Issue4考试好多 很仓促。。。renliyun的第二次作业

renliyunUID: 2209571

TOPIC: ISSUE4 - "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

提纲：
1、其他领域取得的成就可能会推动另一领域的发展；
2、可以从其他领域借鉴新的研究方法、角度；
3、但是，要能够找出对自己领域相关的、有用的知识；
4、而且，一个领域的进步主要是由本领域科学家的努力和综合知识的运用取得的。


I agree with the claim to the extent that borrowing achievements as well as distinct ideas and methods from outside fields could be instrumental for one field to advance. However, it is one's own efforts and the application of comprehensive knowledge that determines the ultimate advancement.

To begin with, achievements in one field might promote the developments of another field significantly. For example, the telescope was able to be produced due to the great advancement in optics; and it is the very availability of telescope that prompt the prosperity of astronomy, whose data is mostly derived from observations of celestial bodies. Without this outstanding craft in physics--telescope, astronomy might have never developed so fast.

Apart from taking advantage of achievements from other fields, the scholars in one field might learn new research method and perspective to make greater progress. Every area has its own traits, and by introducing some traits from outside areas might be quite useful and helpful. A case in point is that economics describes various economic phenomena through a mathematical way, a way more effective than mere word instructions for the economic principles.  Moreover, many economists are also mathematicians. Therefore, knowledge from outside fields are quite important for the advancement of such fields like economics.

However, one should never take this claim too far for two reasons. The first reason is that one has to know how to obtain relevant and useful knowledge from outside fields. Indulging oneself with irrelevant or even useless knowledge is a waste of time. For example, it would be ridiculous for a nuclear physicist to turn for constructive advice to an artist. Even a chemist might be of little help, given the excessive specialization of nuclear physics. Thus, without a good command of seeking out useful knowledge, one runs the risk of being tossed about in the knowledge sea.

A second reason is that undue relying on knowledge from outsiders might be counterproductive in one's own field. Although outside knowledge could be of great use as interpreted above, most of the striking accomplishments in one field are not attained by outsiders. To the contrary, they are attained through the efforts of scientists in the very field, with the help of broad knowledge, including outside knowledge. Moreover, such outside knowledge must be assimilated and applied skillfully by these scientists. Thus, one's own efforts, as well as his command of knowledge--both inside and outside, are crucial for a field's development, rather than merely focusing on knowledge from outside.

To sum up, one field might advance significantly if taking advantage of current achievements as well as some special scientific methods from relevant fields. However, scientists' own efforts and comprehensive knowledge seem to be more important. Passively waiting for outside knowledge never leads to any true achievements one's field.

renliyunUID: 2209571

Issue88
Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.

Contemporary society is sometimes portrayed by experience of change. The break-neck speed of technology innovations and the seemingly unsteady of social customs and ethics arouse someone to wonder: is it technology that determines social standards? From my perspective, our customs and ethics are radically chosen by us human beings while knowledge and technology do render considerable influence on it.

Social customs and ethics have experienced a progress from initial trial and error, modification, to mature. In the primary society, our ancestors had to cooperate in order to rapture the ferocious animals, then comes the spirit of cooperation which is still cherished today. In families, the olds were always the most experienced one who can provide other information vital to survive, then comes the spirit of respect the olds. In the daytime, majority of men went to hunting while women did domestic work, then comes the initial inequality between sexes. Predecessors judged with their own cognition, experience, standards of value which kind of activity is moral and which one is immoral, and which is worth advocated for--it is human beings who establish the initial social customs and ethics.

With times went by , our predecessors adjust customs and ethics from time to time in the changing society. They supplement and develop some imperfect ones, obsolete those out-of-date, and add new blood to the merit system. Thousands of years have past, the merits of loyalty, honest, responsibility, self-respect, respecting the old while caring the young and so forth form crucial elements of nowadays' ethic system.

However, technology also has great impact on the shaping of customs and ethics particularly these hundreds of years. Socially speaking, technology has reformed product-disseminating forms, and the relationship among people who had anticipated in producing was developed accordingly. Individual responsibility becomes less fictional nowadays, we are now responsible for the whole society while slaves only had duty to slaveowners. Technology brings industrialization thus enable woman working out, physical inferior places less inferior position during the work, accordingly enhance women's social status drastically. In everyday life, the invention of credit card allow us depositing certain amount of money, thereby develop the merit of honest with credit.  Modern high-rhythm working pace accentuates the value of time, thus human beings complement punctuality to today's category of merits. Similarly, facility of transportation stimulus people to make journeys for pleasure during vacation while instant communication system replaces majority of the conventional face-to-face conversation with other forms supported by technology.

Sometimes, technology may also bring harm to our ethic system by potentially detrimental innovation and achievements. The atomic bombs threaten millions of people's lives, our civilization developed for thousands of years, as well as the existence of our planet not to mention ethic system itself.  Also the recently controversial one clone, the concept that cloning human beings definitely violates the ethnic system and if the cloned human do exist--as the scientist claimed, endless ethnic problems will come along with his or her whole life and bring detrimental impact on the society. In this sense, it is wisdom's term to limit technology from doing evils.

In sum, from my view, it is human beings who radically choose the form and content of social customs and ethics while technology place a great influence on it. Every increase of knowledge and technology augments our capacity of realizing our purpose and our capacity for evil. The world needs human beings sensible chose as it has never needed before; and as technology continue to increase, the world will need our wit and wisdom in the future even more than it does now.

renliyunUID: 2209571

最近考试很多，真的没什么时间，很仓促