超越自我小组8月5日 issue17 argument4讨论区

hermituforestUID: 2354296

如题

给大家参考下包凡一《手把手教你GRE作文》的有关修改

[ 本帖最后由 hermituforest 于 2008-8-8 11:49 编辑 ]

hermituforestUID: 2354296

鼠--牛；猪
牛--鼠；虎
虎--牛；兔
兔--虎；龙
龙--兔；蛇
蛇--龙；马
马--蛇；羊
羊--马；猴
猴--羊；鸡
鸡--猴；狗
狗--鸡；猪
猪--狗；鼠

vryUID: 2288609

修改过的issue17
The assertion of the topic gives a classification of law and declaims what we should do towards the two kinds of laws. I don’t agree with it. The speaker has some misunderstanding of the function of laws and the rights and duties of the individuals that be regulated by them.

Justice, as one of the basic values of laws, has its unique characters. Justice roughly means that people should be treated equally, possess the same rights and hold the same duties in the same situation. It is justice that makes the private laws possible and enables people to have contracts voluntarily and successfully. Without justice, laws cannot be trusted or relied on on the grounds that on that occasion people would even loss the belief in the protection of laws to them from the unexpected dangerous future. From this point, it is reasonable for the speaker to put laws into two types. As it is implied that unjust laws is bad laws, which apparently lacks the basic value of laws and wouldn't gain acceptance from the mass. With such classification, the speaker provides a way to find out laws that should be disobeyed and resisted for every individual. However, it is more apparent than real.

Individuals lack the knowledge and authority to define which law is just or unjust as to take spontaneous different actions towards such two kinds of laws. Individual certainly can have different views and understanding towards a specific article of law, but the regulation by which won't be changed by the different attitude towards them. When a specific article of law is argued as unjust, mostly it is because of the situation of the arguer is felt unfavorable. However, there are different types and reasons of justice. Let's see the example of taxing. The poor may complain if the volume of tax on all of the people is the same on the grounds that the poor may even can't afford what is little for the rich guys. There’s no possibility for the poor to tell this way of taxing to be just though the amount of tax to everyone is the same. The rich may reject to be taxed according to the salary, for example, of each one, since the rich may need to pay many more times than others, which may seemed unjust. So, thousands of different people may, if they only consider of themselves, has thousands of kinds of attitudes towards one law. However, there can only be one end of each case, which may not satisfy everyone involve. What's more, there's not only one value or essential destination of law, and the number is supposed to be many, such as human rights, stability, liberty, etc. There should be a balance of them.

Moreover, do individual has the responsibility or rights to obey or resist so-called unjust laws? Some may assert that the source of the power of laws is the authorization from the people. That is true. but a law should be obeyed, whatever it is defined, as long as it is still a law. If people have the rights to obey or resist, there would exist many different versions of law at the same time, which would in turn harm the so-call value of justice because people of different version are not actually treated under the same law or another word "just". What's worse, if every individual do such things without control, the law system will has no efficacy or will be even useless, as the unique standards for the whole society are separated into pieces.

However, there should be a way for the individuals to appeal against laws that they consider unjust. There should be an authorized institution to take consideration of the appeal and make the right choice, and thus establish new law, edit the existing ones or abandon some. The action should follow strict and efficient procedure to make sure that the appeals are treated justly.

To conclude, unjust laws exist indeed but should be treated in a programmed and proper way.



提纲：
issue2
competition will be beneficial only under the circumstance that the competition is circumscribed and regulated, otherwise it will end in a dtrimental way.
1没有竞争发展滞后：中国计划经济planned economy，1978改革开放，竞争促进经济腾飞
2竞争过度导致恶性竞争，导致不良后果
laissez-faire(自由资本主义) :the individual, pursuing his own desired ends, would thereby achieve the best results for the society of which he was a part.
In the late 19th century the acute changes caused by industrial growth and the adoption of mass-production techniques proved the laissez-faire doctrine insufficient as a guiding philosophy.
dumping倾销  monopolization垄断
3规范竞争共赢
WTO  established to supervise and liberalize world trade.
the ultimate result of competetion is determined by the regulation on it.

issue3
which one is more important should be dicided by the present situation and the visible future
if the social problem is urgent.....earth quake
if the longterm reaserch is of great protential benefit......太空的探索
some social problem need long term research to solve or of the opposite......疾病，aids，能源短缺，，既有现在的花销，也有研究的花销

issue9
1 the wide spread of Academic ideas is of help to the education of common people
科学知识，医药，文学的普及对大众的帮助。
1.5有的错误的理论的普及造成了不好的结果   弗洛伊德的心理分析 ，
错误观念的广泛根深蒂固导致新思想的不容易   经典的物力学中例子，
学术的圈子内和纯净一定程度有助于学术的发展
2 理论让大众理解是有难度的。 nihilism，quantum mechanics，
3 有时候，让理论知识予以实际应用比让大家懂得理论知识的好处更大   不需要知道飞机为什么能飞得更快
所以题述不正确

issue15
否定。
the stability of a society depends more on the common beliefs existing,the law system,the well formed and operating goverment, the well developed culture of the society, etc. And find out how it responds to the extremes of human behavior is more of a kind of way to determine whether it is stable or not.
如果大家信念一致的responds,stability也不会被破坏......911，terrorism，
某些不好的responds会危害stability，但是其实是更深层的原因。。。。。。。美国的奴隶。。。。内战
所以我们应该发现更深层的因素，并且，稳定的破坏不一定是坏事。往往标志一个新的开始，形成新的价值观，系统，和稳定

issue16
1当今生活和个人成长两个无直接关联。古代也有奢侈之徒，罗马 Rome Empire 的奢侈毁掉了她的人民，和这个帝国
2当今科技提供的便利让我们减少了束缚，为奋斗提供便利。 计算机，汽车，电话
3关键是人格的培养，贫困中有好吃懒做者，富贵中也有数十年如一日者。成熟的我们要运用物质，而不是被物质操控（同样是轮船，勤奋地用来跑运输致富，懒惰的用来周游晒太阳）

issue19
1 大家好才是真的好  自由资本主义
2 牺牲小我完成大我  只有祖国富强了人才能抬起头来，动乱社会中的富人还不如富足社会中的普通人安逸，福利
3 相辅相成  每个人的教育 和社会的发展

issue20
重在合适
1。按人数来说，成人多。需求多，问题多   失业，犯罪，
2 按需要帮助来说  儿童更需要，成人有更多的能力自己解决问题   儿童需要 教育 ，保护，
3  成人儿童是结合的  父母，社区，社会风气
4综合考虑，我们可以做得更好

issue22
1时间和机会有限，我们会受少数人的深远影响  
2其实社会中人都是相互影响的，特定社会中的人都有相同之处 中国人的家庭观念，两个人的结婚是两家人的结婚
3 特定的少数人会影响整个社会  Elizabeth Kübler-Ross的 《on death and dying》 影响美国人的对待死亡的观念

issue23
1。时代改变，从缺乏资讯到资讯爆炸  古人骑马传信  当今一键搞定
2。信息的筛选变成商机   数据库的发掘   传媒
3全局的把握要以资料的丰富为前提。问题的掌控需要人的能力。不能因此责怪技术。

[ 本帖最后由 vry 于 2008-8-8 02:26 编辑 ]

cartographer08UID: 2523568

链接

Issue17【超越自我小组】第一次作业by cartographer08
地址 https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=866358

Argument4【 超越自我小组】第一次作业by cartographer08
地址 https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=866441

[ 本帖最后由 cartographer08 于 2008-8-6 09:50 编辑 ]

graceruruUID: 2103987

小虎子，你怎么连到这里来了啊？不是在主贴么

hermituforestUID: 2354296

2, Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society
Agree
a、harm—however—unconsidered
b，what cause competition—everyone want it—reflect definition(Nobel Praise)
c, with competition, what people would do?—improve themselves(study hard, original ideas for Nobel Praise)
d, beneficial
e, some kinds of harm—nonmainstream
f, the end—summaries

3, It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.

Balance
A, ?judgement—good for residents both now and the future
B, the disadvantage just for now—rainforest, greenhouse
C, the disadvantage just for the future—stop any fuel--strict developing
D, find a balance way
E, the end--summaries

9, Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use

Agree
A, DNA—all subject—academic disciplines should cooperate wider
B, now—narrow—biology—electrophoresis
C, physics--quantum mechanics—application
D, the end--summaries

15, The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior

Agree partly
A, what kind people is extremes
B, what determined stability of a society—value—tech
D, during value changes—to extremes—revolution(renaissance)
E, during value stable—to extremes—crime(books without bible)
F, not depends—reflect
G, the end--summaries

16, Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.

Disagree partly
A, what kind of animals are strong and independent—tiger—people are living as a group—dependent
B, society’s definition—better life not strong and independent—future entire dependent
C, luxuries and conveniences—fulfill the definition—harmless
D, however—indeed prevent
E, the end--summaries

19, If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens

Disagree
A, what is overall success—all individual’s success—not contradiction
B, if put overall success before individual is said by a leader—not overall but his own(war—we all live on one planet)
C, individual competition—overall success(Noble Praise)
D, the end--summaries

20, National governments should devote more of their social programs and
services to children than to adults.

The same as 3

22, Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals

Agree
A, definition human as a group animals
B, everybody in the group shares the similar value
C, our grow process…--influence by the group
D, the different felling—also influence(teenager)
E, the end--summaries

23, Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives

Agree
A, agree
B, everyday life-internet
C, academic—issue 9
D, political—own range
E, the end—summaries

啊拉UID: 2527432

17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

Agree
a. If the laws are unjust or we can no longer bear it, we need to fight =.=
Examples: the farmer and worker revolution in ancient China, because the tax rate is too high.
b. if we obey all kinds of laws some problems may occure.
Examples: racialism&slavery, of course they need to resist the laws.
c. Indeed, we need to obey the just laws.(好像是可以用一个马斯洛定理:即人在吃饱喝足之后需要最基本的安全感…而这种安全感需要通过法律来实施,但是表达出来比较麻烦..)

2、"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."

Agree/partly agree
竞争的好坏…还是用古老的双刃剑写法吧…
a.        competition does bring some bad things or effects.
Examples: Last year two officials in Korea share the same chance to chase for a opportunity to upgrade, but one of them employ a killer to kill another one. So the end is : one was hardly hurt while the other was put into jail.(就发生在浙江…不过老说中国不太好就改韩国吧..)
b.        however we cannot ignore the benefits competition bring.
Examples: Beijing apply to hold the 2008 Olympic games 7years ago, since then the government and people do a lot of things to improve the imagine.(都是竞争引起的….我们可爱的党和人民..)
c.        Compare to the bad effects, we gain more advantages from the competition.
Examples: (不知道…随便说几句吧,这段加的有点牵强…不过说理还是能扯一些的)

3、"It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."

Partly agree/Disagree(强烈违反可持续发展观)
a.        immediate 很重要…just like antiterrorism or the earth quack in China
b.        but we still need to spend money on the long-term research….
Examples: family planning and science research(这个比较好写…)
c.        算了吧…把前两段多写点

9"Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.

Disagree
a.        Marx tells us : all things in the world are connected with each other, so there is not such a independent disciplines that can be so specialized
Examples : 在生物工程学出来之前…没人知道干吗的…出来后…牛B了…so most specialized disciplines can be widely use if they combine with other disciplines.

b.although only a narrow audience, the ideas maybe useful
examples:就想个用烂了的Copernicus…He reach no one, but finally we find his ideas are right.
还有mid-century a lot of science was interested in arithmetic, reach only a narrow audience. But today the theories in arithmetic can be used to a lot of area such like code and decode…but still reach only narrow audience.
C让步,some areas like alchemy or astrology 确实没什么用…

15"The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior

Partly agree
a.        when the people go to extremes, they always do something out of their minds. So someone who kills others may be free because he/she owns a famous lawyer and exculpate by temporary insanity…but an other one may be serve the punishment, so 并不一定能反应
b.        sometimes do can represent the stability of a society…examples:米洛舍维奇什么的…这个我忘了是干吗的…说一下Dalai lama 好了…he goes to extremes…可以片面反映出当年we are not stable…
c.        Of course, we have other aspects to reflect the stability…social welfare…laws…education level and so on..

16"Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."

Agree..
a.        we see a lot of benefit the technology bring to us…just like computer, cars, TV…and truely, most of times they are good for us.
b.        But we should not ignore the disadvantages….examples:computer makes us rely on the internet…cars makes us weak and cause a lot of disease…lack of sports…
c.        我们该怎么做呢?劳逸结合取其精华~瓦咔咔

19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
Partly agree
A .在most of times, 一个文明的社会是绝对不会强迫一个人放弃他应有的福利的.especially 在某些西方国家…
B. but when it comes a conflict between….I believe individual should to give up some well-being…examples: 移民…战争…
C. society is to thrive, 其实还有很多其他因素…利益冲突不一定是must

20"National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."
partly agree
A.        immediate programs needs adults but not children(上面又写道)
B.        but we should not ignores our childerns…children need environment, chance to be raised up, to make value to the society, so they need focus.examples: Chinese technology school..(中科大…)have a teenage class… and it is suceesful..
C.        more or not? we need to call for a balance. 任何一方被忽视or过分强调is not good.

22"Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
Partly agree
a.        society play an important role to influence us. Examples: Chinese are always friendly, Japanese are always humility, American always independent…these are the social influence, we indeed influent by them
b.        however, the importance of individuals also cannot be ignored. Old Chinese saying: ’father likes a strong tiger could not have a weak son’…examples:邓小平YY原来不吸烟但是和毛主席待久了就吸了…而这点和social 完全没有关系=.=
c.        其实要两者共同定义我们…有特色!=.=

23"Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.

Partly agree
a.        indeed, people pays a lot of attention on the fragmented information…examples:貌似没有….
b.        But we still know the importance of larger issues and overall perspectives.examples: politics 完全应该有全局观…general of the war 要有全局观…the journalist should pay attention to the large issues…  
c.        应该做的是,use technology 大事化小再分析…方便又简单…在有全局观同时不失细节…这才是真正牛逼=.=

graceruruUID: 2103987

2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
agree
Detriment    death from overwork in HUAWEI
            Vicious competition does exit. Example a wicked slander to TAISHA
Benefit      a catalyst to development

3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
Both are important, find a balance.
Long term    new energy source
Immediate    the research result of immediate problems can also be used in future
sewage purification
disease therapeutics

9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
disagree
Still can be useful     we don’t have to know what is the search algorithm but we can use google
                   ……….
                    
15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
Partily but not totally
911 America Afghanistan War
不患寡而患不均， 不患贫而患不安
The stability is also depend on the structure of the society and the fortune distribution

16. "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
Due to the definition of truly strong and independent
Mentally      We see more, read more, learn more, stronger
Physically     lack of skills to leave without equipment, get fire

19. "If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
Agree
Cruel domination will be topple down
France revolution
Russia Oct. revolution

20. "National governments should devote more of their social programs and
services to children than to adults."
Balance
Children important future and hope
Adult have vital infect when children grow up

22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
Both
young    can’t access to a big world family affect most!!!
Adult     have been affect more by society

23. "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
Yes
For all industry social division is small, everyone only need to focus on a small part.
People have no enough time and energy to get a lager issue and also no need to.

yk19840405UID: 2463374

2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
Agree
a)  competition is the essential driving force of individual
b)  proper competition benefits society and human civilization
commerce, science, politics
c)  disadvantage in competitio
------------------------------
3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
Balance
1） Though some research cannot result immediate profits, it is vital and valuable to the life an health. Human genomic program; environment protection.
2) Immediate, existing social problems cannot be neglected. Seism; greenhouse effect.
3)  These two facets of budgeting and potential are not mutually exclusive.
------------------------------
9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
Disagree. Both specialist and generalist are essential.
1) specialists pull us out of the big bang of information, what we an do as specialist is based on the general information the predecessor have done.
2) generalists help us to see the whole picture
3) fewer audience don’t mean little use
------------------------------
15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
1) extreme behavior may be extremely harmful
2) There are a series of factors that influence the stability of a society. Such as it’s economic development, standard of civilian’s living and ability to defense natural disaster. How to respond to the extremes of human behavior is only one respect at best.
3) there are relevant causes which lead to extreme behavior. Resolving the basic social problems which cause these behavior is the eradicative method.
------------------------------
16. "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
------------------------------
19. "If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
1）society is constitute by individuals.
2）If well-being of individual citizens is ignored, they will cause severe problems.
3) Sometimes, the government may sacrifice individual citizens’ interest for the greater good of the whole society.
------------------------------
20. "National governments should devote more of their social programs and
services to children than to adults."
1) they are equally important
2) children may need more careful because they are the future of our society
3) care for adult to preserve the present.
------------------------------
22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
1） When children who are not able to form their own thought, it is people surrounding them, such as families, friends, and teachers, who give them an example.
2) One person's daily behaviors and habits are more easily affected by a few individuals or small groups and are finally come into being. Friends, for example, are often the people who have the similar temper and the same tongue, because they infect each other through various communication, whatever bodily or inwardly. In the same way, people will participate in a small group for purpose of the common ideal or interest, such as music, sport, art, or exploration.
3) It is society that define a summary of the philosophy, moralism, world view. The discrimination of culture and convention as well as the way of thinking between the west and the east would strongly testify this point.
4) Society is like a big furnace that make one group of people different from anther, while it is one' s inborn characters as well as individuals or small groups around that identify him or her among people who live in a same society.
------------------------------
23. "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
1） the technology facilitates us rather than makes us preoccupied with trivial things
2) the technology helps us pay more attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.
3) it is unfair to blame the development of the technology. Although modern technology providing enormoursly great fragment information ,it can also stimulate us to pay more attention to the larger issuea and overal perspectives.

hyukiezhuUID: 2291070

2  "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。
Balance:
Competition makes things more efficient.
Eg: many new technological innovations are based on competitions. The development of nuclear weapon is result from armament race. But it is more often used in energy generation field which is more beneficial than harmful.   

Competition is a two-edged sword which can lead equally to good or evil results. Many competitions lead to tragedies.
Eg: Struggles between different counties and nations. During the two World Wars, numerous people die or lost home and the terrible influence lasted for centuries.


People should make competition in a righteous region.
Many deadlines cannot be got beyond such as moral standard and legislation.




3  "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。

It is necessary to spend money on the problems which have to be soluted immediately such as pandemic disease, unemployment of the society,
Eg: aids

The long term conflicts are also valuable to spend money on, because it would influence our descendants deeply and generally.
Eg: environment protection.

Everyone lives in the world have responsibilities of both present and future.




9 "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
今年来学术领域更加专业化，以至于学者门的研究只作用于很小范围内的人群。除非学者们的研究能适合大范围的人群，他们的想法才有用。

Specialization tend to be the main trend of the academic fields which have many benefits and more easy to overcome difficulties of research.

However, multidisciplinary is becoming more and more popular because of its pragmatic.
EG:
Bioengineering

Specialist should strengthen cooperation with each other whether whose field is specialize or general.
Game theory A mathematical method of decision-making in which a competitive situation is analyzed to determine the optimal course of action for an interested party, often used in political, economic, and military planning. Also called theory of games.The Game Theory Society aims to promote the investigation, teaching, and application of game theory.




15 The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
社会的安定取决于它对人们极端行为的响应和措施
Response of extremes of human behavior is one of the most important indicators of the stability of a society.

Tere are more aspects can reflect the stability of a society too.
Eg: extreme as violence: incredible tragedy of September 11th
Works after 911 may also indicate that our society is more stable than turbulent.

What is more worthy to be respected is that treatments to other important events such as natural disasters or pandemic social problems which is more urgent to resolve.




16   "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是无害的，但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培养坚强独立的性格
I concede that people is more likely to lag when they have some achievements already and which is the barrier of people to get new triumph.

However, pursuit of conveniences and luxuries may be the main motive force of the development of technology.

如果缺乏现在高科技所提供的舒适条件，有些研究成果出不来。
Eg: many areas needs sophisticated apparatus which come from advanced technology.





19 If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
如果一个社会要繁荣就必须将社会整体的成败置于单个社会成员的幸福之上。
The prosperous of a society and the well-being of its individual citizens are not contradictious in most times.

When they come to conflict with each other, 同17

In the long run, the well-being of its individual citizens yield to the overall success may be more benefit. 同17




20 "National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."
政府为儿童所想所做应该比成人多。

成人是社会财富的创造者，是社会的中坚力量。如：从古代的埃及金字塔、长城到现代的农民、工人或是白领阶层。从公平原理上来说，应该回报给他们一定的programs and services.

另一方面，许多社会问题的存在都是由于成人所引起的。如：老龄化，失业。要解决这些问题，就要给予成年人足够的关注。反面说：如果没满足，会引起人们对于政府、社会的不满。

小孩应该给予足够的关注，A因为是社会的未来。B许多现在社会问题的解决要依靠今天对他们的教育。
总结：两者要平衡。




22 "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
很多人认为只是一些个人或者小团体（比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）促成了他们的思维和行动。其实一直以来不是一些个人而是社会作为一个整体在定义我们和我们的态度。

We are influenced by small group very widely in everyday life.
Eg: choosing school.


Also respected by other factors because it is a information bomb age.


Conventions and other internal notions in our mind cannot be moved easily.






23 "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
现代技术使获得大量细节信息成为可能。其结果是人们全神贯注于七零八碎的信息而很少去注意更大的问题和全局。

Access to great deal of information help people to get a wider view of an issue, thus help them prevent being limited in thoughts.

In order to discriminate important information and trifle ones, people improve themselves in the ability of understanding, analysis, which is very useful for them to get a better command of large issues ( need profound understanding and capability to deal with complicated cases)

To prevent preoccupation by fragmented information, people should hold right view on information.

zugurrrUID: 2482827

2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
Ts: Competition within the process of globalization provider more advantages than disadvantages.
Competition improve the technology: high standard, reform of old, or new
                            Discard of old is waste less than efficiency
Benefit for the productivity: cost less, produce more
                         Efficiency on resources and byproducts.
                         Consumer of goods and services
Democracy of politics: two parties more free and open society
                    Prevent dictators and control of the government
------------------------------
3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
Ts: balance between the short-term use and long-term consider
Short-term is necessary: problem now worsen without response medical…
                      Money from the current taxpayers
Long-term is essential: earth not ours only: resource, space, pollution
                         Responsibility to offspring like predecessors
                         Career need continue knowledge, civilization

9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
Ts: specialization is not the handicap for the use
Understand more deeply about life: blood circle and heart disease
                      Special disease study: AIDS effective
Some basic study less for implication: mathematics, evolution research
               Specification contribute to success: time, investments, energy
   
15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
Ts: extremes would be one expect affecting social stability as the common one
Responds to extremes contribute the stability: serious social problem women liberty in 60s
                                      Serious effects: violent crimes
Concentrate needed on the common behavior: majority of social members
                      No respond lead to serious end (unemployment)
                     Only extremes much loss and damage (prevent)


16. "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
Ts: necessary conveniences life improve independent and strong individual
Inspiring and rewarding to the developing: pains and gains
                                      Encourage people
Entirely harmless nonsense: improving people life standard
                        Refresh mind from intensiveness and pressure
Too much luxury should avoid: loss ambitions and diligence
                            Strong desire leads to crime

19. "If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
Ts: outweigh of social success not mean omit the divisional’
    Social success need individual contribution: the huge amount of the individual constitute the social success
                               Social programs need public supports
    Concede of individual is necessary, society should try to compensate as possible
                              Discriminate individual trigger the hatreds
                              Responsibility to protect individual
                              Thriving needs compatible society

20. "National governments should devote more of their social programs and
services to children than to adults."
Ts: Responsibility to both adults and children
To adults: contributing to the country
         Adults take care of the children
          They shoulder more stress and duties
To children: investing in children is investing in future: labor force, employee level
           Need social care: vulnerable, dependent
           More qualities than adults in studying, developing
Not more or less, which need more: unemployment vs university
                                Different countries different policies


22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
Small groups and whole society affect people on different levels
     National identity, cultural spirit rooted from the society: common history
                                      Social progress inspires patriotism
                                    The small group formed by the society                              
Special environment contribute our character: conditions
                                    Admired people in life
                                   Formative age of children
Besides them, the self-improving play role in the defines of our attitude
                                   Inner motive and self critics


23. "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
Ts: both small pieces of factual information and large issues should be considered.
Modern technology and amount information contribute the large issues and perspectives:                large issue consists of many smaller issues
                                  Always complex and even cross field
   Preoccupied with bits of fragmented information is necessary
                       Difficult to find the whole involving information
                       Make sure the correct and useful is a huge task
   Larger issues also need much attention: it related the organic organization of the detailed information.
                                            Guide people find useful information effectively from the mass of the information

apjackUID: 2381599

17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."   
有两种法律：公正的和不公正的。每个社会成员都有责任遵守公正的法律，但是更重要的是，更应该不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。

Position: Partly agree with author’s assertions.

A) Whether laws are just or unjust seems to be ambiguous and it is very difficult for individuals to discern.
  - Death penalty and euthanasia

B) Adhering to just laws is beneficial to both every individual and society.
  - Basic wage protection, loan and compulsory insurance for workers, students, and the elderly, respectively
  - Peaceful and orderly society facilitates other aspect developments.

C) Disobeying unjust law hastens the development of society.
  - Diminish the disparity between white and black people in the US, Mather Luther King.
  - Increase the sensitive and attention of many citizens, Hong Kong Article 23.


2.  "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
对社会而言，竞争最终利大于弊。

Position: Agree. Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society only if indulged in a health way.

A) Competition is the driving force that arouses individuals to aim for goals, aim higher.
  - In high school, students compete against each other for higher grades, thereby grasping college admissions.
  - In Olympic Game, athletes compete for more wins, more medals.

B) Competition also provokes our society to develop faster and better.
  - In mobile phone market, companies such as Nokia require to develop more slim and multi-functional cellular.
  - National space research competition: The development of space research in China is exceptionally fast. And China is the third country in the world which able to send human to space.

C) Admittedly, unhealthy competition will lead to devastation of goodwill and harmony in society.
  - Increasing number of athlete uses of drugs in order to win a tournament.
  - Malpractice in market, such as bribing to obtain privilege, or punishing wrong report in stock market.



15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
社会的安定取决于社会对人们极端行为的回应措施。

Position: Remaining stability of in trouble society largely hinges on how it responds to the extremes of human behaviour.

A) The most difficult issue cased by the extreme human behaviour is mass panic of the public, not the person committed the action.

B) Responding prompt and effective to the extremes of human behaviour can alleviate fear and anxiety from the pubic; thereby maintaining the stability of a society.
  - Citing 911 terror attacks as an example.

C) On the contrary, a government copes with the trouble using dilatory and ineffective manners could lead to grave uproar and results in a long-term influence to a society.
  - For instance, small economic fluctuation in Brazil

Tackling people who committed extreme behaviour is not as difficult as mass panic arouses by that criminal.


23. "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
现代技术使获得大量细节信息成为可能。其结果是人们全神贯注于七零八碎的信息而很少去注意更大的问题和全局。

Position: It is true that contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information ever before. However I do not agree with the author’s claim that people are less attentive to the larger issues and overall perspectives as the result of preoccupying with fragmented information.

A) Modern technology facilitates our life by furnishing us with small pieces of factual information.
-  Communicating with far relatives and friends by phone, as well as instant messenger.
-  Satellite television provides diversity of international information.

B) To make efficiently use of information and not to bog on the fragmented information, it is important for people to percolate useless information which cannot facilitate people’s work, study, and life.
- For example, surging on the net provides bulk of information for us. Therefore, you use search engines such as Yahoo, and Google for efficient data grasping, particular when you are doing a project.

C) Through the media and internet, people can quickly get the information of great issues and can respond to it.
- For example: 911 attacks in the US in 2002 and 7.8 ranks earthquake in Siuhuan China this year.

[ 本帖最后由 apjack 于 2008-8-8 17:54 编辑 ]

cartographer08UID: 2523568

补上昨天的作业。不过提纲还是参考了已有的资料，全自己想感觉很不全面啊

2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。
Partially Agree
Two sides; relative beneficial
A. Benefit; part one: encouraging individual development;
e.g. Olympic record (Swifter, Higher, Stronger); Study diligently (for competition among youths to enter the best colleges).
B. Benefit; part two: driving force of society development;
e.g. Commerce (competitive products), Science (Academic contention)
Way back during the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods, the contention among the Hundred Schools of Thought created a favorable milieu for the advancement of science and technology. (春秋战国,诸子百家争鸣)
C. Harm; detrimental if over competition /excessive competition
e.g. Scandal: over competition create negative effects.
e.g. In the industrial clusters will cause exaggerated number of enterprises and increase of the price in the field.
Conclusion: need competition,as long as it is conducted in a healthy way.

3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。
Balance
Key words:
Depends on the situation;
A. Fundamental researches need long-term and large amount of investment
e.g. Basic research is of great importance for application in all scientific fields.
B. Some social emergencies require immediate attention.
e.g. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) in China 2003; Earth quake in Wenchuan, Sichuan province.
C. Find a balance, since the two sides are not mutually exclusive: both important and long-term research is beneficial for emergencies.

9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。除非学者们能拥有影响等大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。
过分专业化问题 overspecialization
Key words: academic disciplines; specialized; audience;
Partially Disagree
The speaker oversimplifies the issue of academic influence on society.
A. It is true that academic disciplines have become so specialized nowadays that some scholar’s seemingly idiosyncratic ideas only reach a narrow audience.
号称，爱因斯坦的相对论出现时只有三人理解；
B. It is also true that social scientists’ failing to reach the large public makes it impossible for their ideas to contribute to society.
环保的理念（寂静之声？），要全人类共同努力实现；
C. Nevertheless, scholars in certain realms are doomed to live in an isolated and purely academic world, which does not necessarily mean that their ideas will have little use.
相对论对后世的巨大影响；

15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."   一个社会的稳定取决于该社会对人们极端行为所做出的反应。
Key words: stability of a society; extremes of human behavior
It is true that how a society copes with the extremes of human behavior largely determines the society’s stability.
A.   The extremes of human behavior--such as violence or strikes--usually indicate grave social troubles.
（暂时没有）
B.   One solution to these social problems is suppressing, which proves effective in the short run and counterproductive in the long run.
（暂时没有）
C.   The most effective way of responding to such problems is constructive communication and sometimes compromise.



16. "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
尽管许多人认为现代生活的奢华和便利是丝毫没有坏处的，但是这实际上让人们无法成为真正强大和独立的个体。
社会和个人之发展问题
Key words: luxuries; conveniences; independent individuals;

A.   Consider first the effect of the auto machine on our independence as individuals.
e.g. In some respects the auto machine serves to enhance such independence. SOHO一族
B.   However, we have become slaves to the auto machine.
e.g. act as cogs in the technological machines. 黑客帝国
C.   Consider next the overall impact of the auto machine on our strength as individuals, by which I mean strength of character, or mettle.

D.  In contrast, there is certain strength of character that comes with eschewing modern conveniences such as cars, and with the knowledge that one is contributing to a cleaner and quieter environment, a safer neighborhood, and arguably a more genteel society.  


19. "If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
如果一个社会要繁荣就必须将社会整体的成败置于单个社会成员的幸福之上。
少数和多数之成
Key words: thrive; overall success; individual;

A.   The society is made up of individual citizens; therefore, the development of individual citizens is crucial for the development of the whole society.
e.g. “America Dream”每个成员为幸福而奋斗使社会繁荣
B.   A society that ignores the well being of individual citizens is bound to end up in social turmoil or revolution.
e.g. 历朝历代封建王朝破灭：国家机器过度运转，不顾人民苦难

20. "National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."
任何一个国家的政府都应该为孩子而不是为建设更多的社会项目和服务。
孩子和之社会建设
Key words: government; social programs and serves; children; adults

Partly Agree
A.   No one would deny the fact that it is in the young generation that lies the future of our society.
孩子是未来的希望，chair Mao说过“8点钟的太阳”
B.   Therefore, we should attach enough importance to the development of children.
国家对教育的投入决定其成败，“从娃娃抓起”
C.   However, this does not mean that we can ignore the interests of adults, who make up the major work force of our society.
成人的保障、老人的福利都很重要

22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
很多人认为只是一些个人或者小团体（比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）促成了他们的思维和行动。其实一直以来不是一些个人而是社会作为一个整体在定义我们和我们的态度。
少数和多数之定义人生
Key words: individuals; small group; think and behave; society; attitude;

Balance
A.   Individuals and small groups do change our attitudes and minds to a large extent.
平时的言行受环境影响；”近朱者赤、近墨者黑”
B.   Everyone influencing us is also influenced the society.
个人组成社会，社会影响每个人 e.g. 北京奥运
C.   Computers and the internet are playing an ever more significant role in influencing people’s attitude and values.
e.g. Blog扩大了个人对社会的影响力

23. "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
现代技术使获得大量细节信息成为可能。其结果是人们全神贯注于七零八碎的信息而很少去注意更大的问题和全局。
少数和多数之细节信息
Key words: technology; factual information; perspectives

Disagree
A.   Access to great deal of information help people get a wider view of an issue, thus help them prevent being limited in thoughts.
e.g. Use Google, Baidu to search out the definition of whatever you want.
B.   Technology helps us pay more attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.
e.g. 人们关注全人类面临的共同问题global warming; environment; education; politics
C.   To prevent preoccupation by fragmented information, people should hold right view on information, not to assimilate all, but to percolate relevant ones from those needing only a glance.
e.g. The process of information to knowledge or perspectives is a long procedure.

yinhezhixinUID: 2318361

2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
agree
Detriment    death from overwork in HUAWEI;d:
            Vicious competition does exit. Example a wicked slander to TAISHA
Benefit      a catalyst to development（how :efficiency   new discories and so on ）

the definition of competetion: surpass oneself.


3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
Both are important, find a balance.
Long term    new energy source
Immediate    the research result of immediate problems can also be used in future
sewage purification
disease therapeutics

9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
disagree
Still can be useful     we don’t have to know what is the search algorithm but we can use google
why useful:
who to definite useful
                   ……….
                    
15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."
Partily but not totally
911 America Afghanistan War??
不患寡而患不均， 不患贫而患不安
The stability is also depend on the structure of the society and the fortune distribution:))

16. "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
Due to the definition of truly strong and independent
Mentally      We see more, read more, learn more, stronger
Physically     lack of skills to leave without equipment, get fire

19. "If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
Agree
Cruel domination will be topple down
France revolution
Russia Oct. revolution

20. "National governments should devote more of their social programs and
services to children than to adults."
Balance
Children important future and hope
Adult have vital infect when children grow up

22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
Both
young    can’t access to a big world family affect most!!!
Adult     have been affect more by society
how tradition？mass media ？politic？



23. "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
Yes
For all industry social division is small, everyone only need to focus on a small part.
People have no enough time and energy to get a lager issue and also no need to.

hyukiezhuUID: 2291070

I17
The speaker asserts that laws should be divided into two types: just ones and unjust ones. Citizens should have different attitudes towards each one. I disagree with the speaker’s statement, however, in my observation, laws either just or unjust should be obey strictly by everyone in the whole society.

The primary step to dispute the speaker’s perspective is that we should draw a distinction between just and unjust of laws. Which is the main reason people decide to obey laws or not. Fairness is mainly bases on people’s own value system which are various elements. Personal value system cannot be uniform between 2 people in the world. That means fairness cannot be same in different eyes. Before the America’s Civil War, keeping black people as private slaves is legitimate for white farm owners, which maximize their profits in their garden. But it is a tragedy for most blacks in the North America whose home lost and being oppressed both physically and psychologically. The law is unjust for the blacks but the white farm owners did not concede. Doing harm to one’s benefits should be considered as unfair, that is, it is extremely difficult to gauge whether a law is just or unjust by individuals.  

When comes to the legislation, it has been rigorously considered by legislative when every clause of laws legislated. Most of them are based on majority people’s interests and it is the unique way to balance the whole society’s demands. In the same time some individuals may be overlooked in some extent. I must concede that it seems unfair for these people whose benefits compromised to the society, but it does not mean that these individuals have rights to break laws they don’t satisfied with. The unfairness can be seen as the contribution by the individuals whose profits has been sacrificed. Their rewards cannot be the rights of breaking laws but the gratitude form from all people who benefited from them or the compensation from the government.

Individual’s disobeying or resisting laws will cause destructive consequences. Conflicts will happen easily without a powerful organization which can give objective judgment. If the judiciaries are existent, it must be suspected by most citizens because they can be easily challenged.

In some situation, time, space, culture, technology, and so on, many elements are restricting the fairness of the law. Clause of laws may be old fashion in some cases. People should use a effective way to modify the laws more exactly. Violence reforming is the worst choice to use, because it cost too heavily. Many countries allow its citizens to have a march to show their unsatisfying, and this way has been considered democracy and efficiency.  

Consequently, in our peaceful time most governments and other legislative are serving for majorities. Obeying all kinds of laws is far more merits than deficiencies. One should establish a correct perspective of laws whether being protected or being punished, so that the whole society will be prosperous.


A4：
The statement concludes that Adam’s home sales work is better than Fitch’s with several reasons. However, in my opinion many of these reasons can be challenged and the conclusion of the speaker is also unpersuasive.

Regarding the fist finding the speaker cites, it is open to doubt that the number of employees is a critical element to determine the two corporation’s achievement. In my opinion, the efficiency of a work team seems more forceful to indicate the excellence of a business. Efficiency depends on not only the partner’s number, but also the quality of the work. Although Fitch’s employee number is much less than Adam’s and many of them are part-time workers, they still have possibility to be more efficiency than Adam. Maybe part-time is more flexible for the employees to communicate with the customers and arrange time for working.

Revenue, the speaker mentioned secondly, is also difficult to be trusted for us. Fist, the speaker gave us two prices of their home sales, and concluded the profits only based on the price. This conclusion must be hasted. Revenue depends on both the price the product sales and the cost company spent on the whole business processes. So the two prices cannot persuade us to believe the Adams is performance is better than the Fitch’s.

Thirdly, the speaker’s own example is not convincing for several reasons. On one hand, the case happened ten years ago and last years are not comparable with respect to time. For example, people’s aesthetics in house choosing may be varied. Maybe people like large kitchen ten years ago, by the reason of the find cooking at home have much fun. But these years, people eat out is more previously, because the life speed is faster and faster more people have to save time to do other things. Without cooking too often a little kitchen is more popular of economic and trim. During nine-year time, every element related to home sales must be changed very much. On the other hand, conditions of the two different houses were not defined. Many other conditions must be considered in home sales such as the.

In sum, to persuade us to believe that Adams can sell home more quickly and with a good price, the speaker must give us more underused reasons, or make the given reasons more valid. I would rather like to get more information in the two companies’ work efficiency, revenue, and more characteristic examples.