[资料分享] 【个人总结】Effective Writing/如何是有效论证？ [复制链接]

yang1989
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电梯直达

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发表于 2009-3-23 08:53:33 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

本帖最后由 yang1989 于 2009-8-10 10:54 编辑

明天上海考试，今天出发，临走前发发资料。祝大家都能取得一个好成绩。

重点：全文结构、段落结构、逻辑承接
按：以下主要适用于ISSUE的写作，但请大家务必要牢记，ISSUE部分写作其实就是一般时候（即绝大多数情况下的）一篇合理的英语文章。而对一篇文章（行文成章）来说，重要的永远是思考和逻辑，语言乃是锦上添花之物（语言部分尤其推荐大家看以下主题句变化部分，范例出处不详，仅是例举。若同学们留心英美人士任何议论性文章，应都不难发现此种奥妙）。
此外，无论诸位是否已经准备完AW部分的写作，都可以阅读复旦大学蔡基刚教授的《英汉写作修辞对比》，从整个思维模式上对中英写作差异的方方面面进行了比较和分析。非常精彩。

【PS.请教一个技术性问题：为何我变不了这帖子里面文字的颜色？】
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目录：
一、全文结构/ Essay construction二、段落结构/ Constructing a paragraph三、修辞/ Rhetoric四、个人常犯的语法错误
3.1.主题句的变换3.2.过渡句/逻辑句的变换3.3.复杂句式的使用3.4.特殊句式的使用

评分标准：
1.结构：五段论；贯穿始终的立场；明确、关联的各段主题句
2.内容: accurate development, strong substantiating evidence.
3.风格：适当复杂的难句（须专门总结）；语言功底
务必：文章不一定要特别长。开始打句子之前要想是能不是能把这个问题说清楚？！点清即可！
时间分配：个人习惯是ISSUE先写BODY段的TS句，瞬时写结尾，然后高屋建瓴的写开头，此部分用时15分钟，一般倒计时到30min时一定要开始写BODY。ARGU开头写结论，BODY的TS句找出逻辑谬误，结尾补充共10分钟，剩下20分钟DEVELOP。各段总结句可以视乎情况而定略去。
格式：结束一段后按两次回车键；养成按完标点就按一次空格的习惯。

一、全文结构/Part I: Essay construction

Thesis——Topic sentence in a paragraphs ——Conclusion

【INTRODUCTION: Template】
论点：一个论点即是一个判断，无论它是事实判断还是价值判断
#要点在于：一个判断必有态度

简单版模板：①(In today’s world….②(develop) ③ while…..,I…
④ Whatever

背景——发展——观点（让步）——明确立场
Background—Development—While—Position(whatever)

复杂版模板：提纲挈领、开门见山地点明文章论点，并安排出下文的论证段落。
方法：1.先写BODY各段TS句;
2.顺势写Conclusion Paragraph;
3.此时已对全文结构有高度的把握，回头写开头段；某种程度上是对CP的花样复写，直接吸引考官眼球。

简化论证的方法：不一定要在段内进行复杂的展开。相反，可以尝试将阐述对比双方的论证放不同段落。
比如：1）A好因为X；2）A好因为Y；3）B不好因为它其实—X,—Y

平衡观点：(1) [In today’s world…….](2) While it is true that….. on the basis…, one cannot….. (3) In my point ofview,….
同意或否定：(1) [In today’s world…],(2) while some may argue (contend)that… on the basis of … (as the authorsuggests,) I share the same view with the speaker that ….. (3) Whatever…..,
部分同意或否定：((1) [In today’s world…],(2) while some may argue… on the basis of … (as the author suggests,) I sharethe same view with the speaker (hold the viewpoint) that …..(4) Whatever… it is…. That….

【Topic Sentences】
论点与子论点关系：判断与支持原因；
子论点关系一：平行结构：并列或转折
子论点关系二：纵向结构：逻辑过程（因果）

【Conclusion: Template】
① Inconclusion …
②(develop)
③ Shortending
再述主题—强调重要性(意义、未来、危机etc) —短促有力的结尾

二、段落结构/Part II: Constructing a paragraph

段落必有结构：
For writing: 构造每一段时一定都要有结构意识。否则随机性过大，很容易无法继续下去。【易卡壳，易字数不够】
For reading: 阅读时一定要抓住结构。作者一定是资深写作者，段落一定是充满了结构化逻辑——更何况GRE文章只有那么几段！

Topic Sentence—Development—Illustrations—Analyze—Conclusion
段落内主题句不一定要很长：清楚、明确即可。
长短句节奏：短、长、长、短、长、短。
开头、结尾、过渡短。两长一长论证狂。

什么是段内结构？——段内结构即是最简单的一阶逻辑论证。

段落内论证：并列（小论点并列）；
# 分类并列
# 多个解释并列对比（时间对比、范围对比、对象对比）；
#均用于突出子论点
#大对比（oneside at a time）和小对比（pointby point）
因果机制（逻辑过程）
单论点展开：五句式的使用：开头+结尾，中间分层次展开。（5-6句话为适宜）
单论点并列论证：六句式的使用：开头结尾，中间两句对半。

三、修辞/Rhetoric
3.1 主题句的变换
主题：People should never be satisfiedwithwhat they have. They should always wantsomething new and something different. 简单句，动词主题
主题句: People shouldnever be satisfied with what they have and should strive for something new and different seems to be apropensity inherent in human nature. 复合句，动词主题
段落中心句1：(Onthe most abstract level,) the spiritof dissatisfaction constitutes the very force that has propelled humancivilization forward in the course of human history. 复合句，名词短语主题
段落中心句2 (In the modernworld,) this insatiable desireon the part of mankind has given rise to the most spectacular development ofscience and technology. 复合句，名词短语主题
段落中心句3: …Thisflourishing is a direct response to people’sdiscontent with hackneyed and stereotyped modes of expression whoseexpressiveness has been worn away by centuries of overuse.复合句，负负得正。
其他变换：Man’sinquiring mind and his aspiring nature; man’sincessant quest for the new, the different and the better;

3.2. 过渡句（逻辑句）的变换
表并列：As for the sister of science—art,one of its purpose is obviously to upset.
表对比：In rather sharp distinction to other language, English...
表因果：give rise to
表让步
It’s true that…/ although this may be true in some case…/even if…/ granted that…+ but/…yet…/ however/ unfortunately/ nevertheless/ itdoes not necessarily follow that/ we cannot ensure (guarantee) that

I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or thatleft-wing politics were the single most importance influences on it. My point is thatit central consciousness- its profound understanding of class and gender asshaping influences on people’ lives- owes much to that earlier literaryheritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by mostcontemporary literary critics.
Linguists may tell us thatall languages are created equal, that.....
I will not contest the point; I am sure that English was created equal. But afterits nativity, itlacks the benefit of being read by....
Undoubtedly such elements existed in labors, but there is anadditional element with a much more fundamental importance.

表限定：Concerning=with respect to=on thepart of
Insofaras= to the extent (Thechurch is the fellowship of the Spirit only insofar as it is "inChrist" and therefore insofar as we may say of it, as of individualbelievers, that its existence is extra nos.)
表补充：a) 考虑到

表总结：Consequently, wecan safely conclude that it is precisely man’s inquiring mind and his aspiringnature that distinguish himself from other animals.
表例证：sth is quite illustrative in thisrespect; to put it another way;

3.3 复杂句式的使用
并列从句：a)前置状语并列：Stimulatedbythe thirst for knowledge from within and challenged by theharshness of the environment from without, man has evolved triumphantlyfrom the most primitive to the most advanced and sophisticated. 分词结构开始句子时不妨多用几个分词。

b)后置状语并列：Ifit had contented our ancestors to dwell in caves or to lead their nomadic life,they would have remained some mere vagabond creatures, lurking in theunfriendly forests and in the hostile wilderness, forever on the alertso as not to fall prey to some ferocious predators.

c)从句并列：……tocompensate for those which we already have, but which are depleting at analarming rate.

同谓语从句前置：Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early 20thcentury Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserveevaluation.

虚拟语气：a)if句尽量用倒装

b) 应该如何：It is high timewe became aware of the global warming disaster. （相当于weshould be aware….）

3.4 特殊句式的使用
Not so much sth assth
与其说…倒不如说…(可以替换ratherthan, instead of…)
Thisis not so much a weakness in her work as it is the inevitable result ofscholars’ neglect of this field.

Nothing more than=nothing else than, 就是，完全是，恰好是
Ethicsis nothing else than reverence for life.

etc.
3.5一般句式的熟练使用（不要光知道用一个强调句！）
Not by any means = certainly to = by no means

etc.

3.6常用句子的表达
论者需要重新考虑他的观点。Failing to concernall factors as there are, the speaker is expected to reconsider about hispoint.

频率词：frequently= at the regular interval=as a rule= time and again= recurrently= intermittently= many a time= at times=usually

Fromthe cradle to the grave
atdisposal sth. for sb.= offer=provide with= place advance
Makeefforts= try to= take moves to=
Currently=up-to-date=trendy=up-to-the-minute=in vogue
Inpart= to some extent= partially= partly

四、个人常犯的语法错误
单复数一致性问题：尤其要注意
拼写问题:
务必自己总结并多加留意。