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发表于 2009-8-4 16:57:46 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-8-4 17:10 编辑

【听力---SSS---June 23, 2009】

Tools Are Body Parts to Brain

In a report in the journal Current Biology, researchers claim that the brain interprets a tool, such as a hammer, as a temporary extension of your physical body.

If all you have is a hammer, they say that everything looks like a nail. But when you use that hammer, it looks like your arm—to your brain, anyway. A report in the June 23rd issue of the journal Current Biology shows that the brain interprets tools as just an extension of your physical self.

To move our bodies around in space, the brain builds what’s called a “body schema,” a representation of all our various parts. And this so-called schema is frequently updated to keep up with our ever-changing(变化无穷的,千变万化的,不断变化的) bodies. Otherwise, you’d think you were still a bitty baby. Now scientists have taken this body-image overhaul a step further. They’ve shown that when we use a tool, even for a few minutes, the brain sees it as a temporary body part.

Subjects were asked to pick up a block. They then used a long, mechanical grabber to pick up the same block. Then they tried to snag the block barehanded again. And it took longer than their initial grab. That’s because they were briefly behaving like their arms were still augmented. So next time you feel like a total tool, you might just be hitting the nail on the head.


学习:
feel like:

Have an inclination or desire for, as in I feel like going out tonight, or Do you feel like steak for dinner? [Colloquial; early 1800s]




千万别害怕,hit the nail on the head 不是恐怖片中的坏人或变态狂用钉子敲进无辜者大脑的恐怖镜头。这里的head 是指nail(钉子)的顶部,可别理解成人的头部,尽管也会“见血”,可意思就大不一样了。
这条短语来源于人们的日常生活实践,捶钉子当然要刚好捶在钉头正中,这样用的力量才恰到好处,如果歪到一边就不能算是成功,同样我们平时说话做事,也应该做到“一针见血,说得中肯恰当”。
例如:Mike hit the nail on the head in his speech on the demerits of the existing housing policy.迈克在演讲中,一针见血地指出了当前房屋政策的弊端。

hit the nail (right) on the head
1. Lit. to strike a nail precisely on the head with a hammer.
If you expect to drive a nail straight, you have to hit the nail on the head.
2. Fig. to do exactly the right thing; to do something in the most effective and efficient way.
You've spotted the flaw, Sally. You hit the nail on the head.
Bob doesn't say much, but every now and then he hits the nail right on the head.

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发表于 2009-8-4 17:22:52 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-8-4 17:28 编辑

【听力---SSS---June 24, 2009】

Fish Capable of Judgment Calls

In a report in the journal Behavioral Ecology, fish learned from watching other fish find food and comparing their success rates.

There’s plenty of evidence that animals learn from one another. But until now, it was thought that only humans make judgment calls, such as “that woman seems to be finding more food than that other guy, and she’s eating more than I am, so I’ll follow her.” This ability to selectively follow such cues shows sophisticated social learning.

Now, scientists say they’ve found the first animal example of this behavior in a common fish, the nine-spined stickleback. Two-hundred-seventy fish were study subjects. The researchers gave some of the fish access to one feeder stocked with lots of worms and one that didn’t. So the fish learned which feeder was best.
Then the fish watched other fish eat, but the feeders were switched. From their own experience the sticklebacks had learned that feeder A gave more worms, but by watching, they could see that feeder B was now more plentiful.

And when going back for seconds, they relied on social cues, not their own experiences, and headed over to B. The study is in the journal Behavioral Ecology. Another study demonstrating that
the idea of the absolute uniqueness of human intelligence may be a bit…fishy(靠不住的,可疑的).


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发表于 2009-8-4 20:27:45 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-8-4 20:48 编辑

【听力---SSS---June 25, 2009】

Ancient Granary Predates Agriculture

In a report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers announced the discovery of a granary for storing wild barley and oats, which was built well before the advent of agriculture.

A team of archeologists working in Jordan has made a discovery that represents a new chapter in the story of our ancestors' move from foraging to farming. The researchers unearthed an ancient granary. The round, mud hut dates back more than 11,000 years. A raised floor was key for keeping grain dry and out of reach of hungry rats. But what makes the find so special is that the granary was built a thousand years before people ate domesticated crops. The report appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The researchers found caches of wild barley and oats inside the structure. Such evidence of a dedicated food-storage edifice has never been recorded from the pre-pottery Neolithic age. The investigators say this selective cultivation and management of wild plants shows behaviors that led to agriculture. What’s more, the granaries were built in-between houses and buildings used for food processing, which led to the establishment of more permanent settlements. By stockpiling a food surplus, our predecessors produced a new societal structure and curbed their wandering ways. Which then led to today’s foraging for junk food in supermarket aisles.

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发表于 2009-8-4 22:45:55 |只看该作者
楼主,你的这些好文章是在哪儿找到呢?有时候一些作文题特别没有思路,很难找出足够的理由来?

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发表于 2009-8-4 23:52:28 |只看该作者
199# daney68

在网上到处逛啊,呵呵,看见好的我就拿过来
恩,issue没思路是我们没有认识到issue中所设计的对象间构成issue,呵呵,这也就说明了我们对这些事物缺乏了解,只有当我们真正认识到这是个值得讨论的issue的时候我们才能展开我们的逻辑来表达我们的看法,否则无从谈起。那我们要想了解这些事物最好的方式就是look to the internet in search for them。说得严重点,在我们这个信息爆炸的时代,搜索我们想要的information是一种能力。呵呵。
已有 1 人评分声望 收起 理由
daney68 + 1 it make sense.

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发表于 2009-8-5 09:23:19 |只看该作者
【综合写作--模板--转自蜀漢諸葛武侯
TOEFL-IBT综合写作模板

1. in the lecture, the professor made several points about ...... .the professor argues that..... However, the reading passage contends that ......The professor's lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of point that are contrary to....
2. the first point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that....According to the professor...... .....differs from the reading in that the reading states.....The point made by the professor casts doubt on the reading becasue....
3. Another point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is....The professor claims that.....However, the reading states.....This point is contradicted by.....
4. Finally,the professor stated that ,on the contrary of reading,......In other words,.....This directly contradicts what the reading passage indicates,because.....


然后反驳的单词,differ from ,disagree with, cast doubt on, conflict with, challenge

5. In the lecture, the professor made several points about...The lecture argues that.....The points made by the professor agree with .....In fact, the examples used by the professor support...


6.In the lecture, the professor made several points about...The lecture argues that.....The points made by the professor agree with .....In fact, the examples used by the professor support...

7. Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that....
The professor claims that.....This point agrees with the reading ,which contends that.....

8.Finally, the professor states that ,in support of the reading,.....Specifically,.....This perfectly reinforced what the reading passage indicats because

support的单词有:enhance, uphold, corrobo,to back, justify, to substantiate, to advance,

The lecture is mainly discussing ______, ________ and ___________

by _________, challenging what are stated in the reading passage that _________, _________ and _______.
First of all, the speaker thinks that ___________. In contrast, the reading passage believes that _____________. So, the lecture totally disagree with the view made in the reading.

Second, the speaker discusses ___________, Contradicting what is stated in the reading that _____________________.

Finally, the speakers raises the issue that ___________. This point disagrees that ________________ demonstrated in the reading.


So, the contents in the reading passage are totally jeopardized by the speaker and the speaker has totally different ideas on the topics made in the reading.

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发表于 2009-8-5 09:28:26 |只看该作者
【经验谈---托福考试第三季度备考策略与注意事项----蜀漢諸葛武侯

当09年6月27日的托福考试结束之后,整个2009年上半年的托福考试也就告一段落,纵观上半年的32次托福考试(其中大陆17场,北美地区16场),重复的比率接近50/100,同时,在大陆地区的17场考试中,有13场考试出现了重复,基本接近80/100, 重复最多的题目一般集中与07年下半年,那么,第二季度的考试能够给我们第三季度的考试带来什么样的启示?第三季度的考试又将如何准备才可以事半功倍?机经又该如何使用?结合自己的托福考试教学经验和编纂托福机经全集的体会,笔者认为,第三季度的备考可以从以下几个方面展开。
  第一、托福阅读
  托福阅读测试,以测试学生的基础实力为主,一般来讲,比较难的题型侧重于长难句分析,所以,一方面,各位考生可以通过背诵单词强化自己的词汇量,另一方面,一定要多做些原版的英语阅读文章训练以促进自己的长难句理解能力,《英语文摘》《Economist》等杂志都是一个非常不错的选择,其中的长难句应对托福阅读,甚至GRE、GMAT 阅读也绰绰有余,而对于机经,适当看看以促进自己的知识面。同时,不要寄希望于自己能够看到重复的那套考试题目,更多的是要去搞清考试的出题范围,比如阅读中一般每篇文章都会有14个题目,一般来讲,题材多为说明文,会涉及到大学的各个学科,但是,看机经久了才会发现:考得最多的其实还是天文地理、生物、考古等几个学科。对于题目的设置,一般的难点都会出现在句子翻译、插入题目、选择合适的概述的等方面,所以,平时练习应该以提升自己实力为主,同时辅以大量的练习,老托福的阅读文章仍然不失为一个很棒的选择,因为ETS 的出题思路基本是不变的。
  第二、托福听力
  既然托福听力属于高度重复的考试,那么如何有效利用以往机经显得尤为重要,在此,笔者结合自己的3次托福备考经验给出以下建议:首先,听力机经中的常用的单词,如果自己不是特别熟悉,一定要总结后背下来,比如“蚜虫”“章鱼”“病毒”等单词的英文表达。但是,大部分同学往往误以为机经的使用就局限于此。殊不知,其次,除了单词之外,更重要的是明白听力考试的出题点,如果看的机经到了一定高度,我们就会发现托福听力有几大必考:原因、结果必考;表现形式必考;专业名词的解释必考等等。比如,通过研究机经我们就会发现,考古类、天文地理、心理学、社会学科一般都是必考的,而对于相对较冷的学科如政治等就不是那么重要。使用托福听力机经,一定杜绝只见树木不见森林的做法。
  第三、托福口语
  托福口语的机经是最有用的,对于独立口语来讲,所有的考试题目(第1、2题)都可以提前准备好,通过以往机经的练习,可以让我们对于考试更加熟悉。在独立口语的准备阶段,要注意下自己的keep talking 的能力,托福口语最大的特点是时间的限制,所以,平时自己可以在限时的状态下练习口语的熟练性。而对于口语的3-6题,口语机经则显得更为重要,目前为止,除了TPO (TOEFL Practice online)之外,没有任何模拟试题的难度是接近考试真题的,所以对以口语3-6题,我们可以在熟悉考试结构的前提下,去做 paraphrase (意译)的练习,也就是说,看着汉语的机经用英语口译出来,这样可以锻炼自己的口语反应水平。
  托福口语考试的时候的另一个难题就是3-6题的听力速度比较快,有时来不及记笔记,所以,考生平时可以适当练习下较快的听力,比如 CNN radio 里播放的cnn 的新闻节目就是一个很好的选择,同时,在听力的时候,一定要注意练习自己的边听边记的能力,这样可以在考试中游刃有余。
  第四、托福写作
  由于我们目前所有的模考软件,除了TOEFL Sample 之外,都没有托福写作中的小作文中的三三对应练习,所以,对于机经中的小作文,除了典型的小作文的模板之外,一定要明白三三对应中的具体的小的要点的针对性。笔者个人认为,小作文如果得不了满分只有两个原因,要么是听力不好,要么是小作文不懂得如何使用模版。 除此之外,对于大作文,通过使用以往的机经,可以让我们明白考试的具体的范围及趋势,对于机经,拿到一个作文题目后不一定非要非常详细的写出450字的作文,但是一定要明白自己的具体的思路到底是什么,想想自己到底有没有3条以上的思路。如果有了思路之后,再考虑下如何逻辑清晰的展开。同时,对于模版的使用,大家大可不必惊慌,不要以为使用了模版就会被扣掉分数,问题的关键在于自己的非模版的内容一定要写的和模版一样精彩,这样才能让别人相信你的实力。反之,机械的背诵模版是下下策。
  总之,托福备考并非一蹴而就,但是,在正确的方法的指导下,我们就可以取得事半功倍的效果。我们的努力的方向有时会大于我们努力本身,所以,在正确的理论和方法指导下,加上自己的正确的努力,相信各位考生会取得理想的成绩。同时,第三季度由于暑假的存在,导致报名人数的激增,如果报不上名,可以稍微等下,等到考试前一个周左右,一般会有退考的同学的考位释放出来,所以,有空时可以去报名网站关注下,尽量早点报名,早点考试。总之,托福考试是一个系统的工程,但是,一定要懂得方法的重要性,相信正确的方法+个人的相信的计划+认真准备=托福高分,祝各位梦想成真。

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发表于 2009-8-5 09:38:55 |只看该作者
【作文范文----蜀漢諸葛武侯
Modern society has become more complex, so it is essential for the young people to have the ability to plan and organize.


Whether the young people should have capability to plan and organize under the so complex of our society? Based on this issue, many people will hold that in order to adapt successfully the rapid development of society, it is paramount for us to cultivate such ability that is indeed having considerable values. However, another kind of people believes that the essentiality of such ability is dispensable. Personally speaking, I prefer to the former opinion for the following reasons.

Firstly, having this kind of ability is increasingly important to our adaptability in present society since along with the skyrocketing progress of modern technology and knowledge, individual must keep pace with our society advance, or the “disable” will be bound to be abandoned as a result of deficiency in keeping our society’s comprehensive requirement. For example, hunting job is no longer easier than in the past, for the reason I think, the arrangement of every job position must fit our society’s development. With the rapid advent of diverse direction in developing in every field, it is reasonable for employer who will put more favorable position to let those “general qualified” people to have. Those employees do will bring a great amount of treasures to the company not only confined into the aspect of technology or skill, but the average performance or morale as well. If one person succeeds, to organize and plan his objectives and aims in his every phase of life will definitely help him to arrive at the ideal destination without other possible obstacles.

Secondly, if one person can initially plan and organize his objective and then take every step successively, success for him is never viewed as one luxurious things or aims. Because such quality is necessary for every person to enjoy the final success, and more importantly, can prevent people from having some injudicious thought, or doing some wrong things. For instance, when I prepare to do something, my friend Ping Li always alerts me that it is necessary for me to consciously make every decision and then to plan or organize the whole picture before I finally do. His aphorisms help me avoid or even circumvent many difficulties that would expend me much more money or occupy my precious time. So when I remember such experience, I now also self-alert myself occasionally. I indeed benefit greatly from such experience in that period.

To sum up, I think whether the circumstance of our modern society more and more comes into being complex, the ability to plan or organize is necessary and indispensable in our society as the basic requirement for every person. Thus, we should positively to face to it.  

Do you agree or disagree:Letting a friend to make a mistake is better than saying or doing something that destroys your friendship.


When it comes to the issue whether we should alert our friends when they encounter with some difficulties or trap into embarrassments, personally speaking, I think it is important and necessary for us to tell our friend to avoid some mistakes or difficulties they may confront with. However, in some occasions, to let friend to individually experience something appears more advisable than tell her or him directly.


To begin with, as being a good friend, we indeed need some excellent or, depict more accurately, indispensable qualities to help us better interact and communicate with others. Based on those qualities, we become more qualified and even more decent. Because, sometimes, our friends, in some cases, need that we inform them of their flaws or mistakes that can help them to realized their deficiencies, and then to correct quickly. For instance, I have one such experience that can better illustrate this point. My friend, Yue Yu, when he prepared for the test about math, I have told him about how to better prepare and what kinds of materials he will need. Initially, he doesn’t believe me. But when I brought my class notes and relative CD materials to him and then recommended him use this notes to analyze course’s syllabus. He began to accept my suggestion. He innitially used these notes to summarize every important point and highlighted knowledge we have been studied. Consequently, his finally excellent score can prove that my suggestion is absolutely right. He told me that you are my best friend, since you can help me by the critical time. From what have been discussed, we can safely draw the conclusion that to point out some mistakes to your friend is necessary and possibly will not hurt your friendship.

Although your friends can understand your purpose to do so, there are certainly possibilities that such doing will do harm your friendship if you cannot properly express your ideas or provide your true suggestions, especially by some bad or radical ways. As an old says goes (and I paraphrase): to let your friend to understand you original purpose, you should use some direct or indirect ways to express your opinions or advices. You may achieve your objective by tricking others. For example, if you let him or her to make mistake which may not exert a devastated influence on her or his future or life enterprise, such experience will become a valuable treasure in her or his life. Instead of letting your friend consciously to avoid some difficulties that may have opportunity to add your friend’s experience, making mistake may not a bad thing. We should look at anything on two sides.

To conclusion, it is wise that we should deal with such things according to the special situations that may better cater for your friend’s conditions. Friendship should be viewed as not only some external aspects but also be regarded as internal aspects. Thus, your friend will know that you are his or her best friends, because you give his or her great effort and valuable experience that your friends hardly obtained from other people.





Do you agree or disagree: cooperate with other is more important in our society than in the past

With the rapid development of our society, people come into being a group and community to confer and then to deal with various types of problems rather than by means of doing independent pattern. I assert that the ability to cooperate with other people appears more important and essential than that in the past for the following reasons.

To begin with, a great amount of things is so complex that we cannot arrange them well at the merely capability of ourselves, since it requires a hyper-comprehensive and even more hyper-specific thinking. If we can properly cooperate with other to speculate on or even to solve, the outcome may be well positive and successful as result of our wisdom to spark a boon. For example, I remember that I was elected by student’s office of college to plan the conducting music’s arrangement in the ceremony of commencement. Because my supervisor just gave me three days to prepare, so I must ask for my roommates to assist me. Firstly, we just planed to conceive of a sketch configuration. Second, we began to carry out our project’s plan. Finally, we fortunately finished this assignment by my supervisor to formulate. From such experience, I start to realize that the importance of ability to cooperate with other to design and then to put one thing into practice cannot be ignored especially when I confront with any kind of troublesome. From what have been discussed, I think no one can deny that cooperation possesses a inevitable essentiality in our modern society, and its unique role also cannot be neglected.

However, if we just overindulge in other’s help or assistance, there are also some types of adverse results to be displayed. Losing independent logical thinking has become one of the most serious potential problems in our present educational issue. Increasing numbers of student are being charged by their teachers and parents. When they face with different questions, not only about their academic aspects, but also about their day life, they tend to be more delicates, more ineptitude, and even more slothful since their invariable and deserved help constantly offered from their parents. Parent’s love, in fact, serves as a barricade between their children’s indigenous creativity, a barricade that may put those children into predicament, and hence imprison their potential individuality. Whether we consider such negative impacts, the common sense has always told us that such outcomes are bound to occur; even such affection may be from your truly original purpose. But, in most cases, the final result is usually negatively reverse.


To sum up, I think everything has two sides, we cannot focus on only one side while overlook possible effect on other side. Cooperation does more important in modern society as a whole, yet we also should consider its negative effect. As an old saying goes and I paraphrase: doing anything just relied on our basic purpose is better than doing over it.  

Do you agree or disagree: Speaking and Writing is equally important in modern society?



Along with the rapid development of our world, communication served as an important role can be divided into two primary ways to express and display one’s ideas and thoughts---speaking, and writing. Although writing as a formal manner is usually used in documentary patterns or other classical forms, in many times, human needs to freely express their opinions and true feelings by speaking, since writing could not be better to put our communication into a favorable or convenient circumstance.  


To begin with, nowadays, we largely rather need to depend on comfortable, even more harmonious background to communicate with each other under drasticallya increasing pace rampanting in present day than on any formal atmosphere. According to a recent survey conducted by Health Center of China, considerably increasing number of people are beginning to suffer from various psychological problems like depression, especially the group of graduates who are now facing with the serious unemployment. After graduating from high school, college, they may expect that they will find a decent, promising job to realize their ambition. However, by crudely competitive job opportunity in status quo, diploma or degree as a paper-credential will be never to equate one’s future to her or his educational background. Under such unprecedented pressure of society as a whole, more and more people also get different types of psychology illness, especially some kinds of potential mental barricade, which is not easy to detect until it would be triggered in some special occasions.  In fact, in most cases, those students are not so much to say that they are lack of necessary academic skills and knowledge as to hold that obvious deficiency in their communication skill as a basic manner to express oneself—speaking skills. Since they cannot freely, at least correctly to communication with each employer to manifest and display their potentiality or other bents.

However, writing also plays overwhelmingly important role in some certain circumstances that we cannot afford to ignore its essentiality. Formal occasion is also present society’s necessity. Frequently, there are some occasions that people need to express their ideas and thoughts under the formal manner. Such as taking ceremony, establishing constitutions or other same level types of law, documentation by way or certain record of writing is also indispensible. Oral speaking, under these common situations, may lose its effect, because there is no effective or concrete record existing. Let us to say, if you want to convince a person to believe the trueness and validity of your opinion about the origination of Sun, you must provide some proper evidence in terms of formal writing records or scientific data to show, or your conception could not be taken or accepted. Sometimes, that a good teaching way is to display or exhibit relative pictures by visual pattern and then using literal materials appears more effective and wise to comprehend than is merely by oral speaking to describing those abstract concepts and phenomena.


When it comes to this issue about the usefulness of writing and speaking in modern society, I think it is important to look at this argument on two sides in every certain circumstance respectively. If not to place a certain or specific background or condition, to prefer each one opinion is not advisable, or at least not prudent.

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发表于 2009-8-5 09:40:31 |只看该作者
【听写】

TOEFL听力通过听写训练提升自己两方面的能力:听力记忆力
&&
敏感度




听写:(听写方法取材来自周华章老师)



如何集中突破: 一个月内,每天用“精力最佳”的时间练习听写。听写时间不宜过长,如果能保证精听,一个小时足矣。



    早上: 6点-7点, 上午 10点-11点, 下午 3点-5点


  

  1. 第一个10天,每天听记,需要每半句话或者一句话停下来,将听到的内容写出(以自己能接受英语思维为主)。但每一次听的句子间隔以5-7个单词为宜,不能只是一个单词一个单词的,如果一次不能写出全部内容,就需要反复听6-7遍,力争做到一字不落的听写。经过一小时的训练后,开始按照听力文本对答案。(注意不能每听写一句话就开始对答案,最少要听写完一整篇文章后才能对答案。之所以要一小时后开始对答案就是要保证这一个小时完全投入的做精听练习。)这个阶段叫做:小词阶段。也就是说对于部分小词汇和高频词汇的敏感度开始提升。 需要注意的是美音的发音和语音问题:连读,弱读,爆破,失音现象等等。 由于全部精力集中在听写每个词上,所以难免产生听力理解力大幅度下降的感觉,但这属于这一阶段的正常现象,只是你自己的错觉而已,不必在意。


2. 第二个10天,方法同上,这时候会对一些小词如: as, have, will, of等非常敏感,并且会对句子的理解进一步加深。这个阶段叫做:整句阶段。也就是说你的理解力会因为对语音现象的逐步熟悉慢慢提升。这个阶段结束后,你的理解力会提升到对于句子的理解上。


3. 第三个10天,方法同上。不仅会对单词,短语,并且对段落的整体意思有所把握。这个阶段叫做:整体理解阶段。 由词汇到句子再提升到段落的理解把握层次上。





跟读:(跟读方法来自Candyrealm与Saavedro)




  
听写是帮助你检查出你听力弱点和听力盲点的方法,但是它是不能帮助你提高听力实力的。若要提升听力能力则需要在听写后进行跟读训练。这就好比去医院做B超,X光和一系列常规测试只能帮助医生更好的了解你的病根和病因所在,但是不能起到治疗的作用。真正能帮助你治病和康复的是对症下药和相关方式医疗。而跟读在听力练习中就相当于对症下药和方式医疗的作用。



1.              一个小时的听写完后,首先从你听过的第一篇文章开始看着你的听写文本和听力原文稿对答案,注意对答案的时候要如听写一样,继续断句一边听这个句子,一边看听力原文稿,然后再看你之前的听写文本改正错误,改正的时候要分析总结为什么当时自己没有听出来,或者听错了。是什么原因:语音发音,词汇不认识,句式复杂,语速太快出现美音的典型连读,爆破等语音现象… … 亦或是其他原因。。。 。。。 只有不断的分析和总结才能更好的更高效的提高。按照这个步骤把这篇文章改正完成。



2.              改正完后,开始重新跟读整篇文章。跟读分为三部(三部跟读法):第一部:断句跟读。看着原文然后大声读出来,要反复跟读每一个断句。要力争模仿跟读到和音频声音语调等能基本重合吻合的地步。第二部:这次跟读和前面不同。前面要出声读,但这次要不出声默读。就是心里想着读,然后和音频同步默读,看着原文听力文字稿。此时你的眼睛看到的是原文的文稿,耳朵听到的是正确标准的美音音频,心里想的是你自己读的结果。这三者合并后,你就能清晰的听到你默读和听力美音音频的细微差距。包括语音语调和语气色彩等。然后继续默读模仿直到能和美音音频基本一致时,方可收手。第三部:这次要断句并且脱稿(不再看原文文字稿)同美音音频同步出声跟读。这次的跟读难度明显高于上面两部。跟读到能基本和美音听力音频语音语调语气重合为佳。




背诵:(背诵方法取材来自周华章老师)  


    1.
每天要把一小时内听错的词汇,短语,句子都要以其所在句子的形式背下来。早上开始听写,晚上背下来。简单地说就是背你听错的句子。因为只有背下来才能加深印象,下次出错的机率才会大幅度降低。之所以要背句子是因为背诵你听错的句子可以大幅度强化你的听力弱点同时提升听觉方面的语感。


2.
由于听写时因为发音语调等听写错误和没有辨认正确的单词或者词组,一定要放到Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary的软件版词典中查阅发音然后反复跟读。很多人不知道这个方法,一味的使用诸如:金山词霸或者剑桥牛津等以英音为主的词典查阅跟读,结果以后听到类似发音还是不能反应出来。请记住:TOEFL是美国ETS举办的英语语言能力考试,其所使用和倡导的必然是美式英语。所以听力以美音发音为主,写作中也要注意单词拼写以美式英语为主为好。
[/B][/B][/B] [/B][/B][/B][/B][/B]





听写练习到什么程度就可以了
      80% within 1 hour              能够以正常的长度句子一遍播放完听下来,然后写出来。 1个小时内平均正确率在80%以上(包含80%)。那么恭喜你你的听力能力已经可以开始做题总结和研究IBT听力部分了。当你提升听力后,综合写作部分的听力以及口语部分的听力问题都会迎刃而解了。
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发表于 2009-8-5 15:52:33 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-8-5 16:35 编辑

【阅读+写作】
Global warming and the permafrost
Thaw point
Jul 30th 2009 | TOOLIK LAKE, ALASKA
From The Economist print edition
Tundra is among the least-studied types of terrain on Earth. That is about to change

THE Arctic tundra is one of the world’s most extensive ecosystems, and the frozen soil known as permafrost(永久冻土), which underlies it, can be hundreds of metres deep. But as the world warms up in response to(这是表述原因的一个同义替换) the millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases being poured into the atmosphere each year, so does the permafrost. As the permafrost thaws, bacteria start chewing up the organic matter it contains. This releases yet more carbon dioxide, as well as methane, another greenhouse gas, which has 25 times the warming potential of CO2. Edward Schuur of the University of Florida in Gainesville, a doyen of the field, estimates that the world’s permafrost contains twice as much carbon as its atmosphere. If even a fraction of that were released as CO2 and methane, it would be bad news.
评注:我昨天刚看了一个[BBC地球系列2大气层.2007]的影片,真正理解了这个问题的严重性,特别是对于更厉害的温室气体甲烷methane,这个真的是bad news,令人恐怖的bad news,这个我们也可以从现在各国领导人对于climate change这个问题的敏感性中略知一二,如果你还没有觉得怎么样,或者你对气候变化好像习以为常,或者是那种一无所知的习以为常,那么我相信你也肯定觉得这些领导人干嘛那么在乎气候变化啊,现在除了金融危机就是气候变化了。确实,这是一个非常严重的问题!

Nor is that all. Thawing permafrost also leaks nitrates and phosphates(硝酸盐和磷酸盐) into the tundra, allowing novel plant species to get a foothold in what was, to start with, a fairly spartan(艰苦的) habitat. It distorts the Earth’s surface, too, creating a landscape of domes and pits known as thermokarst(热卡斯特) because of its resemblance to the karstic terrain of limestone-rich parts of the world. This changes the tundra’s ecology. It also plays havoc with(play havoc with 对...造成严重破坏, 使...陷入大混乱) human structures, such as buildings, roads and pipelines, that sit on top of it. For all of these reasons, then, more research is needed into this icy realm. And that is the object of a project with the unsnappy(snappy是干脆有力) name of Spatial and Temporal Influences of Thermokarst Failures on Surface Processes in Arctic Landscapes, which was kicked off by a group of scientists who gathered in late June at the Toolik Field Station in northern Alaska.

Karsting the first stone
The project, which is led by Breck Bowden of the University of Vermont in Burlington, involves 17 research groups from America and Canada. To start with, they will use a combination of aerial photography, field measurements, and ground- and satellite-based sensors to compile a map of all the thermokarstic areas of Alaska. This will provide a reference point from which changes can be measured.

The team will then try to work out how the development of features such as “retrogressive thaw slumps” and “active-layer detachments” (different ways in which thawing permafrost can cause a hillside to slip) are associated with the local climate, geology and vegetation. They will look, too, at the amount of ice in the ground, and the temperature and the moisture of the soil. All these data will be fed into computer models which, the researchers hope, will allow them to develop an automated way of predicting where and when new features will form, and to monitor them when they appear.

Dr Bowden and his colleagues also hope to understand the impact of thermokarst activity on the structure of the soil, and its nutrient content. They will concentrate on a few sites that can be studied intensively and which are affected by different types of activity. They will measure the amount of carbon, phosphate and nitrate in the soil, together with the rate of plant growth and microbial decomposition. That will let them work out just how “leaky” thawing permafrost is and thus how big its contribution of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere might be, should the worst come to the worst.

It will also help them forecast changes in the tundra’s vegetation. The softening of the soil and the consequent release of nutrients is likely to encourage the growth of shrubs on land that is now dominated by grass, moss and lichens. The researchers will monitor the growth of this vegetation around newly formed thermokarst features and use experimental field plots to test how conditions mimicking such features affect which species will thrive.

Last, the project will try to work out how thawing permafrost will affect the numerous streams, rivers and lakes of the Arctic. Together, these amount to the biggest acreage of water on “dry” land. As water moves through affected areas, it picks up both nutrients and sediment that would otherwise be held in the permafrost’s icy grasp. These, paradoxically, have opposite effects on the growth of algae. The phosphates and nitrates stimulate it whereas the extra sediment suppresses it by trapping nutrients in the beds of such bodies of water.

Muddy waters
It is not only natural habitats and future generations that are threatened by the thawing of the permafrost. People in the here and now are affected, as well. Sediments from a huge thermokarstic area have, for example, dammed the Selawik River in north-western Alaska, interfering with fish and threatening the livelihood of nearby villages. Elsewhere in the state, a combination of melting sea ice and thawing permafrost has exacerbated the erosion of several coastal villages, which will have to be relocated at a considerable cost.

Whether anything short of reversing climate change can be done about all this is a moot(未解决的) question. But at least when the project reports, in five years’ time, the size of the threat will be clearer. The news it brings may not be welcome. But it is surely better than living in ignorance about one of the world’s most important habitats.

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发表于 2009-8-5 23:18:18 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-8-5 23:31 编辑

【听力经典加试汇总】

1) nID CARD
1This conversationtopic什么?

mm要补办id卡。

2Why她拿不到passport
因为在宿舍,她进不去。

3、黑人叔叔怎么确认她的身份?
输入id卡信息,通过电脑确认。

4mm可以怎样补办meal card
补办ID卡的时候一起办。

5、重听题。“You’re glad
(降调)”?(单选)

是说mm问题解决后如释重负。



【女学生丢了钱包(里面有她的student id& meal card& key等东西.),无法回dorm。于是去student service办id card,遇到staff(口音像是一位黑人大叔)把守,说没有id card 不能进去,要么出示dirving license,要么是有头像照片的本本,比如passport什么的。但是女生说,我的wallet丢了,id card没了,passport也在dorm里面,而没有id card,dorm不让进(有题目,问她为什么拿不到passport?)。后来女说这个问题她和dorm负责人说过,有email 到这里做说明,staff查了查,果然如此,然后staff又说如果你能正确说出passport 的number,就让她进去,女学生从容的说出了number,他说OK,你可以进去了,但是你会受到监视.MM说, who cares! MM又说了:她的meal card也掉了.管理员说:你在里面办ID的时候也可以顺便办了meal card. MM说:你真的是帮了我很大的忙啊! 管理员:if you have some other problems, I am glad to help you. MM, you help! (降调的)à有考到态度题,问MM为什么这么说?(记得两选项:1.MM怀疑这个管理员是不是能帮他. 2.MM在解决了所有的问题之后如释重负.)】




2)神经元细胞
1、历史上认为glial cell
的作用?

support neurons and
help the growth of neurons


2、教授imply了什么?
历史上对glial cell
的研究很少。


3glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的?
后来偶然发现大脑中glial cellneuronamount多很多

4glial cell传导信号的方式?
Glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal,而是用chemical conductor(一说chemical communication

5、重听题,教授打断男学生回答的用意?
他已经回答的很complete了。
6、教授暗示大家以后毕业方向可以选择glical cell作研究。

神经元细胞 (四道题)
lecture神经胶质细胞研究。教授说早期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞neuron,让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容,男生说生物电生物电bioelectricity 通过神经细胞传导,通过两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞,有趣的是。。说到这里被教授打断,说他答得已经很完整了(有题,问教授打断他的用意)。神经胶质细胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽视了,人们认为胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用,不是通过生物电,而是化学物质传导。于是总共有三种传导方式,神经细胞间,胶质细胞间,神经和胶质细胞互相传导。而且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大,远多于神经细胞。同时还可能有修复神经细胞,决定哪些神经长的大[记得可能不准]。教授又说,胶质细胞可能与智力有关,越多智商越高,但这不确定。教授说对胶质细胞的研究是一个很open up的领域,建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究(有题)。

重要:biology 讲glial cell。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron(神经元),也叫nerve cell。神经传导通过electrical communication从一个结点传到另一个结点,神经元被认为起主要作用,glial cell研究的很少,一直被忽略,被看作help the growth of neurons  (出题),起辅助作用。后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell比neuron的数目多很多,glial cell引起了科学家的重视,开始研究它究竟起什么作用(此处出题,问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的)。后来有一重大突破, 发现glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal,而是用chemical conductor(一说chemical communication)(此处出题)。传统观点一直误以为glial cell也像nerve cell一样用电信号。后来谈到glial cell可能的作用:使人更intelligent。对glial cell的认识目前十分有限,但相关研究已经开始流行,是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题(此处出题)

Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people’s attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate with others. So glial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell.  
Glial cells (神经胶质细胞)and Neurons (神经细胞)
Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.[1]
Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the "glue"胶水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons供养, to insulate one neuron from another隔开, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons破坏病菌,转移死N.; c9 f8 \, j8 a
Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 'connective tissue' in the brain大脑的连接组织.The human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. [1] Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwent significant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming that "we are using only 10% of our brain". The role of glial cells as managers of communications in the synapse突触 gap, thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recently
In addition to neurons, the nervous system is populated with another category of cells, glial cells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons, but since they are approximately one-tenth the size, they take up equal size, glia is a Greek term meaning glue, researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together, recent research indicates that these cells provide very important contributions.
a neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, integrate, and transmit information, the flow of information moves in the following direction.


【背景知识:


神经系统由中枢神经系统和周围神经系统构成
3 q( d, p  y: }) l9 h
你所说的三个,我想应该指的是:脑、脊髓、周围神经吧。按照组成神经的形态来说,神经系统又主要是由神经元和神经胶质组成的。


1.脑

脑 (英:brain,拉:encephalon)中枢神经系统的主要部分,位于颅腔内.低等脊椎动物的脑较简单.人和哺乳动物的脑特别发达,可分为大脑,小脑和脑干三部分.

(1)大脑:为神经系统最高级部分,由左,右两个大脑半球组成,两半球间有横行的神经纤维相联系.每个半球包括:

①大脑皮层(大脑皮质):是表面的一层灰质(神经细胞的细胞体集中部分).人的大脑表面有很多往下凹的沟(裂),沟(裂)之间有隆起的回,因而大大增加了大脑皮层的面积.人的大脑皮层最为发达,是思维的器官,主导机体内一切活动过程,并调节机体与周围环境的平衡,所以大脑皮层是高级神经活动的物质基础.

②髓质:又称"白质",位于大脑皮层内部,由神经纤维所组成.

③基底神经节:在半球底部的白质中,由神经细胞集中而成.

(2)小脑:在大脑的后下方,分为中间的蚓部和两侧膨大的小脑半球,表层的灰质即小脑皮层,被许多横行的沟分成许多小叶.小脑的内部由白质和灰色的神经核所组成,白质称髓质,内含有与大脑和脊髓相联系的神经纤维.小脑主要的功能是协调骨胳肌的运动,维持和调节肌肉的紧张,保持身体的平衡.

(3)脑干:包括间脑,中脑,脑桥和延髓,分布着很多由神经细胞集中而成的神经核或*神经中枢,并有大量上,下行的神经纤维束通过,连接大脑,小脑和脊髓,在形态上和机能上把中枢神经各部分联系为一个整体.脑各部内的腔隙称*脑室,充满脑脊液.在人体,脑通常分为大脑,小脑,间脑和脑干(包括中脑,脑桥和延髓)四部分.

2.脊髓

脊髓中枢神经系统的低级部位.位于椎管内,呈扁平柱形,上端平枕骨大孔和脑相续,下端呈圆锥形.成人的圆椎末端在第一腰椎下缘,全长约45厘米,平均重30克,在颈部与腰部有两个膨大,与四肢功能有关.从横切面上看,中央为蝴蝶形灰质,周围由白质组成.灰质中央有中央管.灰质向后外突出的部分为后角,与脊神经的后根相连,内含中间神经元;向前方突出的部分为前角,内含运动神经元,其纤维构成脊神经前根;侧角内含植物性神经元.白质由神经纤维组成,按位置可分前索,侧索和后索.分别把脑和脊髓及脊髓内各段联系起来.脊髓的功能有两个方面:一是传导功能,来自大部分器官的神经冲动,先经后根入脊髓,后经上行传导束到脑,脑发出的大部分冲动,通过下行传导束传到脊髓,再经前根传至全身大部分器官.二是反射功能,脊髓灰质中有许多低级的神经中枢,可完成某些基本的反射活动,如排便,排尿等内脏反射和膝跳反射,跖反射等躯体反射.正常情况下,脊髓的反射活动都是在高级中枢控制下进行的.当脊髓突然横断,与高级中枢失去联系后,会产生暂时性的脊休克.脊髓损伤可中断某一水平的生理功能.目前由于医学进步,许多脊髓损伤病人已有可能恢复其生理

3.中枢神经系统

中枢神经系统是神经组织最集中的部位.人的中枢神经系统包括脑和脊髓.脑有大脑,小脑,间脑,中脑,脑桥,延髓.人体的反射活动表现在中枢神经系统.把不同空间和时间的传入冲动进行整合,神经元之间在机能上发生突触联系,使中枢神经系统的活动表现为兴奋的扩散,抑制和反馈.突触在结构和机能上的特性,决定了兴奋传递的单向性,从而使机体对内外界刺激的反应更加协调准确.特别是大脑皮层的高度发展,成为神经系统最重要最高级的部分.

4.周围神经系统

周围神经系统是中枢神经系统以外的神经组织的总称.包括各种神经,神经丛和神经节.周围神经系统的一端同中枢神经系统的脑和脊髓相连,另一端通过各种末梢装置与身体其它器官和系统相联系.周围神经包括12对脑神经,31对脊神经和植物性神经.植物性神经又可分为交感神经和副交感神经.在周围神经系统,神经元集中的部位称神经节.周围神经又可根据功能的不同,分为传入神经,传出神经和混合神经.

5.神经中枢
神经中枢又称反射中枢.中枢神经系统内对某一特定生理机能具有调节作用的细胞群或感受某一种刺激的细胞群.分别分布在中枢神经系统的各个部位,在反射活动中起重要作用.每种反射的中枢结构,称为该反射的中枢.一些简单的反射,只需通过神经系统的低级部位就能完成.如膝跳反射中枢位于腰部脊髓.复杂反射的中枢,在中枢神经系统内分布较广,分布在几个不同的部位.但其中有一最基本部位,如呼吸中枢存在于延髓,脑桥以至大脑皮质,但延髓呼吸中枢是最基本的,其余各级中枢通过影响延髓呼吸中枢来调节呼吸运动,在同一中枢内,神经元之间的联系也是错综复杂的.

什么是神经元呢?它就是神经细胞。神经细胞的形态是多种多样的,在细胞表面有许多突起。所以,科学家们把神经细胞分成胞体和突起两部分来观察和描述。胞体部分和身体其他部位的细胞差不多,也包括细胞膜、细胞浆和细胞核等。较特殊的是神经细胞的胞浆内含有带色素的斑块,称为尼氏小体或虎斑。突起部分有两种,一种突起短而分支多,称为树状突;另一种突起往往较长且只有一个,称为轴突。不论是树状还是轴突均有传导兴奋冲动的作用,就像电线传导电流一样。轴突的结构比较复杂,外面包了一层叫髓鞘的东西,就像电线外面包了一层塑料皮似的。神经胶质也具有非常重要的作用,它对神经细胞具有支持、营养和形成髓鞘的功能。

  轴突和轴突,树状突和树状突,轴突、树状突和细胞体之间都可以通过一个叫突触的结构发生联系。突触之间有两层膜,膜间有个极小的空隙,只有在电子显微镜下才能看到。兴奋冲动从一条神经的轴突传送过来时,在突触前面的那层膜里可产生一些化学物质,如乙酷胆碱、去甲肾上腺素等,这些化学物质再释放到两层膜的空隙内,然后作用于后面的那层膜,这样便可使神经冲动沿着后面那条神经传下去。这种神经传导速度是非常快的,每秒钟可以传送1~100米远。一旦人体受到外界的刺激时,神经冲动就会迅速地从一个神经细胞,通过突触这一途径,一传十、十传百……迅速传到大脑,由大脑皮层进行分析综合,再通过另外一套神经通路,把命令发送到全身,以对外界的刺激做出及时而恰当的反应。

  神经衰弱时,大脑内抑制过程减弱,神经细胞的兴奋性相对增高,这样对外界的刺激可产生强而迅速的反应,从而使神经细胞的能量大量消耗。因此,神经衰弱患者常表现为既容易兴奋,又易于疲劳。另一方面,大脑皮层功能弱化,其调节和控制皮层下植物神经系统功能也减弱,从而出现植物神经功能亢进的一些症状。


3)浪漫主义诗歌
1、浪漫主义诗的特点。
(双选)针对的是个人情感,与古典主义不同。

2、浪漫主义这个称谓是后人加上的,不是他们本身这样称呼自己的

3、重听题,是对古典主义诗的描述,说他们把bird
说成fly people

大概是表现古典主义诗的特征。
4、教授对浪漫主义的态度?

5、说教授在自己散步的时候感受到互动的用意?
作为例子和证据,证明教授的观点:Romanticism针对的是common people而不是少数educated people,用的是simple language,描述的是日常生活中常见的事物,孩子,人类情感,以及自然和人类之间的互动。教授以自己为例,说自己在散步时感受到了这种互动。
6、重听题,大意是说教授认为作者第一阶段的早期作品比较好,但是在课上不对以后的作品作评价,暗示了什么?

浪漫主义诗歌

literature 主要讲了18-19 世纪英国浪漫主义(Romanticism)诗歌的代表人Wardsworth的诗。他是浪漫主义的鼻祖,但浪漫主义这个称谓是后人加上的,不是他们本身这样称呼自己的(此处出题)。Romanticism不是我们平时理解的romance,和男女之间的爱情无关。Romanticism针对的是common people而不是少数educated people,用的是simple language,描述的是日常生活中常见的事物,孩子,人类情感,以及自然和人类之间的互动。教授以自己为例,说自己在散步时感受到了这种互动(此处出题)与romanticism针锋相对的一种风格是neoclassicism新古典主义,也是那位romanticism的鼻祖很反对的。neoclassicism使用太多的elaboration,如sky不叫sky,而叫blue什么的;bird不叫bird,而叫feathered person。教授把该诗人的作品分为三个阶段。早期的浪漫主义作品,主要描述植物的(花与草)诗歌。 中期时是对一些社会现象的评论。后期时对早期的作品进行修改。目前文学界还是认为它早期的作品是最好的。(教授还说,他的诗越写到后来越糟糕,反而早期的比较好,本文重点讲了他第一阶段的诗)。

wordsworth, as we have said, is the chief representative典型的 of some of the most important principles原则 in the romantic movement, but he is far more a member of any movement, through his supreme poetic expression of some of the greatest spiritual ideals he belongs among the five or six greatest English poets.

first, he is the profoundest interpreter of nature in all poetry. his feeling for nature has two aspects. he is keenly sensitive, and in a more delicately discriminating way than any of his predecessors, to all the external beauty and glory of nature, especially inanimate nature of mountains, woods and fields, streams and flowers, in all their infinitely varied aspects. a wonderful joyous and intimate sympathy with them is one of his controlling impulses.
In the second place, wordswoth is the most consistent of all the great English poets of democracy, though here as elsewhere his interest is mainly not in the external but in the spiritual aspect of things.

the obstinacy and these poems are only the most conspicuous result of w's chief temperamental defect, which was an almost total lack of the sense of humor. regarding himself as the prophet of a supremely important new gospel, he never admitted the possibility of error in his own point of view and was never able to stand aside from his poetry and criticize it dispassionately.

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发表于 2009-8-5 23:18:44 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-8-5 23:34 编辑

4)鸟的迁徙
学生:老师,写paper时遇到问题,我没有足够的材料。
老师:(反问)你找不到足够的材料写关于鸟类迁徙的paper
学生:我写的是关于古代鸟类的迁徙,所以才觉得材料不够。
老师:哦,的确是个好题目。但是你要知道我的要求是希望你们的论文能够显示你这学期学了什么内容。
学生:那我写Aristotle关于这个题目的看法吧。
老师:我的要求是希望你们运用所学知识研究来完成paper
不要做summarization,希望他换一种想法,可以写以前的old theory,
然后现在的这些新研究如何支持或者驳斥这些theory

学生:可以写bird migrate at night,人们大多只看到大鸟,所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的,其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞。或者写一种不迁徙只冬眠的鸟。
老师:算了吧。才15页的报告就不要那么折腾成这样,但是想法挺不错。希望你一周后再来一下,看一看他确定的方向。
1、你找不到足够的材料写关于鸟类迁徙的paper?这句话什么意思?
2、教授是如何帮助学生的?
3、学生为什么说小鸟晚上迁徙?而不是在大鸟翅膀下迁徙?
验证自己是否领悟了老师的意图:Change the topic from ancient to recent
4、?
5、?
鸟类迁徙bird migration
一个学生找老师因为他要写的bird migration的报告,但找不到足够多的材料,老师认为不可能材料不够(出现考点:问教授这话什么意思,答案是她认为找resource应该easy),男生说因为他要写得paper是关于古代鸟类迁徙的,所以资料不够。教授的说:“哦你确实找到了一个好的题目,但是你要知道我的要求是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。”后来他说想写关于Aristotle关于这个题目的看法之类的,老师说她的要求是希望他们运用所学知识研究来完成paper 不要做summarization,希望他换一种想法,可以写以前的old theory, 然后现在的这些新研究如何支持或者驳斥这些theory,接着他想到可以写bird migrate at night,人们大多只看到大鸟,所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的,其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞(通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent)。后来他又想写一种不迁徙而是冬眠的鸟,又被老师拒绝了,老师说才15页的报告就不要那么折腾成这样,但是想法挺不错。最后老师希望他一周后再来一下,看一看他确定的方向。
People think small birds do not migrate. But birds migrate at night and the small birds are under the wing of big wings. So they are invisible to people. Then the student wants to write a bird that not migrate but hibernate, but the teacher denies his idea. At last, the teacher hopes that he can come a week later and see his new topic.
He can not find sufficient material for the bird migration. But the teacher thinks it is impossible. They he wants to write some ideas from Aristotle. But the teacher says that her request is to apply their knowledge to accomplish the paper. So he should change the topic.


5)大王花
1、大王花生长在什么样的环境当中?
2、大王花为什么吃虫子?
通过这种方式来获取所需的营养
3、共存?
4、为什么很少有人有机会看到开花的全过程?
因为要这么多先天条件凑齐不易
5、?
6、?
大王花Rafflesia
教授一开始就介绍植物分类,提到分类中的species种,genus属,order目。说植物的classification 很难,一些特性比较特殊的植物特别是这个样子。提出植物的分类不能完全依靠它flower的形态和特性。提到Rafflesia(大王花),开花石会散发腐臭的味道,以吸引蝇类传播花粉。她举了Indonesia的一种植物M,它的flower很特别,超级大(图片显示它的直径有一个手臂这么长,颜色为绛红,也许会牛人知道它是何种植物),有难闻的味道,象什么肉,但是最后发现他们不是一个order 的。生长在很恶劣的环境中,其它的植物都不能生长(题目一:它生长在什么样的环境当中?) 这种植物有事物的来源,但是它还是会抓insect吃,因为它不能从土壤中得到足够的营养,所以要通过这种方式来获取所需的营养(题目二:为什么吃虫?)然后教授说了它怎么抓虫的? 经过很长时间的研究,专家发现它和violet(紫罗兰)、willow(柳树) 等是属于一个order的,后提到幼时的violet,也会散发那种smell的。提到共存(考题,)有提到另一种南美洲的植物和它是同一目的,但是花很小,味道也不难闻,与蓝莓共生coherent。学生提问不能测DNA吗,教授说这种大花基本不进行光合作用,没法提取一般植物能提取到的DNA。在DNA分析技术成熟之前根本无法将他们并为同类,由于他们的特征差异太大。教授还提到这种植物的交配不易,其一气味难闻致使传蜜的动物不易接近,其二它每年只开一次花,且花分雌雄。所以要这么多先天条件凑齐不易,所以很少有人有机会看到开花的全过程。(考题)所以,结论,不可以貌取人。后来又讲了这种花很有可能灭绝,原因是要fly帮忙运花粉,要同种的花在一起,要。。。。要这些条件同时发生,是小概率事件。Small incident。


大王花〔腐尸花〕的介绍
俗名:腐尸花(Corpse flower),莱佛士亚花(Rafflesia
学名:Rafflesia
中文科名:大花草科
英文科名:Rafflesiaceac

简介:
大王花一般的直径为108公分,最大纪录可达126公分,大王花为雌、雄异花。一朵花有五个瓣,三十多斤重,花中心可装十多斤水。果实为直径约15公分的球体,具木质化、棕色的表面,充满乳白色、富脂质的果肉及上千个红棕色的种子于其中。
大王花它没有叶子,也没有茎,它是种寄生植物,专靠吸取别的植物的营养来生活。它的种子很小,用肉眼几乎难以看清。它的种子传播也有点懒气,小种子带粘性,当大象或其它动物踩上它时,就会被带到别的地方生根、发芽,进行繁殖。大王花生长在马来西亚、印度尼西亚的爪哇和苏门答腊等热带森林中。
大王花生长在500700公尺高度的热带雨林中,由于没有四季之分,所以不一定会在什么时候冒出来。不过根据当地人的说法,每年的510月,是它最主要的生长季。当它刚冒出地面时,大约只有乒乓球那么大,经过几个月的缓慢生长,花蕾有乒乓球般的体积,变成了甘蓝菜般的大小,接着5片肉质的花瓣缓缓张开,等花儿完全绽放已经过了两天两夜了。令人难以相信的是,大王花好不容易开出来的巨大花朵,居然只能维持45天,而且在这45天中,花朵会不断地释放出一种奇特的臭味,好让大型的动物自然迴避,而让一些逐臭的昆虫来为它传粉做媒。当花瓣凋谢时,会化成一堆腐败的黑色物质,不久,果实也成熟了,里头隐藏着许许多多细小的种子,随时准备掉入地中,找寻适当的发芽地点。
大王花的名字是取自英殖民地时的Sir Stamford Raffles1818年时,Sir Stamford Raffles和他的朋友Dr. James ArnoldManna这个地方发现了最大的大王花品种(直径40公分,重7公斤),并取名Rafflesia arnoldii。目前被确定的品种共有16种,而16种大王花的品种皆生长在东南亚一带,印尼的苏门打腊(Sumatra

加哇岛
Java);马来西亚(拥有15个品种)。
遗憾的是,由于鲜少人知道此花的繁殖的方法,所以只能依赖自然传播,加上此花拥有药用价值(用于妇女分娩),故被采割,此外,长出大王花的地方被视为土地肥沃,而使用於其他用途;没有良好的保护导致大王花逐渐减少。无论如何,1997年沙巴野生保护法令制定,大王花为保护植物。在2002年,有关当局发现44/83的大王花在保护环境以外,故此,他们派员寻找、监督,并希望将来大王花与其生长的环境可以不再受破坏。

6Ragtime music
E

1、女学生说了一堆后,来了一句
I just don't get it
,是什么意思?

要求教授explain一下

2park演出等不用钢琴,为什么?
Because of transportation problem

3、?
4、?
5、?
6、?
Ragtime music
Ragtime介绍了一种流行于美国十九世纪左右名为ragtime的音乐,能够表现年青人的活力(spirit of youth)之类的,此乐流行是由于piano的关系,因为两者真是太搭配了。在那个年代,在各种场合都用钢琴。此乐当时流行程度,(like Rock & Roll在某一时期一样)。这里出现考点,女学生说了一堆后,来了一句 I just don't get it,意思是要教授explain,还说piano 之所以当时那么受欢迎,一是因为它能与音律产生和谐,另一是因为当时它算一种财富地位的象征什么的symbol of wealth and status。再加上,那个年代,大家都没钱,就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐,而piano声音够响亮,又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝,所以,两者相得益彰这个音乐年轻人很喜欢,因为很有激情。除了到处演出啊,park演出等不用钢琴,因为难搬(出现考点)because of transportation problem。 同时,此乐也是 jazz的前身,因为演奏者不按牌理出牌,一首曲七个人弹,弹出七种调。 这种regtime音乐影响很远啊,例如现在的jazz就是从那发展来的。
Ragtime 拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐)

Ragtime is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1899 and 1918. It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz. It began as dance music in popular music settings years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. A composition in this style is called a "rag". A rag written in 3/4 time is a "ragtime waltz".
Ragtime is not a "time" (meter) in the same sense that march time is 2/4 meter and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating". He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing...".[1] The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number.

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发表于 2009-8-5 23:39:07 |只看该作者
【听力加试机经续】

第十题(加试-conversation)
The student is complaining the noise and dust made by the construction out of the library since they have to take some classes during this summer break. The housing officer says that she cannot help this situation, she cannot change the schedule of the construction as the man suggests, since the construction is decided by a special committee and funded several months ago. Then the man suggests the construction team to move to another side of the building. But it is too difficult to move anything. Later the officer suggests that maybe they can apply for another dormitory, but she needs contact with housing first.
Questions:
1>Why the man go to the office?
2>What can be inferred from what the woman talks?

第十一题(加试-lecture)
大概是讲咖啡怎样被decaffeinated(脱去咖啡因)而不破坏原来味道,然后包装。
有一个图。讲gas怎样在高温高压下XX(忘了这个物理名词)。decaffeinate就是这个原理。咖啡豆经过这个过程到一个罐,然后又经过另一物理过程,就crystalize(明确)了,可以包装了。
Questions
1>Main topic
2>What is the theory the process uses
3>Describe the process in the order of happening

第十二题(加试-lecture)
Size of population and the rank of the city 长期看都是有规律可寻的。如一个什么定律,一个语言学家发现的,字母的出现频率其实是有规律的。人们通过虚拟城市等的设计发现,这条规律确实存在,不仅是失业率,还是人口,还是整个社会的发展。

营销里面的4M money media market message)
market 注重定位 抓住潜在 顾客和市场media 包括TV 和杂志 EG:针对年轻老师的产品就应该在年轻老师喜欢看的杂志上做告,举了一个和teach有关的杂志名,还有又说了另一个和teach 相关的杂志,老师不喜欢~就算了money 和健康有关的产品 在假期之前做广告实惠message soup的例子

121
听力 MS第一次出现
1 常听到人形容艺术的人很有天分, 16th 的艺术家,很多都是为了餬口去沙龙上班,所谓的创作只是模仿当时流行的画风。工作室中养了许多艺术家,共同完成一件艺品。另外有一种艺术家是从技师出身,制作颜料或雕刻工具,转行做艺术品。举例一双好靴子要兼具好看跟好穿就是这个道理。
2 动物中的阶级,当王的那个有好处,譬如优先进食、休息区比较大。male有王, female也有王。若打架打输了,就会被同族看不起,失去王的地位。有的动物上级管下级,下级管再下级,有的就一只是首领,管全部的。举了一种狼做例子。但是统治地位不是固定的,比如鹿要是没了鹿角,就失去了统治地位。有时候动物会用些方法巩固地位,比如猴子~~但是当 leader也有缺点,外族来犯他可就忙了
3 绿色产品一开始他们就做过市调,针对环保意识程度分组,找出目标族群。产值仍然不高,可能因素一为愿意掏腰包的人是小众,产值不高,二是价格太贵,想买也买不下手。老师建议推广绿色产品可以从环保以外的方向着手,例如环保冰箱既环保又省钱,这样买的人就多了。
北美加考
1 对话:某女生不明白教授对其论文评语,称自己随便挑了个社会学家理论写论文,许多内容不赞同,因此写得牵强;教授要求女生不应只罗列事实,应写出因果关系;可以博采众家理论,易于理解。
2 讲座:北美墨西哥地区一古代文化雕塑特征:大,3 米高;头像带头盔,即可解释为盔甲,也可解释为足球帽;嘴像美洲豹的嘴,像征统治者。要求学生要通晓考古、人类等多门学科,才能更全面了解古代地区文化。

4 讲座:撒哈拉沙漠成因,不是因为人类活动,而是因为地球公转轨道,季风吹走降雨,地下水等造成。人们发现沙漠严重,迁往埃及,造成埃及文明繁荣。

10
18

从以后的JJ来看,好像就出现过一次~

1 对话: 学生在图书馆场景。一男生来取打印的 paper,因为晚上就要做 presentation 了。管理员说一直在和他联系,因为他没有在申请打印的表格上钩出要黑白的还是彩色的。
结果图书馆只给复印了黑白的,而学生很急,因为他要彩色的。后来管理员提供了方法
(这里我不确定了,不知道是不是先打印一份给教授)。然后要付加急费,但是因为只
要打一份彩色的,可以省钱。
2对话:师生讨论论文场景。一个女生上了语言课,老师布置写论文,她就去找老师讨论说要写有关方言的问题(有题),因为她在和同宿舍的同学相处的时候发现,大家虽然
来自不同的地方,但是会根据对方说话的模式不同调节自己说话的方式(有题),她认
为自己学校有很多外来的学生,就决定做这个研究探讨这个模式是怎样的,教授说要她
注意研究范围(有题),还说好,等她做完了计划告诉他一声(有题)。这个做得好,但
看来属于不算分的了。
3 演讲:有关冰山(ice slip)融化和移动问题,分析移动的各种因素,移动的速度。
4 演讲:美国黑人编的东西(quill 还是什么,忘了)。说有个展览,都是这种东西,每个都有自己的特点,但是还是有一定共性的。比如有图案会用大量的几何图形,像长方形,
还有用亮色。还有的这个冬冬上面还有画,图案是某个事件,看图就好像在看故事。举
了一个棒球手的例子,好像是这个棒球手上了衣服上。一般重要的人或者事。还有就是过去人穷,没什么材料,只好把别的衣服拆拆做成这个(一说随手取材)。

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发表于 2009-8-5 23:50:57 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-8-11 23:59 编辑

【阅读经典加试】
1)苏美尔文明

Sumerian Civilization


Paragraph One
Q1
选C
原文
It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time.
题干
1. The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important
(B) unknown
(C) amazing
(D) interesting


Q2
选C
原文
Between 3500 and 3000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaohic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers”.
题干
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect
choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.




Paragraph Two
Q3
选A
原文
As a consequence, the political history of ancient Mesopotamia has no underlying theme of the sort that divine kingship provides for Egypt. Local rivalries, foreign incursions, the sudden upsurge and equally sudden collapse of military power – these are its substance.
题干
3. The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power


Paragraph Three
Q4
选A
原文
The origin of the Sumerians remains obscure. Their language is unrelated to any other known tongue.
题干
4. The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear
(B) unique
(C) controversial
(D) important


Q5
选A
原文
Unfortunately, the tangible remains of Sumerian Civilization are extremely scanty compared to those of ancient Egypt. Building stone being unavailable in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians used mud brick and wood, so that almost nothing is left of their architecture except the foundations. Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, although some richly endowed tombs in the shape of vaulted chambers below grounded from the early dynastic period have been found in the city of Ur.
题干
5. The author mentions “Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter” in order to
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.


Q6
选D
原文
这道题目属于纯粹的推断题,因为City of Ur位于美索不达米亚,而美索不达米亚恰恰在两河流域,所以选D。
题干
6. According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in
(A) Egypt
(B) Persia
(C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates


Q7
选B
原文
Our knowledge of Sumerian Civilization thus depends very largely on chance fragments brought to light by excavation, including vast numbers of inscribed clay tablets.
题干
7. The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random
(B) very large
(C) surprising
(D) relatively small


Q8
选C
原文
(A)  
Local rivalries, foreign incursions, the sudden upsurge and equally sudden collapse of military power – these are its substance. (Paragraph Two)
(B)  
Thus the facts of geography tended to discourage the idea of uniting the entire Mesopotamian area under a single head. Rulers who had this ambition did not appear, so far as we know, until about a thousand years after the beginnings of Mesopotamian civilization, and they succeeded in carrying it out only for brief periods and at the cost of almost continuous warfare. (Paragraph Two)
(C)  
没有
(D)
Building stone being unavailable in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians used mud brick and wood, so that almost nothing is left of their architecture except the foundations. (Paragraph Three)
题干
8. According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT
(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures.


Q9
这道题目拿不准,据说应该是插在第四个方块。估计应该在这两句话中间。请大家给我反馈。
原文
Our knowledge of Sumerian Civilization thus depends very largely on chance fragments brought to light by excavation, including vast numbers of inscribed clay tablets. Yet we have learned enough to form a general picture of this vigorous, inventive and disciplined people.
题干

9. Look at the four
[]
that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Click on a square
[]
to add the sentence to the passage.



Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like.

Where would the sentence best fit?


Paragraph Four
Q10
选D
原文
Nor was the idea of divine ownership treated as a mere pious fiction. The god was quite literally believed to own not only the territory of the city-state but also the labor power of the population and its products. All these were subject to his commands, transmitted to people by his human steward. The result was an economic system.
题干
10. According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”?
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.


Q11
选A
原文

题干
11. The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial
(B) fixed
(C) valuable
(D) limited


Q12
选D
原文
(A)  
Each Sumerian city-state had its own local god, who was regarded as its king and owner.
(B)  
The local god, in return, was expected to plead the cause of his subjects among his fellow deities who controlled the forces of nature such as wind and weather, water, fertility, and the heavenly bodies.
(C)  
It also had a human ruler, the steward of the divine sovereign, who led the people in serving the deity.
(D)
没有
题干
12. In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states.


文章大意


第一段:人类文明在同一时期出现在两个分离的地方:埃及和美索不达米亚(Mesopotamia)。这两个相互竞争的(rival)文明中心各自保持着其不同的特点,并且其命运(destinies)在很多方面交织(interwoven)在一起。但是底格里斯(Tigris)和幼发拉底(Euphrates)河谷不像尼罗河(Nile)那样受位于其侧面的沙漠的保护,因此没有天险可守,容易受到入侵(encroach)。
第二段:因此,在美索不达米亚地区想要建立统一的政权是很难的。即使有这样的政权,也是存在很短并且是以持续的战争为代价。所以该地区没有像埃及那样神圣的君主体制(divine kingship),反而充满了动荡。而在此背景下存在的苏美尔人的文化和艺术遗产就更加非凡。
第三段:苏美尔人的起源是不清楚的(obscure)。他们的语言独立于其他文明,并且发展了独特的“楔形文字”(wedge-shaped character)。只可惜这些文字刻在泥板上,所以很难像埃及文字那样流传下来。由于缺少石头,只能用泥砖和木头造房子,因此留下来的建筑几乎没有,使得我们对苏美尔文明的了解只能靠考古发掘(excavation)。
第四段:每一个苏美尔的城邦国家都有自己当地的一个神(local god),而他们的国王被认为是神的仆人(steward),带领人们一起服务于神(deity)。

【另】
Mesopotamia的背景:美索不达米亚亚洲西南部 Tigris 和Euphrates 两河流域间的古王国,美索不达米亚古代西南亚介于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的一个地区,位于现在的伊拉克境内。可能在公元前5000年以前就开始有人在此定居。这一地区孕育了众多的人类早期文明,其中包括苏美尔文明、阿卡德文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。蒙古侵略者在公元1258年破坏了该地区发达的灌溉系统之后,这一地区的重要性就此减小。其中巴比伦文明以其成就斐然而成为两河流域文明的典范,古巴比伦王国与古埃及、古印度和中国构成了人们所说的世界四大文明古国。

尼罗河文明:发源于非洲尼罗河(Nile)流域,又称古埃及文明,其历史也可追溯到公元前4000年。公元前3100年左右,上埃及国王美尼斯统一上下埃及,开始了史称的埃及王朝时期,也就代表了古埃及文明的正式开始。

美索布达米娅文化Sumerian civilization

第一段:美文化和埃及文化同时,但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。(有题)平原,经常受到入侵,四周沙漠,生活好,不统一。开头,it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化,并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化,一个是两河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼罗河,河水孕育了富饶的土地,两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。M地不一样,河水土地narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障

第二段:直到一种S人来统一,说了他们的来源和历史,他们建立了一种s文化

第三段:S文化的实物遗迹少,这又两方面原因:一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。所以对S的了解主要基于文字。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的,所以一直没有人提出统一的想法,很久以后才有,可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的,很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件,那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子,所以和埃及不一样,现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板,上面刻着文字,只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了,这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。

第四段:在S文化中最重要的是宗教,每一个城市有一个local god, god无比神圣拥有一切,代表本城在她的fellow中议事。(有题)社会的经济市场就是以寺庙为中心,由牧师组织交易,所以很多的牧师纪录都与此有关。

Mesopotamia culture一种civilization(文明社会)还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河civilization和Egypt civilization(埃及社会)的。他们同时存在,有交流,但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt的体制根两河的政治体制不一样,一个united under 一个联合体制下,另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format联合体制。另外两河的文明很少有tangible substance (确实的物质)留下来,因为他们的architecture structure(建筑结构)与Egypt不一样,对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。还讲了两河的local lord(封建地主),这人不是fiction的,他对他那个city state具有很大的influence,文中讲到的是economic aspect(经济方面)同时,他传话通过一个叫做人君的人传话。讲Mesopotamia的culture,和Egypt的文化对比。因为两者是两河流域的同时发展起来的文化(考:Mesopotamia文化是独立于independence Egypt的文化)然后讲述Mesopotamia culture的特点:建筑物没有Egypt的牢固,文化没有文字记载等。好像有个考题:location of Ur。)

(1)astonishing = amazing(令人惊奇的)obscure = unclear

(2) 在公元XXX年,尼罗文化和M文化同时发展。对原文这句话的同意改写。A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3,500 and 3,000 BC at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.

(3) M地很少出现一个唯一的统治者,即使有,掌权时间也是很短暂的。地理上容易受外界侵袭,不像埃及那样,有唯一的统治者。埃及有divine kingship, M地内乱外乱一堆,内乱和外乱是替换。内乱外侵are its substitute.考察指代,its substitute是什么、我选的divine kingship /the political history of ancient Mesopotamia。 即使M地这么乱,它的culture and artistic continuity are remarkable.

(4) obscure = unclear

(5) 虽然在city of Ur.发现了一些富人的坟墓。这句话的作用?对M地的了解只能通过extraction的东西,上面有vast XXX。/to provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society。

(6) Ur城市地点在哪里?前一段末尾说M地的什么在两河交流处。本段说m人来自P地,在southern M地。选项记得三个,egypt, northern M,两河交汇处。我选的最后一个near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

(7) vast这个词的意思 我选的large number

(8) 那个对m地文化的描述不对?我选的:文化和艺术发展不连续continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved. M地的文字和其他的文化没有什么联系。M地人没有埃及那样对hereafter来世的概念。而且他们的建筑材料是mud and wood,不持久,虽然在city of Ur.发现了一些富人的坟墓。

(9) 为什么说那个 divine XXX 不是fiction?the idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.

(10) ....a considerable part of harvest... considerable是什么意思?选表示很多的/substantial那个词。

(11) 对M地神的描述哪个不对?我选的,一个神和另一个神打架The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-stated.。

(12) 插入,插入文字:虽然学者们对M地的研究取得了如此成就,我们对M地人的生活了解很有限第( 4个方块)。M地不同地区有不同的god和human ruler。human ruler带领人们进行祭神的活动。god不仅呼风唤雨,对土地有所有权,而且能够分配人力资源,还能XXX。divine的XXX不是fiction,从M地的神身上就能看出来。M地有divine socialism,神庙条配人力和庄稼。所以说,虽然writing是宗教相关的,我们会发现神庙的记录都是和经济和农业相关的。

(13) 考察全文主要内容的多项选择。

Ancient Egyptian Civilization
政治统一了很久时间
有相当多建筑物遗址

Sumerian Civilization
城邦国家是一个特色
从文件中所记载
这一个文明受到外部的侵略

答案 1.c,  2.c,  3.b, 4.a,  5.a   6.d   7.b   8.c   9.d   10.a   11.d  
12.d   13.a, f / c, d, g

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本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-8-12 00:01 编辑

2)达尔文进化论
关于natural selectionDarwin natural selection本来需要long time evolution 来验证,本文则是用了两个relatively short evolution's examples support natural selection1st,人为控制条件。有一种鱼,在predator多的时候,life-span, size, mate, reproduction都有变化,为什么变化。然后,再将一部分放入predator少的pool中,offspring发生了很多changes,比如比它们的ancestor size上要大,下egg少了,等等。整个实验耗时11y2ed,自然条件变化。我们需要做的只是observe。讲的是finch,有关它们beak的大小的。causelethal drought。自然选择对生物的影响(与达尔文的不同)两个例子,guppy predator多和少池塘里生活,大小不同 offspring 的大小多少)和一种鸟在小岛上适应干旱( large &small) Darwinnature selection 开始讲到生物的自然演变要经历很长的时间,这种限制是Darwin当时不能用experiment证明nature selection的原因(第一题考),然后讲了现代生物学家发现在短期可以观察到nature selection给动物的一些特性带来的变化。举例时用guppy这种鱼,他们生活在下游时由于predator很多,所以繁殖的速度很快;但当科学家把他们带到上游生活(那里的predator很少),他们的繁殖的速度明显变慢了。
又举了一个bird的例子,当干旱(drought)时那些站着长而硬的beakbird往往能生存下来(这里考了个生词decimationdestruction),这样一来这一地区的这种bird很快都有了长而硬的beak(考:长而硬的beak可以打碎large sizegrain
开头,达尔文认为自然选择are too slow for people to witness.
1 witness是什么意思,选observe
2 为什么达尔文这么认为?选自然选择要进行很长一段时间。R科学家那guppy做试验。
3 试验描述guppy总是grow as quickly as possible to mate,产生as many offsprings.早熟的代价是life span变短,每个offspring也不能得到太多母guppyengergythe risk of early death are offset by other risks.说的这一段是什么作用?前一段末尾说了,R put the predications into test.这段是描述试验,测试猜测。
4 offset这个词的意思?balanced R又测试,把guppy从捕食者多的地方放到捕食者少的pool里养,他们相对晚熟,活的更久,每窝产更少的蛋,蛋的个头比对比组都大。
5 对上述内容那个说法不对?对,每窝产更多卵。有些自然选择不需要人的干预就能在短时间内发生。
6 插入,插入内容是,在这种情况下,生物学家只要活的久就能观察到变化。某地干旱,一对夫妇学者观察那里的一种鸟, birds with small beaks only eat small seeds. birds with long beaks could eat large seeds because their beaks are strong enough to break the large seeds.干旱的时候小种子少,嘴短的鸟死了,嘴长的鸟存活。存活的鸟和第二年的鸟交配,后代的鸟嘴整体变长。雨量又充足的时候,又足够小种子,这个时候,新出生的鸟的鸟嘴又变短了。
7 长嘴鸟的优势?打碎种子。
8 鸟嘴和guppy试验的共同点?好像选的都在相对短的时间发生,自然选择人类可以观察到。
9 雨量充足的日子鸟嘴又变短了,忘了考的什么题目。
10 考察全文主要内容的多选
【另】
1. 达尔文的进化论着重强调由于环境变化什么的动植物要经过很长时间的进化才形成新物种。但有些人提出短时间内物种也能进化。有一种鱼,放在下游,还有好多predator,所以这些鱼的繁殖速度加快,baby与鱼比以前大,质量差,畸形多,所以就不会超负荷。而且长得快。放在上游,并且有很少predator,它们的繁殖速度就慢,而且baby鱼不大并且生长速度慢。
说有一种鸟,有的嘴大有的嘴小。最小的就只能吃小的seed/nut。有一段时间干旱,种子大,死了好多鸟,可调查研究发现,死的鸟是有规律的。斯的大多是小嘴的鸟。后来天气恢复正常之后,发现那些后代鸟比以前的嘴大了。雨量充沛的话,鸟的嘴又比以前小了。

达尔文的进化论要求很长期才能看出来进化特征,文章举了两个例子关于短期进化实验:
1。人工干预的实验,一种鱼类,在深海有很多天敌,浅海天敌较少,把他们放在天敌很多的环境中让他们生活,若干年后,这些鱼开始生命周期缩短,产卵早,母鱼不抚养幼鱼。再把他们放回浅海后,由若干年观察他们,他们产卵比最初减少,但体积增大。
2。自然实验:一个岛上有一种鸟,一次大干旱,很多喙小的鸟灭绝了,因为喙大的鸟能够更好地摄取食物;后来自然条件恢复,发现那些鸟的喙又逐渐减小。大题目是总结题

2.
动物向大体积进化的理论:大体积生物不灵活,趋向于进化的终结,举了两个例子:
1。大象,四肢等身体特征和体积庞大很有关系
2。鲸鱼,靠水支撑体重(有考题),与大象同源于一种啮齿动物,祖先体积小,生活在浅滩,有后肢,后来变成鲸鱼(有考题关于变化特征)。


进化论(evolution)在19世纪后用于生物学,专指生物由简单到复杂、由低级到高级的变化发展。又称演化论。evolution一词来自拉丁文evolutio,表示展开或把一个卷紧的卷松开的意思。


1、进化论/自然选择
生物学的文章,关于进化的一些最新发现。首先说达尔文提出由于物种进化需要很长的时间,因此不可能会被人类观察到。但是最近的一些发现却说明某些物种进化时间很短,可以被科学家所观察。然后,提出了一个关于环境与物种生存周期的假说,还说某个科学家研究一种鱼类证明了这个假说的合理性。这种鱼在高处和低处都有,在低处的鱼捕食者较多,生存环境较为恶劣。科学家把低处的鱼放到高处,大概十几年后,这些鱼体型变大了,生长周期变慢了,产的卵更大了,等等。然后说了另一个科学家的研究。这个科学家研究鸟类,其中一种鸟的喙比另一种的大。某年,这些鸟类生存的地区气候变迁,某种坚果的产量下降;喙小的鸟只能吃较小的坚果,而喙大的鸟既能吃小的坚果,也能吃大的更硬的坚果;于是更多的喙大的鸟存活了下来。而且,这些存活的鸟的后代的喙都增大了4%。后来的内容记不清了,文章主要就是这样了。

4观察进化
第一段引入:达尔文觉得因为人类不能观察进化因为它太长了,当然实际并非如此
第二段:说了一个科学家在自然环境下的一个试验:在某条河的上下游居住着数量不同的predicators of fish,科学家用了这个环境来检验一个理论:能让最多后代活下来的种群有最大的进化优势。
第三段:科学家用这个理论作了一个分析推理,得出结论:下游的鱼应该产更多的卵,有更快的成熟率才能适应进化。(有题考本段意义)
第四段:科学家把下游的鱼放到上游,结果证明了理论
第五段:自然会自己做实验,如果人有幸遇到了,就只需观察。一对科学家夫妇就是这样。某地的旱涝情况变化很大,影响了某种坚果的产量,当地拥有大beak的鸟因为可以打破beak小的鸟不能打开的坚果所以在旱年有更大的成活率

其中一篇是讲生物进化的。开头讲了达尔文对生物进化的一个错误认识:生物进化需要很长时间,一个人不可能在一生中观察到生物的进化。后面举了两个例子反驳。一个是某科学家发下同一种鱼在一条河的不同流域进化出不同的生长方式。在下游,因为有很多天敌,这种鱼生长速度变快,为了尽早繁殖下一代,而且幼鱼的数量很多但是都比较弱小。而上游流域由于没有什么天敌,同一种鱼的生长速度要慢。这个科学家把一些下游的鱼弄到上游区,11年后发现转移到上游的鱼该变了很多。成熟速度变慢,体型比原来大了10%,而且幼鱼特体型也增大了。第二个例子是在某海岛上有一年突然干旱了很久,岛上的一种鸟1200个中饿死了1000个,另一个科学家却发现幸存的并非因为侥幸。幸存的鸟的喙Beak都比较大,可以吃大个的草籽和小个的草籽,而饿死的都是小Beak,不能吃大个的草籽。转年这些鸟生下的了小鸟的Beak要比原来的鸟Beak大。而几年以后下了大雨,有了很多小草籽,适合Beak小的鸟吃,鸟的后代的喙又变小了。在几年中鸟喙的大小不断根据环境变来变去。

对照补充:关于natural selection:Darwin 的natural selection本来需要long time evolution 来验证,本文则是用了两个relatively short evolution's examples 来support natural selection。

开头,达尔文认为自然选择are too slow for people to witness. 首先说达尔文提出由于物种进化需要很长的时间,因此不可能会被人类观察到。但是最近的一些发现却说明某些物种进化时间很短,可以被科学家所观察。然后,提出了一个关于环境与物种生存周期的假说,还说某个科学家研究一种鱼类证明了这个假说的合理性。自然选择对生物的影响(与达尔文的不同)两个例子,guppy 在predator多和少池塘里生活,大小不同 (offspring 的大小多少)和一种鸟在小岛上适应干旱( large &small) 讲Darwin的nature selection,开始讲到生物的自然演变要经历很长的时间,这种限制是Darwin当时不能用experiment证明nature selection的原因(第一题考),然后讲了现代生物学家发现在短期可以观察到nature selection给动物的一些特性带来的变化。

1st一种鱼,人为控制条件。有一种鱼,在predator多的时候,life-span, size, mate, reproduction都有变化,为什么变化。然后,再将一部分放入predator(掠食者)少的pool中,offspring(后代)发生了很多changes,比如比它们的ancestor(祖先) size上要大,下egg少了,等等。整个实验耗时11y;举例时用guppy这种鱼,他们生活在下游时由于predator很多,所以繁殖的速度很快;但当科学家把他们带到上游生活(那里的predator很少),他们的繁殖的速度明显变慢了。这种鱼,放在下游,还有好多predator,所以这些鱼的繁殖速度加快,baby与鱼比以前大,质量差,畸形多,所以就不会超负荷。而且长得快。放在上游,并且有很少predator,它们的繁殖速度就慢,而且baby鱼不大并且生长速度慢。

2ed一种鸟,自然条件变化。我们需要做的只是observe(观察)。讲的是finch(雀类),有关它们beak(喙)的大小的。cause是lethal drought(致命干旱)。举了一个bird的例子,有的嘴大有的嘴小。最小的就只能吃小的seed/nut。有一段时间干旱,种子大,死了好多鸟,可调查研究发现,死的鸟是有规律的。斯的大多是小嘴的鸟。后来天气恢复正常之后,发现那些后代鸟比以前的嘴大了。雨量充沛的话,鸟的嘴又比以前小了。当干旱(drought)时那些站着长而硬的beak的bird往往能生存下来(这里考了个生词decimation=destruction),这样一来这一地区的这种bird很快都有了长而硬的beak(考:长而硬的beak可以打碎large size的grain)

第一段引入:达尔文觉得因为人类不能观察进化因为它太长了,当然实际并非如此

第二段:说了一个科学家在自然环境下的一个试验:在某条河的上下游居住着数量不同的predicators of fish,科学家用了这个环境来检验一个理论:能让最多后代活下来的种群有最大的进化优势。

第三段:科学家用这个理论作了一个分析推理,得出结论:下游的鱼应该产更多的卵,有更快的成熟率才能适应进化。(有题考本段意义)

第四段:科学家把下游的鱼放到上游,结果证明了理论

第五段:自然会自己做实验,如果人有幸遇到了,就只需观察。一对科学家夫妇就是这样。某地的旱涝情况变化很大,影响了某种坚果的产量,当地拥有大beak的鸟因为可以打破beak小的鸟不能打开的坚果所以在旱年有更大的成活率

(1)为什么达尔文这么认为?选自然选择要进行很长一段时间。R科学家那guppy做试验。

(2)witness是什么意思,选observe

(3)offset这个词的意思?balanced。 R又测试,把guppy从捕食者多的地方放到捕食者少的pool里养,他们相对晚熟,活的更久,每窝产更少的蛋,蛋的个头比对比组都大。

(4)试验描述guppy总是grow as quickly as possible to mate,产生as many offsprings.早熟的代价是life span变短,每个offspring也不能得到太多母guppy的engergy。the risk of early death are offset by other risks.说的这一段是什么作用?前一段末尾说了,R put the predications into test. 这段是描述试验,测试猜测。

(5)decimation=destruction

(6)对上述内容那个说法不对?对,每窝产更多卵。有些自然选择不需要人的干预就能在短时间内发生。

(7)插入,插入内容是,在这种情况下,生物学家只要活的久就能观察到变化。某地干旱,一对夫妇学者观察那里的一种鸟, birds with small beaks only eat small seeds. birds with long beaks could eat large seeds because their beaks are strong enough to break the large seeds.干旱的时候小种子少,嘴短的鸟死了,嘴长的鸟存活。存活的鸟和第二年的鸟交配,后代的鸟嘴整体变长。雨量又充足的时候,又足够小种子,这个时候,新出生的鸟的鸟嘴又变短了。

(8)长嘴鸟的优势?打碎种子(break the seed) 长而硬的break打碎large size的grain。

(9)鸟嘴和guppy试验的共同点?好像选的都在相对短的时间发生,

(10)自然选择人类可以观察到雨量充足的日子鸟嘴又变短了

(11) 全文的mainideas.

(12)还有一题好像是选 beak的变化可以反复,其他题记不清了。

答案:1. a,  2. a,  3. d,  4. a,  5. c,  6. b,  7. c,  8. a,  9. a,  10. b  11. a,  12. b. 13. b,  14. a, c, d.

TOEFL阅读经典加试三  电报在美国和欧洲的发展
本文主要讲述了电报在美国起步阶段所遇到的障碍。其原因主要是:第一,缺乏资金;第二,缺乏政府监管;第三,美国政府当时致力于电话的研究。本文还讲述了电报尽管是一项革命性的发明,但是,它对人类的生活影响很小。
概述:科技进步,1840S 的电报已经有了长足进步
       Telegraph 有很重大的意义:拉近了long distance communication
1. 遇到了什么样的obstacle
解析:A. fund 不够; B. 缺少management
2. 电报在美国的发展存在缺陷,原因是?
解析:当时Telegraph 在美国发展得不如在欧洲发展得好,因为还把精力放在telephone 的研究上。
3. 电报在美国发展缓慢,该由谁负责?
解析:在美国,telegraph system 掌控在私人企业手里(私有化private),很多私企行为都用电报来联系。这些私企有些很垄断(monopoly)。
4. 19世纪,美国电报的发展为什么发生了转折?
解析:在19 世纪,电报被纳入政府监管(under government regulation)。之后,尽管美国那时有科技的限制,但电报在美国发展得最好,得到了普及。
5. 电报在欧洲的发展开端?
解析:当时很多欧洲国家担心电报会使情报外流,就在犹豫要不要立法来规范电报行为。
6. 欧洲国家的邮政业为什么得到发展?
解析:随着发展,欧洲国家把telegraph 纳入governmental control(国家政府管理), 主要应用在邮政系统postal system 方面,因此欧洲国家的传统邮政postal 业又恢复生机。
7. 为什么电报的发明是革命性的?
解析:电报需要建立 net,这为后来的网络的建立提供了很多思路,所以说telegraph 是非常revolutionary invention
8. 电报的重要性?
解析:虽然telegraph 重要,但其不像人们猜测的那么重要,因为在当时,transportation 已经发展了,人们之间的距离被缩短了(物流发达),因此,不应过分夸大电报发明的意义。电报只产生了little change
9. :Novel解析:新奇的,新颖的, 新的
近义词:new unique unusual

TOEFL阅读经典加试四  鸟类鸣唱bird song
本文主要讨论鸟叫这种本领究竟是先天遗传的还是后天习得的,并为此做了三个实验,得出了不同的结论。
1. 概述:虽然鸟类都会唱歌,但它们唱歌的旋律、调调是各有差异的。为了研究它们唱歌的技能是a先天遗传(基因)?b还是后天习得(外界因素)的?researchers 做了很多实验。
2. 试验一中研究人员如何对待小chaffinch?Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小chaffinch 带离鸟巢,放在另外一个地方单独养,与其他大chaffinch 隔离isolate,不让它听到大鸟唱歌song。
3. 试验一的结果如何?结果显示该chaffinch 还是会唱这种歌,只是调子有方言(variation)、很简单、不连续(disconnected)。这就证明了chaffinch 先天就有唱歌的本领的。
4. 试验二中white necked crow是否被隔离?Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小white necked crow与其它大鸟隔离,不让它听到大鸟的歌。
5. White necked crow学习唱歌的过程?在刚开始的3 个月,还没有形成自己的歌声前,给小鸟听其它鸟唱歌的磁带recording。它很快就学会了recording 里的鸟的叫声(dialect)。
6. 试验二的结果是?White necked crow的dialect 不是由基因决定,而是与环境有很大关系。研究还发现4 个月以后,它都只会唱自己的调调,再给它听别的recording,它也学不会了。说明后天学习也有时间限制.
7. 词汇:unreceptive无法接受的
8. 试验三的内容?另一种鸟,F 开头的。说这种鸟如果不让它们听到自己的声音,它们就只能形成破碎的音节而已,连不成歌。一定要让它们听见自己在发什么音,才能让它们唱好。
9. 词汇:ultimately最后 最终—finally
10. 词汇:reinforce增强加强—intensify strengthen
11. 词汇:proliferate激增 迅速繁殖-reproduce rapidly
12. 词汇:superb出色的极好的—excellent grandiose
13. 词汇:optimal最佳的 最优的—best
14. 词汇:blur模糊,使。。。变模糊—cloud dim

第六篇
o动物是marsupial(有袋动物)的一种,然后说marsupial跟一般动物的不一样(一般动物有个名字忘记了),主要是在生理结构上,然后说marsupial is primitive(原始简单的),(有题,问为什么 except).然后文章说了很久很久以前,大陆都是连到一起的,然后分开之后,marsupial在美洲竞争不过其他动物了,所以只有澳洲的marsupialflourish,那么美洲的呢?说南美和北美再次连接起来之后,很多食肉动物南下,把marsupial都吃了。然后说o动物很奇特,跟其他marsupial不一样,所以他才可以留在美洲大陆,然后说很多人觉得o动物不进化,但是事实证明他是最近才来到北美的(这点没看明白)然后说o动物适应能力好,什么都吃,人扔的垃圾都吃,所以他活下来了。
第七篇
说威尼斯的盐事业,说威尼斯本来自己产盐,跟另外一个城市竞争,但是威尼斯的盐是细盐,要粗盐还要进口,另外自然灾害来了,那个威尼斯专门产盐的地方被端了,所以他只能进口了(有两项选择)。然后说没想到,威尼斯做盐贸易作发财了,然后越做越好,盐的贸易刺激了其他产品的买卖,然后还说政府制定一些规定,说政府虽然不拥有盐,但是管理盐,跟中国不一样(有题,问中国什么样)然后威尼斯就很牛了,开始跟其他国家签合同,说你们只能卖我的,不能卖别人的,(有词汇题, stipulate)然后还在海上查岗,跟海上警察一样。)

第四篇
玛雅文明在公元前900年后的发展, 主要几个region原来是独立的,后来就有融合了,但又不是完全融合,有自己的特点
第五篇(加试)
讨论地核物质成分,科学家根据地震波传导的快慢,确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石,证明地球深层是一个高温高压的环境,因为钻石只能在这种情况下产生。 然后来了一段很长的,TMD,如果他分开好了。说根据陨石里面的材料来判定地核的材料。因为科学家可以估计地核的密度,如果发现陨石的密度与地核密度差不多,很有可能他们的element(元素成份)是相同的。有一道题目问地核的构成物质最多是什么,有iron, silicon(硅),还有两个忘记了。唉,高中物理都忘记咯,气死

113号 阅读
1 生物适应性
主要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。首先说了沙漠最大的问题就是缺水,如何适应这种缺水环境就是各种动植物存活的关键。然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的:有些是周期性植物,只在湿度较高时才生长;常年生长的植物采取另一些办法,例如,叶子表面产生一层蜡质,减少水分蒸发;有些叶子成了刺;有些的根系特别发达;等等。然后,另起一段将动物是如何适应的:产生高盐度的尿液,调整呼吸,等等。随后,还对比了在
沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。

1216
阅读 MS第一次出现

1 生物学: 植物的defense system,以及科学家为证实 defense system对于 deter animal feeding on them有很大的用处。有一道题是,食草东西虽然吃他们的种子,却也帮助他们传播和繁殖。

2 modification of weather 多年来人们一直努力改变天气。最初是发现一战期间,降雨增多(可能与武器使用有关),美国农业部开始试验。后来 1946 年,有个员工发现干冰能让 supercooled water become snow particles.文章给 supercool 下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。于是人们开始用 dry icesilver iodide来进行人工降雨。其原理就是 dry ice makes the moisture freeze into ice particles and the surrounding moisture freeze around it.也就是为降雨提供了凝结核。后来文章说有人担心这样下去会使地面水体的含银量增高,但是调查并没有显示这个说法。这种 cloud seeding 办法继续发展,用别的物质替代干冰。但是很多人 concern 这种办法,会对 local 的环境带来影响,但是并无定论。


1028

阅读 北美
1. 关于一个叫 smith 的人,小的时候就喜欢收集石头,长大后开始研究岩石层,在采石场的工作,他有大量的机会去研究 rock and fossil,后来还提出了一套理论, 现 fossil 更能提供时间的准确信息,后来,他和另一个科学家发现动物的区系可以帮助确认化石的年代,说这些理论至今都还有用后来,有人认为植物的分科也可以用于化石和岩石的研究。一道词汇题 rudimentary=basic
2 关于英国殖民者占领美洲大陆,比较了印第前者注重与自然的和谐发展,后者更想把英国的经验照搬。 北美的原著民用不危害自然的方法进行砍伐树木,种植,狩猎。(但是事实上树木还是减少了)。后来英国殖民者进入,发现大片的土地空闲着,他们觉得浪费就开始修了一堆的东西。文章里面还引用了一段话来说明英国人想把这里变成另一英格兰。他们居住的地方都接近河流,为的是方便 shipment and travel (这里有题)。殖民者想要完全的掌控自然环境,但是失败了,他们才慢慢转换了对于环境的看法。 一道词汇题Mastery=control

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