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以下例子大部分由我的室友总结，我没经他同意就转了上来，就算他为寄托做的贡献吧:D
1. SARS 非常有用的一个，你一定知道，可是别忘记拼写Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome--SARS
肺炎：pneumonia 流行病：epidemic
take effective and efficient measures
如the Health Ministry的领导说话不负责任.
这个SARS简直通用。可以说明：政治家的修养和道德，政府和人民，科技和医学，人类发展，科研资料共享与研究互动，还有合作。。。太多了 departments of the government
For instance, there are various diseases which endanger our life potentially the same as extremes of human behavior do to the society. With the purpose of keeping healthy, people always take the vaccines which can do the precautions against ailments, for if people have taken the vaccines, they have the immunization as to be immune to some kinds of ailments. So the doctors always suggest that: prevention is better than cure. For this reason, the stability of society depends on preventions not the responses.
2. Mass media and Mass trasportation:
For instance, the mass public traffic of the modern world including unnumbered automobiles and millions of planes makes the transportation all over the world more efficient, so the tourists today can increase their experience from the journey easily and comfortably. Another good example is the mass media which makes the big world like a small village. Because of the mass media, such as Internet and television, people can become familiar with a great many places that may be thousands of kilometres away and communicate with other people, who shares the same interests, more conveniently.
3. 公司,企业:
The well-known soft drink Coca Cola is a case in point. In every advertisement of Coca Cola, the feeling of having a drink of Cola is described as wonderful and fantastic. At the same time, some excellent advertising slogans, such as "Cole Adds Life"; "Have a Cole and a Smile"; "Cole is it", are becoming well-known. All these above can make a good "First Impression" to the potential consumers. That is why Coca Cola is popular all around the world.
For instance, although the portable computers which are designed and manufactured by IBM are not beautiful and smart because of the all black appearance, they are popular and widely used in a large number of companies and schools all over the world. That is because that the quality of IBM computers is the best.
Therefore, both the appealing image and the good reality are important for success. For example, although the quality of CPU made by AMD Company is good as well as that of Intel Company and the price of AMD's CPU is even lower, the consumers still prefer Intel's CPU to AMD's CPU.
4. 亚里士多德 Aristotle
Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.
亚里士多德希腊哲学家。柏拉图的学生，亚历山大大帝的教师，他的著述论及逻辑学，形而上学，伦理学，自然科学，政治学和诗学，对西方思想产生了深远影响，在其哲学体系里，理论服从实地观察和逻辑，以三段论为基础，基本上是理性研究的理论方法。
4. 哥白尼 Copernicus
Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.
哥白尼，尼科劳斯1473-1543波兰天文学家，他提出地球及其它行星绕太阳运动的日心说，推翻了托勒密的天文学理论即地心体系。
5. 爱因斯坦 Einstein Albert 1879--1955
German-born American theoretical physicist whose special and general theories of relativity revolutionized modern thought on the nature of space and time and formed a theoretical base for the exploitation of atomic energy. He won a 1921 Nobel Prize for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
爱因斯坦，阿尔贝特1879-1955德裔美国理论物理学家，他创立的狭义和广义相对论使现代关于时间和时间性质的想法发生突破性进展并给原子能的利用提供了理论基础。 因其对光电效应的解释获1921年诺贝尔奖。
6. 莎士比亚 Shakespeare William1564-1616
English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include historical works, such as Richard II, comedies, including Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It, and tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. He also composed 154 sonnets. The earliest collected edition of his plays, the First Folio, contained 36 plays and was published posthumously (1623).
莎士比亚，威廉1564-1616英国戏剧家和诗人，他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏剧，其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过，包括历史作品，例如 理查德二世；喜剧包括 无事生非和 皆大欢喜；悲剧包括 哈姆雷特、 奥赛罗和 李尔王。他还作过154首十四行诗。他最早的戏剧集子，第一对开本，包含了36个戏剧，并在他死后出版(1623年)
7.林肯 ( Lincoln 1809-1865) Lincoln, Abraham 南北战争
War Between the States
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln lead the civil war or the war between states in order to emancipate
the slaves, was also an honest boy since his childhood.
参考事迹：第16任美国总统，南北战争中至关重要的人物，断断续续上过一年的学，都是靠刻苦自学，不过林肯也只是同情黑奴，不是一个坚定的废奴主义者，这就导致了战争开始的时候北方的联军节节失利，直到战争的第二年林肯还说：“首要的目的是拯救联邦，而不是拯救或摧毁奴隶制”，不过革命大势所趋，林肯还是颁布了《宅第法》和《解放黑奴宣言》从此，在黑人兄弟的帮助下，彻底扭转了战争的进程。1865年4月14日被奴隶制卫道士刺杀。
利用点：林肯倒不是很上镜，但是废奴运动南北战争却非常上镜，导致他也经常出没。尤其是《宣言》以及相关的法律条文，是改变ethic 的一个论据，此后，拥有奴隶被认为是一个非道德的行为，这一切大大的加快了民主化制度。
The 16th President of the United States (1861-1865), who led the Union during the Civil War and emancipated slaves in the South (1863). He was assassinated shortly after the end of the war by John Wilkes Booth.
The American Civil War is a good case in point. Before the Civil War, the laws in the south of the America permitted the white farm owners to have the black people as their private slaves. Obviously, these laws, which not only maintained the privileges for white people, but totally violated the human rights of black people, were unjust laws and must be resisted. Therefore, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, led the Union during the Civil War to destroy the unjust laws in the south of the America and liberated (emancipated) the black slaves.
8. 罗斯福新政 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 1882-1945
The 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945). Governor of New York (1929-1932), he ran for President with the promise of a New Deal for the American people. His administration was marked by relief programs, measures to increase employment and assist industrial and agricultural recovery from the Depression, and World War II. He was the only U.S. President to be reelected three times (1936, 1940, and 1944). He died in office.
Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler took different measures when facing the problems of big depression such examples can be used in the dealing with diverse attitudes on the problem of huge variation in society would lead to distinct results!
9. 经济学理论：（合作和竞争，发展等等）
亚当斯密 ( Adam Smith ) 利用点：他对竞争和个人与群体的理解可以参考类似命题。
Adam Smith advocates the idea of competition impelling the development of the society.
参考事迹：古典政治经济学的奠基人，著作《国富论》对西方经济学有重要的影响。他主张劳动生产率的提高是社会分工的结果。认为自由竞争是永恒不变的自然法则，人的本性是利己的，而追求个人利益则是人们从事经济活动的巨大动力，通过自由竞争可以达到个人福利和社会幸福的和谐。
Keynes经济学理论：
According to Keynes's economic theory, a low rate of unemployment is motivating force for the economy for any society. Because such a low rate of unemployment will lead to positive competition in the society, and hence the productivity of social labor will highly increase.
10.歌德 （Goethe 1749-1832）
参考事迹：德国和欧洲最著名的文学家之一，由于生处于欧洲革命力量蓬勃发展，封建制度日趋崩溃。这个大动荡，大变革的时代深刻的影响了歌德的思想，也为他的创造提供了丰富的源泉。1774年创作了《少年维特之烦恼》，影响了整整一代德国青年，拿破仑亲口告诉歌德他读过7遍《少年维特之烦恼》，不过歌德最辉煌的成就当数《浮士德》，一共花了60年，被誉为世界文学史上最伟大的史诗之一，和荷马史诗，但丁神曲齐名。
利用点：文学对人性的影响，60年创造浮士德。
Goethe, a great German writer , who lived in riches all his life, spent over 50 years on his two-part dramatic poem Faust which was considered as one of the greatest three epics. Another good example is Beethoven who was considered as the greatest composer of his day.
11.欧文 ( Robert Owen ) idealist
参考事迹：空想社会主义者，早先赚了点钱就在美国印第安那买了片土地，妄图实现“共同劳动，财产共有，权利平等“的理想社会，搞了一会就失败了, 还弄得一贫如洗。
In that perfect world, all people are born equally, and no wars and no hunger exist, thus no information need to be hided, just as the Utopia which the idealist Robert Owen described.
利用点：大家狂批把，凡是理想主义的话题都把老欧带上菜！
12.巴斯德 ( Pasteur 1822-1895)
“一个科学家应该想到的，不是当时人们对他的表扬或者辱骂，而是未来若干世纪中人们怎么评价他。“就这么一句话，解决了至少4个GRE issue的论据问题。
13. The modern scientific method is usually attributed to Galileo.
现代科学方法通常被认为是伽里略创造的。
(= ascribe to)
14. 巴比伦：（文化..................）
The capital of ancient Babylonia in Mesopotamia on the Euphrates River. Established as capital c. 1750 b.c. and rebuilt in regal splendor by Nebuchadnezzar II after its destruction (c. 689 b.c.) by the Assyrians, Babylon was the site of the Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
巴比伦古巴比伦王国的首都，位于幼发拉底河沿岸的美索不达米亚境内，作为首都大约建于 公元前1750年，在它被亚述人毁灭后（ 公元前689年），它又被尼布甲尼撒二世重建于王室显赫之时，巴比伦是世界七大奇观之一的空中花园所在地
arrowheaded characters n.楔形文字
An ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562 b.c. and fell to the Persians in 539.
巴比伦王国美索不达米亚的一个古代帝国，幼发拉底河流域。繁荣于汉穆拉比和尼布甲尼撒二世统治之时，但于 公元前562年后衰落并于539。
For instance, Babylonia, the ancient empire of Mesopotamia, established in the Euphrates River valley, and flourished under Hammurabi with the arrowheaded characters widely used. The Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, was the representation of the highly developed culture of Babylonia. However, the empire declined after 562 B.C. and lost the arrowheaded characters gradually after falling to Persians in 539 B.C., as a result, the great culture of Babylonia disappeared with the extinction of the language. If the arrowheaded characters were well protected two thousand years ago, we might understand the culture of Mesopotamia completely.
15. 建筑
a harmonious blend of architectural styles.
各种建筑风格的完美的结合
16. DNA双螺旋结构 Watson, Crick （合作，学科之间影响，创新..........）
Watson, James Dewey (1928-?) 美国生物学家
Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916-?)英国生物物理学家
British biologist who with James D. Watson proposed a spiral model, the double helix, for the molecular structure of DNA. He shared a 1962 Nobel Prize for advances in the study of genetics.
an advance in genetic engineering.
遗传工程学方面的进展
17.元素的发现
Take chemistry for example. In the history of discovering elements, many significant discoveries, which exerted an vital influence on the realm of chemistry, owed to using of physical techniques and theories: alkali metals were discovered because batteries were invented and used in chemistry experiments; the discovery of the elements Rb. and Cs. was attributed to the technique advancement in the realm of optics; the radioactive elements were detected under the direction of radioactivity theory. By contrast, before these new physical techniques and theories were used, these new elements could never be detected by the traditional approaches in chemistry.
18. 卢梭 Rousseau. （法律，人与社会关系...........）
Rousseau, Jean Jacques1712-1778
French philosopher and writer who held that humanity is essentially good but corrupted by society. His written works include The Social Contract and the novel gmile (both 1762).
19. 加利 Mr. Gahli.
Mr. Boutros Boutros Gahli, former UN Secretary General, appreciated French Promotion Programs sponsored by Ameson Educational & Cultural Exchange Foundation.
Mr. Gahli appreciated the efforts Ameson Foundation made to promote French in China and encouraged that besides promoting French, Ameson Foundation should also promote Spanish, Russian, Arabic and other languages & cultures. He said studying foreign languages promote cultural understanding and peace.
20. 贝多芬 Beethoven
German composer. The greatest composer of his day, he began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was deaf by 1819. His music, which formed a transition from classical to romantic composition, includes 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, a violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, several other sonatas, 2 Masses, and an opera.
Beethoven still insisted on working after he was deaf, and wrote his glorious and outstanding 5th symphony.
21. 弗洛伊德 S.Freud:
Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis who theorized that the symptoms of hysterical patients represent forgotten and unresolved infantile psychosexual conflicts. His psychoanalytic theories, which initially met with hostility, profoundly influenced 20th-century thought.
"Unconsciousness in the Collectivity".
unconscious, unconsciousness
22. 责任，义务
a soldier would think it is his duty to obey the rules without any hesitation; a surgeon would consider healing the patients as his accountability; and a historian would feel it is his responsibility to discover what is behind the historical descriptions. In fact, different careers and roles form diverse individual responsibilities, which result in individuals’ voluntary behaviors.
23. 马丁.路德.金
Martin Luther King was a famous lawyer and leader of the Campaign of Civil Rights for Black in the United States. Martin Luther King in his famous speech, I Have a Dream, said that: I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
24. China And Reform (改革，竞争与合作，社会问题与适当失业............）
1.Various parts of China have rather different social and economic situations, along with distinct culture characteristics.
2.According to Keynes's economic theory, a low rate of unemployment is motivating force for the economy for any society, which could be demonstrated by the economic situations before and after the reform in China. In China, before the reform, there is no unemployment, that is , all the people were emplyed. However, the economy has stagnant and lagged, with extremely low efficiency. By contrast, economic reform campaign made some people lose their jobs and there is a rate of unemployment. The economy has not been injured but rapidly and steadily grown vigriously.
25. 荷马史诗
Homer was famous for the two great works in Western literature, the Iliad and Odyssey, howbeit the two works are not written by him alone ,to be more accurate, he did most of work on addition ,expurgation and modification of the achievements of others.
For instance, almost all the people are interested in the history of ancient Greek, which is famous at the democratic society, flourishing culture and high achievements of science. Because that period is so far from us that we could not possibly know what was happened in that great old country. However, historians study a large number of significant information about old Greek from two great works of Homer, Odyssey and Iliad, which describe famous wars in that period. Although many imaginations and unreal legends of heroes exist in the two works and some assertions generalized by historians about old Greek may not be exact enough. The creative individual ideas still contribute a lot for people to understand the history of old Greek.
26. 爱迪生
Thomas Edison invented bulb which turn out to be the derivation of today’s illumination apparatus and digital and electronic era, however, the most appreciated thing in the invention is for Edison’s insistence and encourage on the whole course.
27. 梵高 Von Gogh, impressionism
Prodigies often could not receive contemporary appreciation and comprehension, Von Gogh is proper to be mentioned as a representative of the kind. He created the impressionism on painting, which was accepted many years after his death. Nevertheless he pursued his own ideals and faith till he was not able to pick up a pencil.
28. 丑闻：（社会监督，改革等........）
The Nixon's Watergate Affair is a classic instance in political realm. Without that the scandals had surfaced, the public could not pay such attention to the political problems from speakers and reformers. In the economic realm, a good example is the financial scandal of the AA which was one of the world "BIG FIVE" accounting firm companies. Thus, the problems of the world financial system are well considered by the public. Another example is the scandal of football corruption, so-called "Black Whistle" in China, which is not made much account of before. Now the "Black Whistle" has drawn increasing attention.
The famous sex scandal of former president of America Bill Clinton is a case in point. Although Clinton is guilty in morality, the scandal is only the privacy of the former president. Furthermore, the large amount of the public resources which are spent on probing into the intimate details between Clinton and Lewinsky are wasted by Starr. The funds would be more beneficial to the world if they could be spent in helping the sick children in the Africa or otherwise be used for addressing the problems of the environment pollution and unemployment in America.
29. 文化差异:
The individuals have to adapt themselves to social life with other people, and conform their behavior to accord with social moral principles and customs. For instance, the joke which can make Americans cannot stop laughing will be possibly considered as boring by Germen. And people in India are used to talk with friends closely, while Englishmen like to keep a certain distance when they are talking. Apparently, Culture diversity as well as social variety also plays a significant role in human behavior, and moreover, different societies require different human conducts suitable.
30. 马斯洛德人类需求理论：
Maslow's theory of needs tells us that human has social needs, including acceptance, affection, and affiliation with a social group. |
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