〓GRE笔试高分全能突破小组〓 8.28阅读DAY IV（CD组活动日）—分析&讨论贴

草木也知愁UID: 2487572

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今日分析&讨论：NO.4-3 SECTION A
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D组短阅读 C组长阅读
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1No. 4-31SECTION A1
Great comic art is never otherwordly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over (gloss over: v.掩盖) or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods. The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.
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17.   The passage suggests that great comic art can be characterized as optimistic about the ability of humans to
(A) rid themselves of pride
(B) transcend the human condition
(C) differentiate clearly between good and evil
(D) avoid social conflicts（E）
(E) act rationally
18.   It can be inferred from the passage that the author admires great comic artists primarily for their
(A) ability to understand the frequently subtle differences between good and evil
(B) ability to reconcile the contradictions in human behavior
(C) ability to distinguish between rational and irrational behavior
(D) insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition（D）
(E) insistence on condemning human faults and weaknesses
19.   Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage?
(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction
(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage
(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject
(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific examples（C）
(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general
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1
1
It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of (at the cost of: adv.以...为代价) requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.
Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles’ wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.
There are limitations, however, to this compensation. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minutes at maximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up (run up: v.迅速积累) through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this interminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.
1
20.   The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysis
(B) introduce a new hypothesis about anaerobic glycolysis
(C) describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis
(D) analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative metabolism（E）
(E) explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival
21.   According to the author, glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glycolysis because glycogen
(A) increases the organism’s need for ATP
(B) reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues
(C) is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP
(D) ensures that the synthesis of ATP will occur speedily（E）
(E) is the material from which ATP is derived
22.   According to the author, a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can
(A) produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert
(B) necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animals
(C) produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals
(D) consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need（B）
(E) reduce significantly the rate at which energy is produced by oxidative metabolism
23.   The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate’s size because
(A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates
(B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates
(C) the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size
(D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size（D）
(E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize
24.   The author suggests that, on the basis of energy production, a 100-ton dinosaur would have been markedly vulnerable to which of the following?
I.     Repeated attacks by a single smaller, more active adversary
II.    Sustained attack by numerous smaller, more active adversaries
III.  An attack by an individual adversary of similar size
(A) II only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only（A）
(E) I, II, and III
25.   It can be inferred from the passage that the time required to replenish muscle glycogen following anaerobic glycolysis is determined by which of the following factors?
I.     Rate of oxidative metabolism
II.    Quantity of lactic acid in the body fluids
III.  Percentage of glucose that is returned to the muscles
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only（E）
(E) I, II, and III
26.   The author is most probably addressing which of the following audiences?
(A) College students in an introductory course on animal physiology
(B) Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis
(C) Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomy
(D) Zoologists interested in prehistoric animals（A）
(E) Biochemists doing research on oxidative metabolism
27.   Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy.
(B) The most significant problem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its by-product, glucose, into glycogen.
(C) The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid.
(D) The major factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over a smaller animal is the large animal’s ability to produce energy via anaerobic glycolysis.（A）
(E) The great differences that exist in metabolic rates between species of small animals and species of large animals can have important effects on the patterns of their activities.


[ 本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2008-8-28 17:57 编辑 ]

liyi2321UID: 2252012

Great comic art is never otherworldly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over (gloss over: v.掩盖) or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods. The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.

首先，先要解决这个文章是什么套路。这个也与一个题目有关：
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage?
(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction
(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage
(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject
(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific examples（C）
(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general

ETS设置选项的很多时候是3+2形式的，3是三个明显错误的选项，很容易排除，而2是两个需要去比较的选项。这个题目首先可以先果断排除 A，D，E三个选项。A选项prediction明显错误，D选项specific examples也是明显错误，E选项moving specific to general也是明显错误，文章只是针对comic art。
B和C选项就需要比较一下了。B选项：从文章开头的事实中得到的一系列推论。
C选项：针对一个对象的一系列论断。
仔细看文章的结构，发现文章其实不是针对开头的一段推断，而是一直在针对great comic art进行讨论，文章开头也不是陈述一个事实，而是作者的一个观点，或者一个论断，于是比较B和C，还是C选项更好一些。
The passage suggests that great comic art can be characterized as optimistic about the ability of humans to
(A) rid themselves of pride
(B) transcend the human condition
(C) differentiate clearly between good and evil
(D) avoid social conflicts（E）
(E) act rationally

题目直接对应The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. 所以E选项直接正确。

It can be inferred from the passage that the author admires great comic artists primarily for their
(A) ability to understand the frequently subtle differences between good and evil
(B) ability to reconcile the contradictions in human behavior
(C) ability to distinguish between rational and irrational behavior
(D) insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition（D）
(E) insistence on condemning human faults and weaknesses

GRE阅读题目往往对应的是文章的重要逻辑关系，这个题目对应了文章的一个关键的让步（转折）关系：The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods.
由此可以选出D选项正确。

goonerUID: 2504170

It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.
本段前面大半部分在将oxidative metabolism，最后才转折提出了anaerobic glycolysis，并指明了其作用

Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider.(如何产生energy) The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles’ wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal.(产生的energy的多少) If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.

There are limitations, however, to this compensation. (TS，本段有关limitations) The glycogen reserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minutes at maximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up (run up: v.迅速积累) through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this interminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.

全文结构就是先将oxidative metabolism，然后对比引出anaerobic glycolysis，然后说明其机理以及limitations

20.   The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysis
(B) introduce a new hypothesis about anaerobic glycolysis
(C) describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis
(D) analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative metabolism
(E) explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival
这一题比较明显，从全文结构可以很容易地排除ABCD

21.   According to the author, glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glycolysis because glycogen
(A) increases the organism’s need for ATP
(B) reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues
(C) is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP
(D) ensures that the synthesis of ATP will occur speedily
(E) is the material from which ATP is derived
第二段一开始就说了break down glycogen产生atp

22.   According to the author, a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can
(A) produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert
(B) necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animals
(C) produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals
(D) consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need
(E) reduce significantly the rate at which energy is produced by oxidative metabolism
limitation就是需要很长时间恢复，而不是不能恢复，所以A不对，D在最后提到，可以根据需要控制，所以也不对 所以是B

23.   The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate’s size because
(A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates
(B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates
(C) the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size
(D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size（D）
(E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize
"thus the anaerobic energy.."前面就提到和wet weight有关

24.   The author suggests that, on the basis of energy production, a 100-ton dinosaur would have been markedly vulnerable to which of the following?
I.     Repeated attacks by a single smaller, more active adversary
II.    Sustained attack by numerous smaller, more active adversaries
III.  An attack by an individual adversary of similar size
(A) II only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only（A）
(E) I, II, and III
第二段末的话可以反驳I，第三段"leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack"支持了II，III似乎并没有提及？

25.   It can be inferred from the passage that the time required to replenish muscle glycogen following anaerobic glycolysis is determined by which of the following factors?
I.     Rate of oxidative metabolism
II.    Quantity of lactic acid in the body fluids
III.  Percentage of glucose that is returned to the muscles
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only（E）
(E) I, II, and III
I显然，II是因为第三段中提及"until acid is reconverted ....."，同时也说到了glucose sent back to muscles

26.   The author is most probably addressing which of the following audiences?
(A) College students in an introductory course on animal physiology
(B) Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis
(C) Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomy
(D) Zoologists interested in prehistoric animals（A）
(E) Biochemists doing research on oxidative metabolism

27.   Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy.
(B) The most significant problem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its by-product, glucose, into glycogen.
(C) The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid.
(D) The major factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over a smaller animal is the large animal’s ability to produce energy via anaerobic glycolysis.（A）
(E) The great differences that exist in metabolic rates between species of small animals and species of large animals can have important effects on the patterns of their activities.
从开头的转折中可以推测出作者的意思是A，而C则恰恰相反，B只提及了limitations，D中的ensure和triumph over也不合文章原意（如第一段末尾的equaliser）。文章并没有过多涉及living patterns，所以E不对，尽管开头部分提到了一点。

hxmengUID: 2262640

NO4-3A长 C组

It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of (at the cost of: adv.以...为代价) requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.
第一段提出有氧代谢（oxidative metabolism 后简称OM）在动物生活模式中有重要作用。从 it has long been known…知道这个不是文章重点，果然之后引入无氧糖酵解（anaerobic glycolysis 后简称AG），这也是文章的key word。注意了，虽然OM在动物活动模式中的作用不是重点，但是给我们一个提示作者后面要讲AG在动物活动模式中的作用（考题20）。
另外本段在引出关键词的写法值得学习，比平铺直叙的说anaerobic glycolysis is the great equalizer好得多，不仅与上文联系紧密而且显得生动。
Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles’ wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.
第二段讲无氧代谢的过程。
S1 glycogen->lactic acid+ATP (考题21)
S2 AG产生的能量取决于glycogen的含量，而glycogen的含量取决于muscle的重量
S3 因此AG的能量取决于size 注意S2到S3的推理：文中没说要我们自己添加的环节是muscle的重量取决于size，非常重要！（考题23）
S4 例证
S5 总结关键字：compensation
There are limitations, however, to this compensation. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minutes at maximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up (run up: v.迅速积累) through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this interminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.
第三段讲AG的limitation
S1 提出limitation，做标记，便于定位
S2 指出limitation在于体内glycogen的含量很低，因此局限了AG产生的能量。
S3 提出解决方案：glycogen resynthesis 对应文中划线句子，是难句。
   Lactic acid --OM--àglycose—to muscles---àglycogen (考题25)
S4 大动物比小动物repay的要多
S5 例证limitation带来的危险
S6 让步转折：it might seem that …
S7,8 limitation 也不是那么危险

下面是部分题目的分析20和24题简单
21.   According to the author, glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glycolysis because glycogen
(A) increases the organism’s need for ATP
(B) reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues
(C) is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP
(D) ensures that the synthesis of ATP will occur speedily（E）
(E) is the material from which ATP is derived
25.   It can be inferred from the passage that the time required to replenish muscle glycogen following anaerobic glycolysis is determined by which of the following factors?
I.      Rate of oxidative metabolism
II.     Quantity of lactic acid in the body fluids
III.   Percentage of glucose that is returned to the muscles
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only（E）
(E) I, II, and III
我把21和25一起说，这两个题都不是难题，主要想说一下作者的出题思路。这篇文章是科学文，ETS把两个过程拿出来考，才是考大家是否真正理解了作者的意思。以后对于专业词汇的解释和科学过程的阐述要重视，是考点。
22.   According to the author, a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can
(A) produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert
(B) necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animals
(C) produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals
(D) consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need（B）
(E) reduce significantly the rate at which energy is produced by oxidative metabolism
22题我想说的是题干看到limitation马上定位回去，但是讲limitation的是一大段，总共有8句话，究竟是那句呢，难道要再看一遍第三段吗？那就要浪费不少时间了。我们仔细看题干 a major limitation of AG is that it can… 注意这个it can 它表明题干问的是limitation能怎么样，其实就是limitation造成的后果而不是其他内容，立刻能对应到文中第三段第4、5句话，后果就是大动物的长恢复期。就算不定位回去，凭印象我们也知道limitation的后果是什么。
23.   The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate’s size because
(A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates
(B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates
(C) the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size
(D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size（D）
(E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize
可能是所有题目中最搅人的一道题了，但是分析清楚逻辑，这题还是简单题。
26.   The author is most probably addressing which of the following audiences?
(A) College students in an introductory course on animal physiology
(B) Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis
(C) Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomy
(D) Zoologists interested in prehistoric animals（A）
(E) Biochemists doing research on oxidative metabolism
这个题用排除法很好做，本文和historians一点关系都没有，也没有牵扯到比较解剖学，更没有涉及到prehistoric animal（恐龙只是一个大型动物的例子而已），所以BCD排除。文中虽然提到oxidative metabolism但不是重点所以E排除。只有A啦。
27.   Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy.
(B) The most significant problem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its by-product, glucose, into glycogen.
(C) The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid.
(D) The major factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over a smaller animal is the large animal’s ability to produce energy via anaerobic glycolysis.（A）
(E) The great differences that exist in metabolic rates between species of small animals and species of large animals can have important effects on the patterns of their activities.
首先注意题干问的是central idea，与20题问primary purpose不同, purpose可以是一个很概括的说法，但是central idea却必须紧扣文章。这篇文章总结一句话就是无氧糖酵解可作为有氧代谢不足的补偿。直接选A。

m2zhyUID: 2440721

It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of (at the cost of: adv.以...为代价) requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.	首段总体来看是总分结构，由第一句和随后两个工整的并列意义的句子组成工整的总分结构，一目了然。其中详略明显，段首句为TS，其余部分，以明显的强烈语气词标示了需要重点读的部分。如：but，If only，therefore。 结尾处作了转折。预示后面的内容将与第一段提出的概念成对应关系。阅读时，就需要注意是怎样的对应或者对比关系了。
Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles’ wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.	第二段承接上一段提出的对应概念，通过without oxygen可以判断，第二段的概念与第一段的概念是相对关系，而不是并列关系。 详略读法：首句TS详读，后面的内容看到明显的提示词要详读，如Thus，This explains. 最后一句总结句，指出一二两段里提出的两个概念的关系——概念二是一的一种补偿。
There are limitations, however, to this compensation. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minutes at maximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up (run up: v.迅速积累) through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this interminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.	开段一个转折，告诉读者这种补偿是有限的，预示本段要继续承接上面关于两者概念的关系的论述，只不过本段是从反面论证。 本段论述的内容多为过程的解释，没有明显的详略区分。不过看到标志词的时候还是要注意的。
20.   The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysis (B) introduce a new hypothesis about anaerobic glycolysis (C) describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis (D) analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative metabolism (E) explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival	这道题很简单，只有C、E两个选项叙述的内容正确，但C选择片面了，Ｅ毕竟完整，所以选Ｅ。
21.   According to the author, glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glycolysis because glycogen (A) increases the organism’s need for ATP (B) reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues (C) is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP (D) ensures that the synthesis of ATP will occur speedily (E) is the material from which ATP is derived	找到原文对应处，即出答案。 原文：“Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider.”
22.   According to the author, a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can (A) produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert (B) necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animals (C) produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals (D) consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need (E) reduce significantly the rate at which energy is produced by oxidative metabolism	看到提干中的limitation,定位第三段，不难找到答案。整个第三段就说了一个问题，概念二的limitation.
23.   The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate’s size because (A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates (B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates (C) the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size (D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size (E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize	找到原文：“  Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal.”
24.   The author suggests that, on the basis of energy production, a 100-ton dinosaur would have been markedly vulnerable to which of the following? I.     Repeated attacks by a single smaller, more active adversary II.    Sustained attack by numerous smaller, more active adversaries III.  An attack by an individual adversary of similar size (A) II only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III	根据原文反推，涉及的原文：“ If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.” 本题，我做错了，我多选了个III，因为我枉自推断了一把。犯了阅读大忌！
25.   It can be inferred from the passage that the time required to replenish muscle glycogen following anaerobic glycolysis is determined by which of the following factors? I.     Rate of oxidative metabolism II.    Quantity of lactic acid in the body fluids III.   Percentage of glucose that is returned to the muscles (A) I only (B) III only (C) I and II only (D) I and III only (E) I, II, and III	找到原文：“With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.” ” 答案一目了然。
26.   The author is most probably addressing which of the following audiences? (A) College students in an introductory course on animal physiology (B) Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis (C) Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomy (D) Zoologists interested in prehistoric animals (E) Biochemists doing research on oxidative metabolism	这个题不难，用排除法健常识便可选出。
27.   Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage? (A) The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy. (B) The most significant problem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its by-product, glucose, into glycogen. (C) The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid. (D) The major factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over a smaller animal is the large animal’s ability to produce energy via anaerobic glycolysis. (E) The great differences that exist in metabolic rates between species of small animals and species of large animals can have important effects on the patterns of their activities.	解体思路： 看懂文章结构很重要，提干中需要提及两个概念：oxidative metabolic rate和Anaerobic glycolysis，才能全面的概括全文。由此可排除B、D、E，C选项叙述错误，最后选A。 又是一道本人做错的题，原因是考虑问题不全面，错选了Ｃ。而且居然连Ｃ选项的题意都理解反了，晕！

本人现在阅读水平实在很有限，虽然不限时阅读，但每次长阅读都要错三个，从来没有少过三个的，比较郁闷~

catfieldUID: 2481699

No. 4-31SECTION A1
Great comic art is never otherwordly（这个词很诡异，我居然查不到。。。。）, it does not seek to mystify us,and it does not deny（这个地方是双重否定） ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differsfrom good（想问这句话是什么意思）. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights,and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over (gloss over: v.掩盖)or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends,cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. The moment of transcendence in greatcomic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we arehuman, even though we try to be gods. The comic community to whichartists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful,compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks ofacting rationally. Without invoking gods or demons, great comic artarouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in whathuman beings can do as humans.
1
17.   The passage suggests that great comic art can be characterized as optimistic about the ability of humans to
(A) rid themselves of pride
(B) transcend the human condition
(C) differentiate clearly between good and evil
(D) avoid social conflicts（E）
(E) act rationally（直接对应最后一句话，找准句子竖读选项还是比较好选的）
18.   It can be inferred from the passage that the author admires great comic artists primarily for their
(A) ability to understand the frequently subtle differences between good and evil
(B) ability to reconcile the contradictions in human behavior
(C) ability to distinguish between rational and irrational behavior
(D) insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition（第二句话就是答案的翻版）
(E) insistence on condemning human faults and weaknesses
19.   Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage?
(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction
(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage
(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject（还是先看选项，A中的obversation,B中的facts,D中的examples一看就不对，再看文中一共就五句话，文章的主题也很明显，都是围绕Great comic art来展开的）
(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific examples（C）
(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general

teddyhong2007UID: 2436772

Great comic art is never otherwordly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over (gloss over: v.掩盖) or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature（对应18题）. The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods. The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally(对应17题) . Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.
19.   Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage?
(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction
(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage
(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject
(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific example
(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general
the answer is C, B,D,E  非常容易可以排除掉，剩下A，C ,文章并没有提到通过一系列的观察得出预测的说法。

bananalee_6UID: 2470375

Great comic art is never other-worldly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over or tran-scend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods. The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings(正态度),who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans. 17.   The passage suggests that great comic art can be characterized as optimistic about the ability of humans to (A) rid themselves of pride (B) transcend the human condition (C) differentiate clearly between good and evil (D) avoid social conflicts (E) act rationally 18.   It can be inferred from the passage that the author admires great comic artists primarily for their (A) ability to understand the frequently subtle differences between good and evil (B) ability to reconcile the contradictions in human behavior (C) ability to distinguish between rational and irrational behavior (D) insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition (E) insistence on condemning human faults and weaknesses 19.   Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage? (A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction (B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage (C) A series of assertions related to one general subject (D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific examples (E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general 1

otherworldly: 来世的，专注于精神方面的（觉得原文otherwordly打错了） 双重否定，不否认ambiguity，即承认有可能ambiguity Gloss over: 掩盖 Assume: v.自己承担，assume responsibility承担责任, assume risks承担风险 Demon：n.魔鬼，极残忍的人 定位：第四句 替换定位：optimistic=joyful 定位：第二句 文章看完，脑子里的文章结构不是很清晰，确切地说是很混乱，没有找到一个明确的论证顺序，但感到文章中反复出现truth, rational, reason之类的客观词，可能应该是文章论证的中心吧 这道题实际上是排除法做出来的，呵呵

[ 本帖最后由 bananalee_6 于 2008-8-29 22:54 编辑 ]

oncesightUID: 2235407

It has long been known（经典词句，新老观点。新观点之前都不重要。 plus， 后考题证明，出题人竟然没有在第一段设计一道考题，经典中的经典。呵呵。） that the rate of oxidativemetabolism（专有名词。可能是重点。因为出现在旧观点中，地位有待观察。） (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy)in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The highmetabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustainedpower and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of (at the cost of: adv.以...为代价)requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals,with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on asporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gramof body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered,therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals couldprey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps theycould if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.（末句明显提出新观点关键词，A G。预示后文走势。）

Anaerobic glycolysis（核心词出现，解释应细看。） is a process in which energy is produced, withoutoxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid andadenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energythat can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount ofglycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles’wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate areproportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, （新观点的举例，后可能会出细节题。）some predatorshad attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur wouldhave been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobicglycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolicenergy production. This explains how many large species have managed tocompete with their more active neighbors: the compensation for a lowoxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.

There are limitations, however, to this compensation. （提出新观点不足。不足者重点也。）The glycogenreserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minutes atmaximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic sourceof energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, thelactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animalvulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidativemetabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part)back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During this process theenormous energy debt that the animal has run up (run up: v.迅速积累)through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that isproportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for thesmaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes theglycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaurwould have required more than three weeks. It might seem that thisinterminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove agrave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is usedonly when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary.Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entirereserves be consumed.

全文结构：
提出旧观点，暗示新观点。
论证新观点。
指出新观点之不足。

经典新老观点对比型。
此外，本文有两个核心词。较为特殊

题目其他同学已经充分论述，仅挑重要的说。
1
24.   The author suggests that, on the basis of energy production, a100-ton dinosaur would have been markedly vulnerable to which of thefollowing?  本题关键在于第一，提炼出全文的一个概念，即大型动物的补偿过程更长，故，选项中要体现出持续的意义。I II都是可以的。（repeated也带有同样概念。）。第二，这一点有很大迷惑，即single还是group的问题。说实话，目前我还没有想出很sure的理由。只是从文中提到这种一次性耗尽的行为只有在mortal combat中才会使用。不知道这是否可以推断出，single的小动物不足以导致mortal combat，从而排除I。请有感触的同学赐教。
I.     Repeated attacks by a single smaller, more active adversary
II.    Sustained attack by numerous smaller, more active adversaries
III.  An attack by an individual adversary of similar size
(A) II only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only（A）
(E) I, II, and III

27.   Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage? 此题我用的是排除法。但是没觉得A就是最好的表述。第一次还选了E。
(A) The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animalscan be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts ofglycogen into energy.
(B) The most significant problem facing animals that have usedanaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its by-product,glucose, into glycogen.
(C) The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid.
(D) The major factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over asmaller animal is the large animal’s ability to produce energy viaanaerobic glycolysis.（A）
(E) The great differences that exist in metabolic rates between speciesof small animals and species of large animals can have importanteffects on the patterns of their activities.

ningyangztUID: 2439373

Great comic art is never otherwordly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods. The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.

本文层层递进，中心 truth, social
S1 总括：Great comic does not mystify us
S2  进一步阐明，为什么不会mystify us (TS):  truth，social action, not transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends. 暗在的强调truth, social, 而非 extrasocial, divine, not truth贯穿全文。

S3 递进 transcendence is a social moment (truth), even though we try to be gods (extrasocial，not truth).

S4  comic community的内容, 为下句论述做铺垫
S5  Without invoking gods or demons (extrasocial, not truth), great comic art arouses courage in reason(the comic community), courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans (social, truth).
S4和S5紧密联系，讲comic community—social, truth