出更大的利润。
Iq28的文章，很有可读性
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... ;highlight=issue141
新东方上是理解成，个性与合作：individuality and conformity
至顶

brufengUID: 2267718

150 "Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete." [05/47; 06/5]
由于电视和全球范围内的计算机网络，人们现在可以熟悉很多以前从未涉足过的地方。其结果就是使得旅游变得过时了。(旅游将会被淘汰，技术进步对人类社会的影响之旅游)
总体不会 但Vary case to case 这儿要看旅游的purpose 是什么了
1．        Gather information：
比如：商业，做市场调查market research，了解别的地区经济状况economic situation ，demographic of population, residents’ living style /habits,
2. communication
比如：商务会议business conference ，teleconferencing电话会议，
比如：探望亲戚 visit

以上两者的目的都不是tour 不是为地方而来，而是为事件
3．真正的风景：
   比如：Great Wall 看和走
   走了一天累死，才体会伟大 delights
   除了视听的其他感官：和当地交流，自己行走，拍照片，吃当地小吃special local food
Instead, it is about sensory experience--seeing and heating firsthand, even touching and smelling.
4．        离开工作的休息：
比如：Julie Delphy 同学说的 自己一个人静下来 听不懂的语言 没有广告和媒体
以上两者TV和C就不能提供
且，对总体tour，他们促进promote / In fact, computer connectivity might actually provide a boon for tourism.
5．介绍introduce很多地方，给人兴趣
The more reasonable conclusion is that television has actually served to spark our interest in visiting other places.
6．预定方便，价格便宜：
   Book, prearrange； Internet price competition
  比如：青年旅馆；飞机票

总结：For nearly a half-century we have been peering through our television sets at other countries and cultures; yet tourism is as popular today as ever. In fact, tourism has been increasing sharply during the last decade,
至顶
70 "In any profession -- business, politics, education, government -- those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership." [05/18; 06/4]
在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者都应该在5年任期后下台。对任何事业而言，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生力量担当领导。
至顶
136 "The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare." [05/31; 06/3]
没有选择的情况少之又少。
完全同意：
1。我们没有胆量去选择risk，我们害怕选择的坏下场：
   比如：《日出前》那一段经典
   因为对稳定，安定，确定的追求，而放弃很多选择
2。人们的习惯不愿改变现状态《奶酪》，突破常规
   比如：人们抱怨中国教育很差有问题，学生压力。。有人辍学，写书；有人自己教，10岁考大学；有人辍学，14岁做IT
3。我们没有想到，只有想不到，没有做不到；我们思维的框框把我们限制了。人的意志，性格：
   比如：有人伤残后，沉沦，觉得死路；有人做FLASH，有人写书
至顶
88 "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics." [05/30; 06/3]
科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和道德规范。
至顶
221 "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history." [05/20; 06/0]
研究历史最明显的好处就是消除了这样的错觉，某个时代的人们与历史上另一个时代的人们有重大的差别
至顶
121 "At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species." [05/23; 06/6]
在过去不同的地质时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以，社会没有理由花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种。
不太同意：虽然进化论，我们也能力有限，但我们要尽可能
1。承认：
1）大多是自然淘汰，进化
   Darwinian argument that extinction results from the inexorable process of so-called “natural selection” in which stronger species survive while weaker ones do not.
  2）太多，超越我们能力范围
   经济，面对更重要的社会问题，灾难，
中转：虽然同意不要”extinct”，但是要” I shall do what I can insofar as I am able.” As long as possible?
2。尽可能保护：
1）现在的很多是人为的，已经不是自然现象，natural selection,而是human-selection
   比如：油倾
   比如：工业化，森林过度砍伐
   这些不是自然淘汰，是人为的改变环境。如果不避免和，那么
   比如：破坏臭氧层，改变人类环境，人无动于衷，人类早晚要灭绝
   2）生态多样性，生物链：
   The animal kingdom is an intricate matrix of interdependent relationships, in which each species depends on many others for its survival. Severing certain relationships, such as that between a predator and its natural prey, can set into motion a series of extinctions that ultimately might endanger our own survival as a species.
  3）为后代，为旅游，自己有好处：
  比如：熊猫 四川卧龙保护区   一为后代；二为国家宝贝；三也促进旅游

至顶
160 "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little." [05/29; 06/5]
有效力的领导者最本质的品质就是对特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导者，如果他很容易受到流行观点的影响，那他就一事无成。
至顶
177 "The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes." [05/38; 06/0]
对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。(知识对于人类的影响)
正面：
1，专业学习让认掌握认识世界的技能，从而改变认识世界的方式。
2，专业学习积累认识世界的理论依据，通过对世界的客观规则做出抽象而改变认识世界的方式。
3，专业学习培养人们的思维能力，从而改变认识世界的方式。
反面观点一：
1，角度在变，世界不变么？
2，对于“The way we perceive the word”并没有一个明确的定义，这种理解因为是主观的，精神上的，所以它是否改变并不取决于知识的改变，相反，它却能决定人们接受知识的方式。
同主题的讨论：
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... ;highlight=issue177
至顶
26 "Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served." [05/18; 06/3]
很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足。
至顶
56 "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future." [05/20; 06/4]
政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。时间之当务之急和百年大计
关于提纲的讨论：
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... ighlight=issue%2B56
至顶
159 "The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds." [05/28; 06/0]
人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。技术进步对人类社会的影响（类似于影响和决定人类传统）
1。人比机器强：机器是工具，没有智力和情感，需要人控制
2。机器比人强：机器的运算能力，机器的感觉能力，机器的控制能力
   比如：地震预报forecast / prediction, earthquake;
         Can hear the sound below 20HZ which human is not sensitive to.
         Manage a whole system containing innumerable computers and staff.
3.有一天机器会有情感和智力，emotion and intelligence
  《War of the Star》  robots with sensitive skin

至顶
69 "Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"
耿福应该少限制科学研究和发展。
技术之政府限制
至顶
99 "In any realm of life -- whether academic, social, business, or political -- the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." [05/22; 06/0]
在生活的各个领域，不管是学术、社交、商业或政治，要想成功，只能靠实际而并非理想化的观点。注重成效的行为确保了生存，而理想化的观点倾向于被更简单、更直接的观点取代。
至顶
212 "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable." [05/26; 06/4]
如果一个目标是值得的，那么追求目标的任何手段都是正当的。
至顶
74 "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language." [05/26; 06/2]
和一大群人交流想法或者价值观的最有效方式是图像而非语言。
至顶
31. "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial." [05/18; 06/6]
花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。（现实和理想）
不太同意
1。当然研究总是好的：
    1）通常发现是偶然的：比如 伏兰明，科学家不一定知道能做出什么，但尝试中会带来大意外
    2）争议可能来自各自的利益，和短见：
       比如解决当前社会问题pressing social problem和探索外太空explore the outer space是同等重要
2。但是有些问题：
   1）有些结果是可以预期的坏：
比如基因克隆，是否需要继续
比如 核武器，日本广岛 目的就是增强军事，国家战争，当然保证自己国家稳定，但潜在对他国和地球的危害
比如 生化武器，拿生物和人类做实验，是否good investment了
   2）当资源有限时，要决定先后priority：
      比如社会问题非常严重，那么对外太空需要放一放；先解决immediate problem

至顶

brufengUID: 2267718

144 "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value." *a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. " [05/75; 06/11]是艺术家而不是批评家，带给社会一些具有持久价值的东西。*批评家指经常评价艺术作品，例如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等的人。Partially agree1，艺术家是很好类    From the Creeks to our days, there is no art created by critics but by the artists. The artists play a vital role in creation and the dramatic progress of art. In the development of art, it is Picasso that pioneers the territory of image school in paintings; it is Mozart that composed the miraculous Magic Flute; it is Austen who wrote my favorite novel The pride and prejudice showing the unique landscape of country life in Medieval Britain. The consequential artworks not only influence the people living before but are appreciated by modern people. Their value does not shadow with the time past. 主要内容在这里2.评论家有好有坏：1）大众需要评论家来挑选 a critic's evaluation of an art work serves as a filter, which helps us determine which art is worth our time and attention.   比如：每年出产上百部电影，film critic, tickets , movie theatre, 电影票又很贵，需要挑好的推荐给观众   比如：听外国的音乐，另一种语言，需要筛选，和推荐。现在很多网站和音乐杂志ALLMUSIC网站我最常去，EMG打分评价give score and comments。 direction2)    但是通常评论家不知道他们自己在说什么：they do not always know what they are talking about 评论家受自己利益和角度的影响 interests, angle, culture, subjective perspectives比如小说：上一代old generation容易看不惯年轻人，如果里面带有不敬，过多性描写, 暴力。。比如音乐：高雅艺术评论家认为流行音乐是垃圾trash，Jay Chow
          classical music; opera      R&B, Rock&Roll, country music3）通常艺术要经过年代洗礼：比如：摸乃，贝多芬，反高Beethoven’s early listeners, accustomed to the predictable harmonies and melodic lengths of Haydn, dismissed his symphonies as literally causing their ears to hurt.Van GoghWhen the French gave the Statue of Liberty to America in 1886, the Augusta Chronicle—in Georgia—condemned it as a pagan image unsuitable to our country.评论家会影响艺术家：同主题讨论：https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=622910&highlight=issue144至顶48 "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten." [05/50; 06/7]对历史的研究把太多的重点放在对某些个人上。而历史上一些重大的事件和发展趋势不是由个别名人决定的，而是由那些已经被人们淡忘的社会群体所创造的。不同意The speaker claims that significant historical events and trends are made possible by groups of people rather than individuals, and that the study of history should emphasize the former instead of the latter. I tend to disagree with both aspects of this claim. 1．很多是由历史关键任务引发或者领导的。他们有特定的权利去决定战争；重要的是他们有凝聚力和号召力：比如：印度甘地；马丁同学；林肯同学比如：美国有总统一票否决权；是个人行为pocket veto 总统否决权比如：孔子，是个人行为，建立学校，著书立说2．学习历史人物能有大收获：历史个人往往有很特别的特质，或者代表性那个年代。0）           特质：马丁，对理想的追求1）           苏个拉地：哲学的起源，古希腊的文明摸杂特：宗教，皇室的影响，艺术家当时的困境从谁的“大卫”，对人体的美的标准的流行，Venus of Medici，David 后来“囚徒啊雕塑”，社会的抗争，不满，后来“文艺复兴”，对个人的性格Michelangelo 掷铁饼者？研习一两个人的作品，可以看到各个时代的特点，可以综观历史的变化。3．不要过分，要承认劳苦大众的作用：如果没有他们，没力量，社会变革不会出现；没有他们默默支持，历史人物不会被突出；当代政党要充分意识到，当权者，要听大众的意见，他们是决定社会趋势的人。同主题：https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=618074&highlight=issue4至顶36 "The greatness of individuals can be decedied only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries." [05/58; 06/6]一个人是否为大事由后人评定的而非他同时代的人。不同意：In my view the speaker unfairly generalizes. In some areas。。。However, in other areas, particularly t。。。In still other areas 。。。varies from case to case.科学：1。应用性：比如电灯的发明；蒸汽机啥的           比如微软；基因水稻2．理论性：比如爱因斯坦相对论；           比如地心说日心说；3．艺术也一样：大众艺术，比如电影啊，节目收视率；畅销书；非主流艺术，比如凡高，比如史记至顶41. "Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science." [05/71; 06/5]研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为它们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。(少数和多数之非主流学科)1．满足了主流科学无法满足的地方：   1）面临选择或危险，心理不确定：比如：出海打渔；船航行；巨额投资；买房风水；--turn to fortune telling 心理certainty, security2）科学无法解释的现象：比如老早：雷，雨，闪电；希腊神话大力神啥的是非主流的一种方式百慕大三角Bermuda Triangle；外星人；   3）心理安慰mental console：      比如：AIDS ；癌证cancer；科学医疗无法挽救science medical treatment can not save ，转向非主流给予希望。2．但主流更vital：   对于第一种：人们需要搜集更多资料来考虑以做出明智的决定。       第二种：科学发达了能解释了，就不存在了。比如：不求雨，而人工降雨       第三种：医疗发达可以治了。比如：糖尿病的转变 Diabetes总结：I concede 科学不足时是很好的心理安慰方式      However 需要更努力地是发展科学，寻找科学帮助，尽可能地Seeking help with science as possible as we can.至顶130 "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society." [05/48; 06/6]孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运。遗憾的是，我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益。这个自己写了：不同意1，          什么是socialized, 他和destiny society 的关系是什么。2，社会化并不是社会未来进步的唯一标准。主要是法律的健全等3，什么样的标准是better society 也学我们已经做到了，只是没发至顶185 “Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. ” [05/64; 06/4]丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，都是有用的。它们能吸引人们的注意力，而使我们聚焦于问题，以一种演讲者和改革家都做不到的方式。半同意，有好有坏：1。对问题的关注：   比如：一个受贿案子，中国那几年全国整顿风气   比如：偷税，一个明星，全国整顿   比如：烧车，戴安那，对媒体   比如：三灵不厚道，对厂商--附录2。过于八卦而distract our attention to other more important issues 把注意力拉开   比如：一个大明星烧记者的丑闻在媒体方面是有注意但超过国家大事件台湾和中国首脑历史性会晤没人看了3。丑闻的暴光会导致一些问题：   1）水门，对政府的不信任   2）受贿，对政府的失望，影响稳定   3）媒体，对媒体的不信任，觉得都是八卦和狗   4）商家，一个公司产品问题，消费者对个个都恐慌就是整体的信任危机4。而且经常一阵一阵，这个丑闻过了又关注下一个，大问题没有得到长远的解决：附录：8.三凌经商不厚道，掩盖事实Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system of Pajero,one of the company's major products, before apologized to public. Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the
Omy0P2P2?!w company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but
w
dm h        C m%d[1]z C0l(`寄托家园 also the confidence of consumers.至顶

[ 本帖最后由 brufeng 于 2007-3-24 20:41 编辑 ]

iq28UID: 2152875

...

icoccaUID: 2310883

太好了！
及时雨啊！:loveliness: :loveliness: :loveliness:

hONeywOOdUID: 2212258

/顶起来,可以参考哦~~

brufengUID: 2267718

昨天还漏了几个有题号没提纲的：
212."If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable." [05/26; 06/4]
如果一个目标是值得的，那么追求目标的任何手段都是正当的。

大负小正：
1.对于与自身的目的purpose 有关的事情的实现会不择手段 by any kind of means
对社会的秩序的破坏。
e.g.恐怖袭击，被那些人认为是圣战，却给其他人带来了恐怖和威胁
e.g.恶性竞争是市场混乱，利用贬低对手来抬高自己，百事可乐的广告将可口可乐当作垫脚砖。
e.g.学生为提高分数，不择手段，夹带，隐形耳机，学术作假，整形嫁接论文
e.g.医生为了提高收入，不顾病人死活。
2.这种行为有时却是必要而正确的
e.g.当有危害社会秩序及国家安全时，将不择手段来阻止其发生，如反恐，反毒。

主观点TS，还是不同意，应该以更合理的方式解决问题，否则只会给社会带来危害。

2．”Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society.”
竞争对社会的好处大于坏处
提纲：1，竞争促进社会的→新技术产生; →优秀的服务；→合理的社会机制
Advance→ New technology; plumy service; reasonable mechanism
Israel（以色列人）→Raviv的出现，打破(结束了)→DeBeers的垄断。
be all up with DeBeers’ monopolization
        •次品率高，价高，随着R的进入，次品率↓，价↓
        The high fault rate，  coupled with R’s foundation,   
        •可口可乐早与百世可乐，12年，有名。当百事要倒闭时，可口可乐扶持了百事可乐一把。
Coca Cola  Pepsi-Cola  go bankrupt
→竞争促进社会发展，竞争促进社会发展的同时，竞争也促进了个体能力的发展，个体的选择标准↑：
Competition advance social developing. Individual capability progress/ personal development
Personal selection level is promoting.
        •学生的入学标准在上升，这正是质量提高的标志。
        Enrollment stander, that should be the mark/result of high quality.

99."In any realm of life -- whether academic, social, business, or political -- the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." [05/22; 06/0]
在生活的各个领域，不管是学术、社交、商业或政治，要想成功，只能靠实际而并非理想化的观点。注重成效的行为确保了生存，而理想化的观点倾向于被更简单、更直接的观点取代。

中性观点：
现实的观点很重要，使用是很vital的，而理想化也是needed
1.        实用，什么样的是实用的。功能常用，结构简单，性能优良，确保了一个产品的survive.
e.g. NOKIA的1110手机，功能简单又实用，在市场上还占据着相当的份额。
e.g.超市的收款系统，功能简单易操作，安全性好
e.g.军事上比如飞机控制，永远将实用和安全放在第一位。
2.要发展还是要满足不同人不同的需求。
e.g. NOKIA 为了迎合不同层次人群的消费，也推出了从低端到高端的一系列产品，满足不同人的需要
理想化的观点有时会有意想不到的收获，科技需要创新。
e.g.Microsoft 第一个突破了操作系统的一贯做法，创造了新的可视化os(operation system)
e.g.潜水艇开始时在凡尔纳的小说中以幻想的方式出出现的，之后成为实物
e.g.政治的创新与思想的合理创新产生了社会主义
In sum, practical make sure the survive but can never thrive

26。这道题可以被写成长发短利的问题。

brufengUID: 2267718

昨天比较匆忙，有几道题没给出提纲，今天把剩下的内容给出来了，附件也更新了，快考试了，好好看ing~

bolai808UID: 2206779

ZAN~

小鹿乱撞UID: 2287538

谢楼主

benjaminhuUID: 2306842

:)

brufengUID: 2267718

刚才看了一篇issue9,提纲还真不好写，留连
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... 0disciplines%20have