0910G[Splendid Sun] 第1次作业 提纲 by riow

riowUID: 2501383

Argu6
The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.

"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise（1）. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away（2）; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself（3）. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe（4）: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer（5）, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe（6）, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight（7）. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment（8）. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money." （9）

嗯，这个题组里面BS过的，理应写成文。先自我谴责一下……
先理一下逻辑关系：（＝表推出）
2       5,6,7
||          ||
3    +    4    +    8
         ||
         1
这样要攻击的点有：
2=>3，方圆64迈内没有jazz club就说明如果建JC就拥有全部市场，有可能人们都比较prefre另外的jazz方式，如电视等，而不是跑去JC，这其实是另一种形式的没市场。
5=>4      去年10多万人参加，可没说明是当地居民，很有可能是大量狂热外来者。
6=>4      很多著名jazz音乐家住在M，并不能说明这里的人们对jazz的喜爱程度。有可能是音乐家们向往一个安宁一点的生活，M这里的人们民风纯朴又对Jazz不感冒，不用担心疯狂的乐迷，于是都住在这里。因果错误
7=>4      （这个先绕过）

3=>1    即使这里建了JC可以占有所有当地市场，但之前没有人来投资有可能说明这里的人本来就对jazz不感冒，因为没有市场，所以之前也就没人来投资。所以即使占据了所有市场，也不会有太多人来，也会不景气。即不能从占了市场就推出会收益。
4=>1    Monroe这里就算很流行JC也不一定会让新建的club收益，因为人们可能会prefre 不同的方式来欣赏jazz，正如７所述，人们可能会比较喜欢电视等娱乐方式，从而会对去club造成冲击。使得就算这里人们喜欢jazz也无法得出收益的结论。
8=>     全国性研究，是在全国范围内的调查，无法说明M这里的人们对Jazz的消费情况。是典型的以全概偏

riowUID: 2501383

Argu16
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia.

"Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health（1）. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do（2）, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does（3）. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program（4）. The new lottery would doubtless be successful（5）, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling."（6）

逻辑链：
1）2+3
    ||
    4   + 6
         ||
         5

1）2＋3=>4        这里有很多问题：
首先是2中每学生的钱比我们多了，第一没有说之前是比我们多还是少，可能2年前就比我们多，第二没有说明这其中由lottery贡献了多少。
其次是医疗，与前面一样也是用他们的现状与我们state比，属于confusing comparison and variation. 应当指明实施lottery之前他们的医疗人数，并且指出在经费上lottery詐ublic health care有多大contribute

6=>5    这里是different scopes. 用capital的调查结果来说明整个state的情况，不合适。另外因为每个人已经花50用于gambling，就得出建一个lottery会成功不对，因为这个调查数据并不能说明人们很热钟于gambling，有可能是一部分固定的人群，并且市场已经达到饱和，再建一个state lottery可能并不会有太多人光顾。在survey中应该调查人们对state lottery的欢迎度及如果有lottery人们愿意花出的赌资

riowUID: 2501383

Argu21
The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.

"Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats（2）. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production（3）. This coat should sell very well（4）: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat（5）, there will be pent-up customer demand（6）. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years（7）, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase（8）."

逻辑链：
2       5       7
||       ||      ||
3       6   +  8
              ||
              4

2=>3    这个是false analogy和inferring a future condition from a past condition.   因为过去的时候高质量货源有困难，于是乎关了。无法推出现在有了货源就应该重开。为什么恁？因为：首先当时货源有困难于是关闭，里面也暗含了销售情况不佳。因为来源不易自然会对应价格上升，但如果供不应求，即使高价也很受欢迎，那也不至于关闭。（这条分析说实话有点牵强……汗）。其次，当时关闭是因为difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, 现在只是有了a new fabric supplier. 很有可能这里的deluxe alpaca overcoats是以高质量为主打的，走高端市场，而由于没有高质的羊毛，于是关了。现在呢？现在只是有了新的供应商，是不是高质量的呢？无从得知。所以，如果不是高质供商，很有可能还是会重蹈覆辙。

5＝>6   我们关闭了之后就没人再卖alpaca overcoat，得出这里市场处于饥渴状态一解即发……这个也不对，因为这期间competitor也停了，可能是真的人们都不看好这种东西，于是没有市场。另外好久没有卖家，很可能大家都找到了alpaca overcoat的替代产品，于是也就已经对此无人问津。
7=>8    因为别的衣服都涨价了，于是人们愿意为alpaca overcoat付更多的钱，这是为什么呢？这是因果错误。人们愿意买更贵的衣服正是因为认可了那些衣服，如果不认可alpaca overcoat，那如何能花更多的米去买呢？

综上，无法得出4的结论

riowUID: 2501383

Argu193
The Department of Education in the state of Attra recommends that high school students be assigned homework every day（1）. Yet a recent statewide survey of high school math and science teachers calls the usefulness of daily homework into question（2）. In the district of Sanlee, 86 percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week, whereas in the district of Marlee, less than 25 percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week（3）. Yet the students in Marlee earn better grades overall and are less likely to be required to repeat a year of school than are the students in Sanlee（4）. Therefore, all teachers in our high schools should assign homework no more than twice a week, if at all.（5）

逻辑：
2  +    3,4
      ||
      5

2=>5    只是math 和science，不同的学科有不同的学习方式，只是这两个科目的老师质疑，就得出应该少于两次，是different scopes或者说以偏概全
3,4=>5  对于3，没有调查具体作业类型、学科、量的大小，可能是每周只一次，但超多的那种。是survey中的vague date和incompleteness. 而对于4，也是存在严重谬误的：author没有分析他们两地学生的差异(可能一边比另一边更smart)，没有分析老师的作用（可能S比M更严格，挂的学生更多），没有分析作业在他们分数和留级率中的作用。

综上，得不出5

riowUID: 2501383

Issue7
"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."


开头怎么写好恁？Position+Reasoning?
As the author claims video documentation can play a more important role in our daily life than written records, since its accuracy and persuasive characteristic. However I just hold the opposite opinion for they performs differently on various aspects. In my view written documentation is such an important form that can't be substituted by video so far.

TS1:     As far as it is concerned about their means on recording information, either of them has own advantages, in both qualities and quantities. Say, it is more convinient to snap daily occasions by video camera while written materials can be inquired with more ease. What's more, video can store a large amount of contents including sounds and guise, on the other hand written documents is able to be abstracted with concentrated points.

TS2:    Watcher can has direct perception with visual records which can provide with more detailed and vivid pieces that can't be included in written ones.
However written documents give deeper insight with the writer's cognition and analysis. So written documents provides views behind what is presented directly, which video does't have.

TS3:    Writing records human minds whereas video memorizes objective circumstances. Because one's life consists not only objectives things, which also includes emotions and feelings, we can't determine the importance of a type of documentation by its accuracy and convincement. Such documentations are diary, autobiography, etc.

TS4:    Penetration are on different levels, due to the different request in using either method. Video costs more in devices but writing requires more on reading and writing skills.

Sum:    Different forms of recording has different effects, which should be applied in various fields in our life determined by the purpose of recording and requisite of the field. It is not proper to simply give the judgement of which is more important.

riowUID: 2501383

Issue17
"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

1，法律是国家意志的体现，是统治者意志的体现，是维护整个社会安定。对一部分人有利，而必然对一部分人不利，不能简单地以just与否来划分（工厂与居民的例子，似乎有些老旧……）

2，法律也是在不断发展变化的，并非是一成不变的。随着个人身份、地位、境遇的变化，可能以前自己认为的unjust law会变化成just law，所以说这里的 just与否还是和自己的认识有关带有主观性的。

3，法律的另一个作用还有平衡社会各方面利益（C的观点），并非限于政府对人民的管制。像贩毒（dd版提的例子）

4，即使认为unjust，采取disobey的方式来应对，太过极端。任何人都是通过自己的思考来认为其unjust，任何人都有受法律限制的利益，如果就因此而反抗，那社会的秩序就无从谈起。而且这种disobey很有可能会使更多的人利益受到损失。

sum，把law分为公平与非公平本身就是不合适的，没有绝对的公平与不公平，取决于被约束者的个人情况－－被限制还是被保护。另外即使认为一个法律不公，采取disobey的方法来反对也是很极端而不被提倡的。

riowUID: 2501383

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."

I concede the use of image can give vivid and direct perception of what is presented, the use of language cannot be substituted, especially in front of large groups of people.

TS1:    Although the emergence images can catch others' attention, skillful eloquence and sincere attitude has more appeal for the audience. Visual stimulus cause sudden concentration whereas absorbing contents of a speech can catch a
TS2:    Various images fulfill the ravished eye, however impressive ideas last longer in audience's mind due to the profound view presented by words.
TS3:    Image has less dependence on both the presenter and spectator, which can also be regarded as a disadvantage for the less interactions it can bring, based on the reaction of audience and. What's more, image showing can do little, if any, in case of emergency. (随机事件，气氛掌控，互动，观众反应)
TS4:    语言能更好地加入思想，更好地阐述自己的idea，例子演讲马丁路德金(5~,好老套的说)
TS5： As far as the requirements are concerned, 对人的要求不一样。接受起来难度也不一样，一个直观一个深刻（似乎这个理由比较万能唉～）

sum:    Hence, the use of images can only be a supplement with the purpose of illustrating the speech. It is hard to show clear view especially before large amount of people only by images.

riowUID: 2501383

呃～总算写完了，推荐两个网站
www.engkoo.com
www.jukuu.com
都是查词句用法的，上边的是M$的，C推荐的，下边是东方老师推荐的句酷还不错

stefaniehohoUID: 2595908

这逻辑链写的~~真赞~