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The moderator's opening remarksApr 21st 2009 | Ms Alison Goddard
、、、、
People generally spend about a third of their lives asleep. A century ago, they had little choice. Artificial light was dim and little could be accomplished by it. So people went to bed soon after dark and rose with the lark. The invention of the electric light bulb changed all this. (可以褒义可以贬义) Now it is perfectly possible to get on with useful—and, perhaps more entertainingly, frivolous—pursuits during the hours of darkness. The advice handed down from grandmother, to get at least eight hours of sleep a night, with an hour before midnight being worth two after, goes unheeded. What are the consequences of ignoring her counsel?
、、、、
Staying awake for longer obviously enables people to achieve more. As students around the globe will attest, revising for examinations into the early hours boosts the grades attained. Indeed, many students are reported to take stimulants such as Ritalin and Modafinil in order to stay alert for longer. But at some stage, sleep becomes vital. It is not only essential to restore alertness; sleep is also critical for learning as well as many other measures of well-being, both physical and mental.
Involuntary insomnia, perhaps brought on by economic anxiety, achieves little. Spending several wakeful hours staring in frustration at a darkened ceiling is no one's idea of fun.（挺有意思的表达，虽然好像考试的时候用不到） People who suffer from insomnia tend not only to be tired and perform less well in the workplace but also to be depressed. Some studies show that people who take sleeping pills are sicker than those who do not.
Are we getting enough sleep? The question has bothered many distinguished thinkers for decades. We are privileged to have two great authorities to discuss the issue. Robert Stickgold of the Harvard Medical School argues that people who do not get enough shut-eye become "fat, sick and stupid" as a result. Dan Kripke of the University of California, San Diego, reckons that too much sleep has similar consequences. Let the debate commence.
Frivolous 轻浮的，琐碎的
Unheeded 无人理睬的
Privileged 享有特权的
The proposer's opening remarksApr 21st 2009 | Dr Robert Stickgold
Are we getting enough sleep? While the answer to this question obviously depends on who "we" are, and what "enough" means,（很好的句式，可以用在引出对某个词的定义） the bulk of the scientific evidence supports a resounding "No". We need more sleep.
Let me summarise what I am going to tell you: you are probably not getting enough sleep, and you know it. If sleepiness doesn't kill you on the highways, the consequences of inadequate sleep are going to dramatically increase the likelihood that you end up fat,（很好的不用even if 的一种让步句式） sick and stupid. Let us look at these claims one at a time.（一次性）
First, we know that we are not getting enough sleep. Of among 100,000 randomly selected individuals enrolled in a telephone survey, a quarter reported that they "did not get enough rest or sleep" on at least half of the previous 30 nights. Of those 18-34 years of age, the number was even higher, at 33%, and 10% of all respondents reported never getting enough. So we know from our own experience that（我的argu一定会用你这句句子的，用于引出常识） we are not getting enough sleep. Caffeine consumption is another measure of our sleepiness. After oil, coffee is the largest traded commodity on the world markets in terms of total dollar amount.（一个极好的例子，用于不眠的人们总是不停的工作） Americans alone drink over 300 million cups of coffee a day, and that number ignores caffeinated soft drinks. We clearly know that we are not getting enough sleep and are desperately（拼命的） self-medicating ourselves in the hope of waking up.
先引例子，然后说we know from our own experience 开始说明一个事实，然后再从别的角度引例子，再次论证我们睡眠不足—这一事实。估计下面要说理了。】
Our daytime sleepiness is killing us on the road. Recent analyses of vehicular deaths suggest that sleepiness is as big a culprit as alcohol. Shifting to daylight savings time in the spring, when Americans lose just one hour of sleep over a weekend, leads to a 9% increase in automobile accidents the following day. This is not due to just a few short sleepers. 37% of Americans admit having fallen asleep at the wheel at least once, and 6% report having done so in the last six months. So despite（又一个很好的让步） our use of caffeine to help keep us awake, our sleepiness is killing us on the highways. (Forgive me if most of the data I present is for Americans, but most studies have been carried out in the United States.)
There is a common misperception that（这个句式可以用于argu里面的概念混淆） all that sleep does is cure sleepiness. But sleep is a time when the body and brain actively prepare for the next day. Every year, more evidence comes out about the importance of adequate sleep in maintaining our health and sanity. Just some of these studies should prove the point.
睡眠的作用
For a start, sleep is critical for the effective operation of the immune system. So if you do not get enough sleep, you will probably get sick more often. In one study, subjects who stayed up all night after getting immunised against hepatitis ended up producing only half as much antibody against the virus as those who slept normally. In another study, participants who reported sleeping, on average, less than seven hours a night were three times more likely to get sick, when exposed to a cold virus, than those who averaged eight hours or more.
睡眠的重要—原因一immune system.
Adequate sleep is also critical for maintaining normal glucose metabolism and for preventing both obesity and type II diabetes. Our feelings of hunger and satiety are controlled by two opposing hormones, ghrelin and leptin; high ghrelin levels and low leptin levels make us feel hungry. When subjects were restricted to five hours of sleep a night for a week, their leptin levels dropped by 17% and ghrelin increased 28%, despite food intake being rigorously maintained at a constant level. With unrestrained eating, these changes would normally lead to the consumption of an extra 1,000 Kcal of food, half of your normal daily intake. Indeed, when subjects in another study were allowed to eat as much as they wanted, their desire for high carbohydrate (read "junk") food went up 32%.
睡眠的重要—原因二maintain normal glucose metabolism and preventing obesity and diabetes.
These same studies showed that with inadequate sleep, glucose regulation goes awry. Subjects whose sleep had been restricted to five hours a night showed signs that normally presage the onset of diabetes after less than a week of restricted sleep. But these are experimental subjects. Wouldn't people who normally sleep less get used to it? Don't their bodies adjust? Apparently not.(这篇文章对argu真是很有帮助啊~。。这句可以用在research的subjects上面
Subjects who normally sleep no more than 6.5 hours a night show 40% higher insulin sensitivity than those sleeping eight hours, levels that reflect a significant risk of diabetes.
睡眠的重要—原因三glucose regulation goes awry
But inadequate sleep also impairs mental functioning. As the most basic level, inadequate sleep leads to poor attention. Limiting sleep to just seven hours in bed for a week leads to a dramatic decrease in the ability of individuals to maintain sustained attention.（连续的注意力） On a simple test of attention, a quarter of subjects restricted to six hours per day in bed fell asleep during testing, taking over 30 seconds to respond to the appearance of an obvious signal on their computer screen. Interestingly, although subjects perceived their performance as stabilising after three days, it actually continued to deteriorate across the entire week of sleep restriction.
睡眠的重要—原因四impairs mental functioning。从physical level 到mental level上来了。
Attention is not the only cognitive impairment produced by inadequate sleep. Learning and memory are also affected. Memories formed and skills learned during the day are stabilised, enhanced and integrated with other memories and skills during sleep the following night. For example, with a visual skill learning task, individuals actually improve over a night of sleep, performing better the next day. But this improvement is in proportion to how much sleep they obtain in excess of six hours. Twice as much improvement was seen with eight hours of sleep than with seven hours, and no improvement was seen with six or less. More recent studies suggest that REM sleep, which is most prominent at the very end of the night, is critical for integrating newly learned information into our larger networks of pre-existing memories, helping us make meaning out of the events of the preceding day. Getting less than eight hours
may prevent this crucial work from being done.
Cognitive 的另外一些respect，attention，learning and memory
So it is most likely literally (=indeed) true that if you are getting less than the eight hours of sleep your body is asking for, both your body and your mind will pay the price.
Resounding 响亮的 彻底的
Summarise 总结
Satiety 吃得太饱
Rigorously 严厉地
The opposition's opening remarksApr 21st 2009 | Dr Daniel Kripke
Most of us get enough sleep. A fair percentage even spend too long in bed, but there is wide diversity among us. (赞一下，一直都在想different people have different thoughts这种话怎么写得好看，这句话很厉害，再自己打一遍，there is wide diversity among us) For most people, there is no persuasive evidence that spending more time in bed would be good for them or for the folks around them.
一上来就表明观点—we have enough sleep, and maybe over.
These days, adults in the United States and much of Europe say they sleep an average of 6.5-7.5 hours a night. In study after study, people who sleep 6.5-7.4 hours live the longest, so most people are getting enough sleep. People who report sleeping five or six hours live almost as long. In fact, people who sleep five or six hours may live a bit longer than people who sleep eight hours. People who sleep five or six hours live considerably longer than the person who sleeps nine hours or more. With the best survival among those with rather short sleep durations, it would be hard to prove that increasing sleep time would be good for most people.
By the majority of measures, those with average or short sleep seem healthier also. Recent results from the Hordaland study in Norway showed that working people who reported sleeping less than 6.5 hours a night did not suffer any significant increase in disability. Those who reported more than 8.5 hours were more than twice as likely to become disabled as those who slept 6.5-7.5 hours. Those who slept 7.5-8.5 hours were slightly more likely to become disabled (not significant). The suggestion from this study was that, if anything,（极好的插入语，在新概念里我也看到过一次，如果还有的话，甚至于。。） spending more time in bed might tend to increase disability.
To give more examples,（在issue里面可以用排比的例子） the six-hour sleeper is less likely to develop diabetes than the nine-hour sleeper. The six-hour sleeper is less likely to have a stroke than the long sleeper. Incidentally（附带的）, I have not been able to find evidence that people who sleep more than average earn more money or do more to help other people. Quite the opposite.
You might think that more sleep would be good for mood, but those who sleep nine or ten hours tend to be very depressed. A counter-intuitive surprise is that sleep deprivation actually improves mood, at least in the short run.（这种转折方式也很新奇）
Insomnia is not mainly a problem of short sleep:（可以用在issue里面的挖深，引出本质问题） those with more than average sleep frequently report insomnia. Moreover, the false belief that people generally need eight hours of sleep is one of the common causes of insomnia. Spending less time in bed is an important solution for many with insomnia.
Nobody seems to know exactly where the idea that we should sleep eight hours came from. I guess it was just passed down from somebody's grandmother.
It turns out that many of the chief proponents of more sleep are being paid by the sleeping-pill industry. The industry thinks that campaigns for more sleep increase sleeping-pill sales. Some people imagine that sleeping pills help them cope on the following day, but the majority of objective studies show that sleeping pills have no benefit for next-day performance or even make behaviour worse. A recent 20-year study from Sweden showed that men who took sleeping pills had even more early deaths and more cancer than those who smoked cigarettes. There have been 16 other studies showing excess mortality among sleeping-pill users. Perhaps epidemiologic studies do not necessarily prove that sleeping pills cause mortality, but the pharmaceutical industry has done randomising controlled trials（randomising controlled trials 很好的词） showing that sleeping pills increase depression and infection, and probably increase the likelihood of cancer.
We should be worried that many disasters are caused by mistakes made in the early hours of the morning: the Chernobyl and Three-Mile-Island nuclear melt-downs, the Bhopal disaster, Exxon Valdez and so forth. Work shifts between midnight and 6 am produce increased numbers of minor and serious errors. Night work does curtail sleep, which is part of the problem, but the main difficulty is that night workers try to function when the body clock is lowering alertness and the metabolism. （再一次让步）The circadian rhythm problem in night work is more important than the element of（可以用在argu的另一个因素更为重要） sleep loss, so these causes should be distinguished（接着上面一句配合使用）. Moreover, for many shift workers, the issue is that they are unable to sleep enough during the day, and too little is known about how their sleep disturbances could be managed. As modern economies increase the percentage of night workers, much more research is needed to find solutions for the problems of shift workers.
Similarly, after midnight vehicle accident rates are very high. Here again the impairment may come more from the downside of circadian rhythms than from any acute sleep loss. Many road accidents are caused by young lads who have been abusing alcohol or other substances as well as staying up much too late. I have seen no convincing evidence that the person who regularly averages six hours of sleep a night has more accidents than the person who sleeps eight hours. There is some evidence that nine-hour sleepers are a danger on the road.
Of course, there are people in particular situations who should get more sleep. Research shows that doctors and nurses make more mistakes when their work hours are too long to allow enough sleep. I would prefer that their schedules provided adequate sleep.
这段是分类讨论，承认the opposite同时让自己的point更加完整
Years ago, a small Navy submarine sank in San Diego Bay, possibly due to a mistake by a sailor whose commanders had allowed him only 4-5 hours' sleep for weeks. His commander testified at the court-martial that such sleep schedules were routine on nuclear submarines. I would prefer that the fellows with their fat fingers on the nuclear red buttons were getting more sleep. Stressed doctors, nurses and submariners are some of the exceptions to the general point that most people sleep enough.
For most people, this debate's proposition that we do not get enough sleep is misguided.
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