【TPO每日阅读小组】+sodapeng作业贴

sodapengUID: 3242849

2.7 tpo19 太尼玛打击了啊啊！！！单词单词！！！
正确率：9/14
Reading 1

Inthe wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., alarge number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had aconsiderable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participationin the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilianpopulation starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenlydistributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire werenot long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, itspresence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involvedthe requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed tofeed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule alsorobbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, sosocial development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This thenmeant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organizegovernment.

3.According to paragraph 1, what effect did military occupation have on the localpopulation?

○Itencouraged more even distribution of the population and the settlement ofpreviously undeveloped territory% q6 \0 j% L3 O6 W
○It created discontent and made continuing military occupation necessary' o% p: r5 q" X0 P
○It required local labor to construct forts and feed and exercise the soldiers'animals. & n, k) Z) ○It provied localleaders with opportunities to participate in governance

选第二个选项，没用读懂文意，单词！！



Eachsoldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there wasinitially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidlystimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for theservices and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, butsome local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There wasinformal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled towed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements actedlike small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

8.According to paragraph 3, how did the soldiers meet their needs for goods andservices?

○Theirneeds were met by the army, and all of their economic transations took placewithin the forts% V# Z+ r, b/ _9 X8 y; k
○Most of their needs were met by traveling trades people who visited the forts; q  I5 N1 r! g3 n. ○During their daysoff, soldiers traveled to distant towns to make purchases1 |; ?' i7 S) U! Y' U5 K, l○They bought what theyneeded from the artisans and traders in nearby towns
还是没有读懂文章，太急了。原选2 正选4


The armyalso provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruitedfrom the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship onretirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on anad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and therewas evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were atleast 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with apeak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, thisperhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young menwere removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred toanother province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits wouldever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the Europeancontinent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process broughtyoung men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 yearsof service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontierpopulation. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers)were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary,and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

10.According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be seen in thefrontier garrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT:

○Membershipin the units passed from father to son（servicein units became effectively hereditary）$ c% B) U" y- ^3 w; J, T& O+ B' R
○Fewer soldiers were stationed at the forts（onlyrarely transferred）8 b# ?6 K+ m+ ~+ B1 B
○Soldiers usually were not transferred to different locations （only rarely transferred）8 c" ]6 r5 ○Frontier units became moreeffective and proficient （wereno longer populated or maintained at full strength 与proficient相反）

原选1 正选4，单词问题 hereditary 遗传的
继承的

13．Look at the four squares[█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Onesolution was to keep them busy as sources of labor.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square toadd the sentence to the passage.

实在时间来不及了= =。。。随便选的。。

14．Directions: An introductory sentence for abrief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points. The Roman army’s occupation of Britaininfluenced and changed the local population.

第二个选项是minor 不能选。

Reading2

正确率 12/14

The finalstage of a succession, called the climax by Clements and early ecologists, is likewise not predictableor of uniform composition. There is usually a good deal of turnover in speciescomposition, even in a mature community. The nature of the climax is influencedby the same factors that influenced succession. Nevertheless, mature naturalenvironments are usually in equilibrium. They change relatively little throughtime unless the environment itself changes.


4The word"likewise"in the passage is closest in meaning to
○sometimes
○similarly
○apparently
○consequently
原选1 正选2（not predictable和上一段，即第二段，中提及的unpredictable，是同意重复，有相似关系，故选择，similarly）



Even lessfortunate was the extension of this type of thinking to include animals as wellas plants. This resulted in the "biome," a combination of coexistingflora and fauna. Though it is true that many animals are strictly associatedwith certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moosebiome," for example, because there is nointernal cohesion to their association as in an organism. The spruce communityis not substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose.Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose. The opposition tothe Clementsian concept of plant ecology was initiated by Herbert Gleason, soon joined by variousother ecologists. Their major point was that the distribution of a givenspecies was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and thattherefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies ofindividual plant species.


8Why doesthe author make the statement; "Indeed, there are vast areas of spruceforest without moose"?
○Tohighlight a fact whose significance the ecologist Herbert Gleasion had missed
○Topropose the idea that a spruce forest is by itself a superorganism
○Toemphasize that moose are not limited to a single kind of environment
○Tocriticize the idea of a spruce-moose biome（反例的作用，criticize）

原选3 正选4


Reading3
正确率10/14
In themiddle of the nineteenth century, Louis Agassiz, one of the first scientists tostudy glaciers, immigrated to the United States from Switzerland and became aprofessor at Harvard University, where he continued his studies in geology andother sciences. For his research, Agassiz visited many places in the northernparts of Europe and North America, from the mountains of Scandinavia and NewEngland to the rolling hills of the American Midwest. In all these diverseregions, Agassiz saw signs of glacial erosion and sedimentation. In flat plainscountry, he saw moraines (accumulationsof earth and loose rock that form at the edges of glaciers) that reminded him of the terminal moraines found at the endof valley glaciers in the Alps. The heterogeneous material of the drift (sand, clay,and rocks deposited there) convinced him of its glacial origin.


2The word"heterogeneous"in the passage is closest in meaning to
○remaining
○varied
○familiar
○layered
原选3 正选2 词根记错了= = heter. 异端的。。



This ideawas modified in the late twentieth century, when geologists and oceanographers examining oceanic sediment found fossil evidence of warmingand cooling of the oceans. Ocean sediments presented a much morecomplete geologic record of the Pleistocene than continental glacial depositsdid. The fossils buried in Pleistocene and earlier ocean sediments were offoraminifera—small, single-celled marine organisms that secrete shells ofcalcium carbonate, or calcite. These shells differ in their proportion ofordinary oxygen (oxygen-16) and the heavy oxygen isotope (oxygen-18). The ratioof oxygen-16 to oxygen-18 found in the calcite of a foraminifer's shell dependson the temperature of the water in which the organism lived. Different ratiosin the shells preserved in various layers of sediment reveal the temperature changes in the oceansduring the Pleistocene epoch.


6Accordingto paragraph 3, what did geologists conclude as a resuts of findingwell-developed soil containing warm-climate plant fossils between layers ofglacial drift?
○Therehad been only one warm period before the Pleistocene epoch（These soils were evidence that the glaciers retreated as theclimate warmed）

○Therehad been multiple periods of mild weather between ice ages
○Severalglacial periods occurred after the Pleistocene epoch
○Someearlier epochs were warmer than the Pleistocene epoch
原选 4 正选2.。。还是不明白啊= =


Isotopicanalysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. Theycould trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts ofthe ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature—around theequator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of theocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation andis precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, thelighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surfacethan the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behindin the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marinesediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regularcycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from theglacial drift of the continents alone.


10It canbe inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossilshells containing calcite with high percentagesof oxygen-16 were deposited at times when
○Polarice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea（反）

○Extensiveglaciation was not occuring
○Therewere no great increases in ocean temperature（无）

○Therewas heavy snowfall on continental glaciers（反）

原选 3 正选 2 文中提到O-16的蒸发及温度的升高，1 3 4 均是相反
故为2
Inparagraph 5, why does the author include the information that "The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a greatdeal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snowto form glacial ice"
○Toexplain how scientists were able to calculate how frequently the continentalice sheets expanded and contracted （no greatchange in temperature—around the equator, for example例子的作用）

○Toexplain how scientists have determined that there was no great change in oceantemperatures ate the equator during past glaciations
○Toprovide evidence that oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate than doesoxygen-18
○Tosuggesst that equatorial marine organisms absorb more heavy isotopes than domarine organisms elsewhere
原选2 正选1从文中对应 growth and shrinkage与 expanded and contracted 对应

sodapengUID: 3242849

TPO20

正确率 12/14
Reading1
Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850’s steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. Next came the Erie Canal, an enormous project in its day, spanning about 350 miles. After the canal went into operation, the cost per mile of transporting a ton of freight from Buffalo to New York City declined from nearly 20 cents to less than 1 cent. Eventually, the western states diverted much of their produce from the rivers to the Erie Canal, a shorter route to eastern markets.


10. The word "diverted" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O collected
O shifted
O transported
O sold
原选3正选2没有看清后面的 river to canal 万事都来源于原文啊！！！不懂意思一定要看前后有无提示



14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The westward movement of population across the United States led to expanded agricultural production.
O
O
O

Answer Choices
O The desire to improve their livelihood often inspired people to move west.
O Among the people who moved to the western United States were a number of artisans.
O The fertility of western farmland as well as favorable government policies supported agricultural gains.
O Steamboats were originally used to transport passengers rather than freight.
O Commercial farming in the West was greatly enhanced by improvements in land and water transportation.
O The transportation revolution resulted in regional economies that operated independently of a national market economy.
原选cef 正选 ace f本身就与文章冲突啊啊，明明是开拓还有加入新的市场，这里是independently。。。啊啊。。真不知道脑抽抽了选这个。。以后做这种题先排除 错误 还有minor！！！！

正确率 12/14
Reading 2
Paragraph 4: The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape. Hundreds of tiny plant remains show how the inhabitants exploited nut harvests in nearby pistachio and oak forests. However, as the climate dried up, the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement. The inhabitants turned to wild cereal grasses instead, collecting them by the thousands, while the percentage of nuts in the diet fell. By 8200B.C., drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-established settlement, perhaps dispersing into smaller camps.


8. The word "shifts" in the passage is closest in meaning to
O effects
O similarities
O changes
O exceptions
原选2 正选3 怎么老是shift错啊 = = 这里原文后还是有对应的，at a changing landscape。。。。切记切记看原文



14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
At the end of the Ice Age, patterns of human settlement changed in southwestern Asia.
O
O
O

Answer Choices
O Wild cereals, grasses, and nuts were exchanged for exotic objects.
O Changes in climatic conditions made southwestern Asia highly beneficial to human occupants.
O Social organization in Abu Hureyra decreased as the population grew.
O The favorable location of Abu Hureyra kept the city from experiencing hardship during drought years.
O Within 2,000 years, populations in southwestern Asia greatly increased in number.
O In rich, fertile areas permanent societies evolved to a high level of complexity.
原选2 4 5正选256  4根本没有提啊= =。。。。


正确率12、14
Reading3
Paragraph 2: The term "fossil" often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are known from deposits over 100 million years old. In
many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of a mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relatively unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.

4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
O When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.
O Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.
O Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.
O Empty snail or clam shells that are strong enough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.

原选3 正选2这么简单一句话愣是没看懂！！！不知道当时咋想的！！！！

5. Why does the author mention "aragonite" in the passage?
O To emphasize that some fossils remain unaltered for millions of years
O To contrast fossil formation in organisms with soft tissue and in organisms with hard shells
O To explain that some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes in order to fossilize
O To explain why fossil shells are more likely to survive than are fossil skeletons
正选3 真心觉得这道题挺难的。。我看了答案好一会才明白= =

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo18
Reading1

Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen.


5. The word ―exceptional‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
extraordinary
surprising
immediate
predictable
原选4 正选1 因为后面导致的是好的结果，必然是1 2 中，而except 又与 extra 对应 所以是1 单词题可以看词根词缀来判断选项！


The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. In Sweden exports accounted for 18 percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 percent of its agricultural production: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80 percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britain, where it accounted for 40 percent of British butter imports.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
The early industrializes controlled most of the international economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas of specialization along the margins.
Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas of specialization within established international markets.
High literacy rates enabled these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths.
The international division of labor established by the early industrializers was suited to these countries, a key factor in their success.
原选3 正选2 如果四个选项都不是很确定，提主发有困难 用排除来做！错误项的特征！！！看笔记！！！



Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Although the Netherlands and Scandinavia began to industrialize relatively late, they did so very successfully
Although these countries all started with small, uneducated populations, industrialization led to significant population growth and higher literacy rates.
Thanks to their ready access to the sea, these countries enjoyed advantages in mercantile shipping, fishing, and shipbuilding.
Because they all started with good harbors for steamships, these countries started with an important advantage in the competition for transit trade.

These countries were helped by the fact that their governments were relatively stable and honest and generallysupported liberal trade policies.

These countries were successful primarily because their high literacy rates helped them fill specialized market niches.
Because they were never fully dependent on international commerce, these countries were able to survive notorious fluctuations in international markets.
F项错选，完全和文章表达相反意思啊。。。

Reading2

The empirical evidence, such as it is, suggests an altogether different function for yawning—namely, that yawning prepares us for a change in activity level. Support for this theory came from a study of yawning behavior in everyday life. Volunteers wore wrist-mounted devices that automatically recorded their physical activity for up to two weeks: the volunteers also recorded their yawns by pressing a button on the device each time they yawned. The data showed that yawning tended to occur about 15 minutes before a period of increased behavioral activity. Yawning bore no relationship to sleep patterns, however. This accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tired nor bored, but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity. Such yawning is often referred to as "incongruous" because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing. Their yawning seems to have nothing to do with sleepiness or boredom—quite the reverse—but it does precede a change in activity level.


11. The study of yawning behavior discussed in paragraph 4 supports which of the following conclusions?
Yawning is associated with an expectation of increased physical activity.
Yawning occurs more frequently when people are asked to record their yawning.
People tend to yawn about fifteen minutes before they become tired or bored.
Mental or physical stress tends to make people yawn.
原选3 正选1 举例子就是说明当有重大活动前容易打哈欠

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo17
Reading 1

The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.

6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from Asia were desirable in Europe in the Middle Ages because they
○were easily transported in large quantities
○could not be produced in European countries
○could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines
○were expected to increase in value over time
原选 3 正选2  3看似对 其实错，是偷换概念，因为说了可以用来做perfumes and medicines 但并不是为了trade 选2 是因为既然要运送 必然是本地不产


The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. ■ Spices were the most sought-after commodities. ■ Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. ■ But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. ■
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
They were highly valued for a couple of reasons.
Where would the sentence best fit?
在看一遍的时候死都想不通当初为啥会选错。。。

Reading2

In the varied and constantly changing light environment of the forest, an animal must be able to send visual signals to members of its own species and at the same time avoid being detected by predators. An animal can hide from predators by choosing the light environment in which its pattern is least visible. This may require moving to different parts of the forest at different times of the day or under different weather conditions, or it may be achieved by changing color according to the changing light conditions. Many species of amphibians (frogs and toads) and reptiles (lizards and snakes) are able to change their color patterns to camouflage themselves. Some also signal by changing color. The chameleon lizard has the most striking ability to do this. Some chameleon species can change from a rather dull appearance to a full riot of carnival colors in seconds. By this means, they signal their level of aggression or readiness to mate.

4. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons amphibians and reptiles change color EXCEPT
○changing seasons
○to signal others of their species
○to match the light
○to hide from predators
原选2 正选1 1文章中压根米提到。。。。受不了了。。但还是不明白为毛2对= =


Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on forms of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances. ■ The piercing cries of the rhinoceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest, as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons. ■ In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation. ■ In forests, visual signals can be seen only at short distances, where they are not obstructed by trees. ■ The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display. The sounds made as each wing is opened carry extremely well over distance and advertise his presence widely. The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
There is also the long, rather terrifying call of the male orangutan, which carries over considerable distances to advertise his presence.
Where would the sentence best fit?
看了答案才明白 这里面没有提示词 只有call可用来做判断 即不是1 就是2 also 表明是2

Reading3

Paragraph 1: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?
○It excludes interactions between more than two species.
○It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
○Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
○Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
我类个去。。。直接把题看错了，以为是问第一段讲的是个啥。。。好吧


Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.

3. According to paragraph 2. which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites?
○Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.
○Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.
○The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.
○Larger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.
第二段看着很简单，做的时候一直没明白它想说明的问题，错了之后再细看 就了解了~~~主要是讲了寄生是捕食的一种 一方面寄生者从寄主汲取营养 寄主对寄生者也有选择。

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo16
Reading1

This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.

5. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the Middle Eastern craft guilds EXCEPT:
○The guilds were created to support workers and to uphold principles of high-quality craft production.
○Each guild was very large and included members from a broad geographic area.
○The leaders of the guilds were chosen by popular vote.
○All guild members were treated as equals
原选4 正选2 except一般用排除法，不能直接看原文中没出现就不选，因为有可能是同义词替换 1 中原文中有对应 用了同义词替换2 原文没说啊，，34原文中都有对应。。4虽然有all 但是有敏感词，但是文中有对应 所以也是对的

Dependence on long-distance trade also meant that the great empires of the Middle East were built both literally and figuratively on shifting sand. The central state, though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco daGama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route. The ecology of the region also permitted armed predators to prowl the surrounding barrens, which were almost impossible for a state to control. Peripheral peoples therefore had a great advantage in their dealings with the center, making government authority insecure and anxious.
11. The word ―intrinsically‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○fundamentally
○surprisingly
○consequently
○particularly
原选3 正选1 既然是修饰fragile 脆弱的，不可能是结果是脆弱的 而是本身就是脆弱的，要认真分析



12.In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa?
○To provide evidence that European seafarers took every opportunity to bypass Middle Eastern merchants
○To present an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade
○To argue this new route became necessary when European seafarers wanted to avoid Middle Eastern states whose central power had begun to erode
○To explain how da Gama helped European traders avoid the dangerous predators prowling the areas surrounding Middle Eastern cities、
正选2 这道题怪怪的。。说不出啥感觉。。。其实就是因为新航路的开辟导致了一系列问题的发生，但是为什么新航路开辟会造成这么大的影响，那就是因为此段第一句，他们所依赖的东西，受到了改变。应该就是这么个逻辑。。。说真的。。我觉得还挺难想的= =

Reading2

When the German chemist Lothar Meyer and (independently) the Russian Dmitry Mendeleyev first introduced the periodic table in 1869-70, one-third of the naturally occurring chemical elements had not yet been discovered. Yet both chemists were sufficiently farsighted to leave gaps where their analyses of periodic physical and chemical properties indicated that new elements should be located. Mendeleyev was bolder than Meyer and even assumed that if a measured atomic mass put an element in the wrong place in the table, the atomic mass was wrong. In some cases this was true. Indium, for example, had previously been assigned an atomic mass between those of arsenic and selenium. Because there is no space in the periodic table between these two elements, Mendeleyev suggested that the atomic mass of indium be changed to a completely different value, where it would fill an empty space between cadmium and tin. In fact, subsequent work has shown that in a periodic table, elements should not be ordered strictly by atomic mass. For example, tellurium comes before iodine in the periodic table, even though its atomic mass is slightly greater. Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the "isotopes" or varieties of each element. All the isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differ in their number of neutrons, and hence in their atomic mass. The isotopes of a given element have the same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties. We now know that atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not atomic mass number (the number of protons and neutrons), determines chemical behavior.

6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that tellurium comes before iodine in the periodic table even though tellurium's atomic mass is slightly greater because
○iodine is less common than tellurium
○both iodine and tellurium have no isotopes
○the chemical behavior of tellurium is highly variable
○the atomic number of tellurium is smaller than that of iodine
原选3 正选4 其实这题真的很简单 就是没时间了，看着4 behavior什么的和原文最像 sodapeng你忘了啊和原文最像的最不可能是答案啊啊 大词原则啊 应该定位在最后一句

sodapengUID: 3242849

哎，但单词是我永远的痛啊，还有一定要定位！！总觉得自己阅读还说的过去，其实骗死人了，照这个水平 考试也就15+。sodapeng 你再不背单词你就完了！你再不狂做tpo 好好分析原因你就真完了！别人比你学的好 都比你刻苦 你有什么资本放松，已经开学了，一定要抓紧一切时间学习一定要坚持！给自己一个机会。 sodapeng 你再不好好努把力你tm就别想出国了
tpo23 25 。。考试要是这分数我就满足了啊。。
tpo22 20 。。都要哭了啊啊。。。要考试你给我来个这！！你要不要啊！！
tpo21 20 这开始模考md分这么低要不要啊。。。其实细心点~sodapeng！你可以的！
tpo20 22 tpo20 27。。是记住答案的原因么= =。。。。
tpo19 21 tpo19 18。。。 尼玛啊！！错了10个啊！！！比第一次还低有木有啊！！！！！别活了！！！
tpo18 20 tpo18 23 也算是进步吧~
tpo17 25 tpo17 25 妹妹的= =。。。没进步。。
tpo16 22 tpo16 25 。。你说我这个软件会不会算分偏低哇。、、哎。。算了。。别想了。。没剩几天了。。。好好做下去 坚持！
tpo15 21 tpo15 22
tpo14 24 tpo14 26.。真心觉得这个软件算分偏低。。。错几个扣几分 最后那个大意题明明选对两个就给1分么= = 这全扣了。。。
tpo13 22 tpo13 28 有史以来最高的一次= =。。。不过还是有几道是蒙的= =。。。革命还需努力。。就剩一周了。。
tpo12 26
tpo11 27
tpo10 22
tpo9  20  tpo9  22第二篇文章好好读~！作为写作素材 哎。。这成绩尼玛啊啊啊。。。。
tpo8  19  tpo8  25错了11个。。怎么水平又回去了！分析原因分析原因
tpo7  23 好吧 是越来越简单了，但是还是会粗心 继续背单词！
tpo6  22 我去。。大部分都是因为单词错啊。刚好从今天开始背单词！
tpo5  27 好简单。。。哎。。单词哇~~
tpo4  26同样好简单。。。。= = 哎。。。考试前做两遍。。。应该差不多~~~
tpo3  24 tpo2 23 tpo1 21。。。这都是去年做的了吧= =。。。。好吧，也比较简单。。就不再做了，直接从20再开始。。。希望能有提高吧！！！
啊啦啦啦~~虽然最近做的效果也不是很理想，但是我发现我最近爱上做阅读了诶~~~每天不做心里就不爽~~~做的时候可兴奋了~~哈哈 啥时候作文也有这觉悟呀~
我感觉我一个人在这自娱自乐说了那么多话。。真傻= =哈哈~~不过我乐在其中~~~~

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo15
Reading1

Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system’s input and meltwater as the system's main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature. For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes. If summer temperatures are high for too long, then all the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.

6. Paragraph 2 implies that which of the following conditions produces the fastest moving glaciers?
○A climate characteristic of the polar regions
○A thick layer of ice in a temperate climate
○Long, warm summers
○Snow, firn, and ice that have been buried for several years
原选3 正选2 第一次选的时候时间比较紧。。看着只有3和天气有关 就选了 再看的时候觉得自己傻啊！！首先 违背常理的一定错！ 咋可能温度高还形成的快么 其次 阅读是一个无我的过程，一定没有我觉得 感觉常理是这样的 遵循常理的不一定对！一定要从文章求证！这个先定位 temperate 对应选项2


When snowfalls on high mountains or in polar regions, it may become part of the glacial system. Unlike rain, which returns rapidly to the sea or atmosphere, the snow that becomes part of a glacier is involved in a much more slowly cycling system. Here water may be stored in ice form for hundreds or even hundreds of thousands of years before being released again into the liquid water system as meltwater. In the meantime, however, this ice is not static. Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location. As a result, glaciers create a great variety of landforms that remain long after the surface is released from its icy covering.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Glaciers are part of Earth's hydrologic cycle.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○Glaciers, which at present contain 80 percent of Earth's freshwater, form when accumulated snow is compressed and recrystallized into ice over a period of years.
○When there are glaciers on Earth, water is cycled through the glacier system, but the cycle period may be hundreds of thousands of years during periods of ice ages.
○The glacial system is governed by precipitation and temperature in such a way that glaciers cannot form in temperate latitudes.
○When glacial ice reaches a depth of 30 meters, the weight of the ice causes ice crystals at the bottom to flow, and the resulting movement of the glacier carves the landscape.
○If global warming melted the world's glaciers, sea level would rise about 60 meters worldwide.
○Glaciers have had little effect on Earth's surface because only 2 percent of Earth's water is currently contained in glaciers, and there are fewer glaciers now than at most times in the past
原选134 正选1 23 我就是看了文章就纠结rain是不参加循环的，所以就没选2 现在想想是不是snow也算water的一种啊。就是water是大词。。。不不。。错了。。原文是有提及到water的 用绿色标出

Reading2

Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

2. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
○They are considered by some to be reptiles.
○Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
○They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
○They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
原选3 正选2 当时就想着 原文是like啊，那么related的应该没错的。。。结果。。。这道题其实真的看2 我也是有些纠结的 用排除法！！！！

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator, in which the coiled pipes pass heat back and forth as water courses through them. The leatherback is certainly not the only animal with such an arrangement; gulls have a countercurrent exchange in their legs. That is why a gull can stand on an ice floe without freezing.

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.
○Within the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.
○In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.
○When a turtle places its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers.
原选4 正选1 就没看见4还有个从句 就看主句了啊。。。。主配只是帮你筛选一部分，主配配上了在副配！！！不能主配对了就选啊啊！！1 一看就是大词优先啊啊。。sodapeng！！！！！

Reading3

What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, and changing positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposed mechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different times on different continents. Some hypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinction may have had a different cause. Evidence points to hunting by humans and habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.

3. The word extended in the passage is closest in meaning to
○specific
○unlimited
○reasonable
○long
原选2 正选4 是表明很长的。。但没说没止境啊。。。咋可能无限的持续下去啊。。。看了单词直接选。。。以后敢不敢看一下原文啊！

American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was just one of the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Based on their studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski have determined that mass extinctions occur about every 26 million years.
○David Raup and John Sepkoski studied extinction rates of numerous fossil groups and suggest that mass extinctions during the Cretaceous period continued for 26 million years.
○Studies that paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski conducted of various fossil groups have revealed that extinction rates have increased over the past 26 million years.
○The studies conducted by paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski of the fossil remains of species suggest that the extinction rate of species started to increase by the middle of the Cretaceous period.
原选4 正选1 提主！！！可以提取到的主干是 见紫色处。所以很简单要判断出3 4错 谓语动词都是没有提到的 2比较纠结。。看了解析才知道 是把study与suggest并列了 其实原文中先后顺序。。记住 不能随意加并列 原文可能有先后顺序

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
There have been many attempts to explain the causes of mass extinctions.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○Asteroid impacts, evolutionary developments, and changes in Earth's climate and in the positions of the continents have all been proposed as possible causes of mass extinctions.
○Researchers have observed 26-million-year cycles in extinction rates of a number of fossil groups that could all be attributed to the same cause.
○According to the Alvarez hypothesis, much of the iridium originally present on Earth was thrown into the atmosphere as a result of an asteroid impact that also caused a mass extinction.
○The unusual distribution of iridium on Earth and the presence of craters and heat-shocked quartz are central to the theory that an asteroid impact caused the late Cretaceous event.
○The collision between Earth and a large asteroid resulted in massive damage and generated enough heat to cause irreversible changes in Earth's atmosphere.
○There was a particularly large mass extinction that occurred around 250 million years ago at the end of the Permian period, whose cause could not be determined.
哎。。不说啥了。。时间啊啊啊。。。

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo14

Reading 1
The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the "celebrities" are often animated figures from popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.
9. The word "attributes" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○evaluations
○attitudes
○actions
○characteristics
原选1 正选4.。背单词哇亲！！！！！哎。。。如果真的没有见过 分析一下，广告希望给人明星好的品质么= =

Reading 2

Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize the southern Mayan homeland and the phrases that correctly characterize the northern Mayan homeland. Drag each phrase you select into the appropriate column of the table. Two of the phrases will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

Southern Mayan homeland
●
●
●
Northern Mayan homeland
●
●

Answer Choices
○ City of Tikal
○ Predictable rainfall
○ High above water table
○ Used reservoirs
○ Obtained water from wells
○ Dramatically improved corn crops
○ Had comparatively thin layer of soil
把2给选上了。。。第二次做就能做对啊！！！你个白痴！！！

Reading 3
Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

9. According to paragraph 4, the fact that pastoralist communities are subject to ―strict rules of portability‖ encourages such communities to
○relocate less frequently than they would otherwise
○have households that are more or less equal in wealth
○become self-sufficient in the manufacture of silk and jewelry
○share large material surpluses with neighboring communities
正选2 原选3.。其实一看3就不对啊。。和原文长得那么像。。。2不是很好推出来！！依旧排除法 逻辑题排除法是王道！！！


10. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of social inequality in pastoralist societies EXCEPT:
○It exists and has existed to some degree in most pastoral societies.
○It is most marked during periods of military conquest.
○It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based largely on heredity.
○It is usually too insignificant to be discussed in terms of class differences.
原选2 正选3 sodapeng你傻啊！看了一句标绿 你就想当然的认为前面特别显著 这里压根没有 你敢不敢再往后面看一句啊！白痴！

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo13
Reading1

Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?
○ It is a structure of associations with many people.
○ It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.
○ It places great demands on people.
○ It develops gradually overtime.
第二次就对了，正确选项一定是该选项的全部内容都可以在原文得到验证！别一看1貌似对没往后看就选了。。文中是other people 和 many people 差很远好不。


A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.

7. The phrase ―size up‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ enlarge
○ evaluate
○ impress
○ accept
这个真心不知道。。感觉上下文也推不出来么。。

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.
Where would the sentence best fit?
。。。。1 2两个犹豫不决 要是选1 前面有them 会破坏与前句的逻辑关系。。！看准了！！！！

Reading2

When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

10. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention that the period for different horseshoe crabs ranges from 22.2 to 25.5 hours?
○To illustrate that an animal's internal clock seldom has a 24-hour cycle
○To argue that different horseshoe crabs will shift from daytime to nighttime vision at different times
○To illustrate the approximate range of the circadian rhythm of all animals
○To support the idea that external cues are the only factors affecting an animal's periodic behavior
这这这。。又没看原文 很好推的啊啊啊。。。当时为啥就想选range 呢。。。


Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. ■Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of
Earth's rotation. ■Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. ■Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. ■This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Because the internal signals that regulate waking and going to sleep tend to align themselves with these external cues, the external clock appears to dominate the internal clock.
Where would the sentence best fit?
这题真心用技巧贼好使呢！！！！这的真的！！！绿色可定位 2 4 选项 4 前后联系紧密 见橘黄切记切记！！这种插入点前后有this一般都有紧密联系 不可拆哇！

Reading3

Two additional techniques of studying infant perception have come into vogue. The first is the habituation-dishabituation technique, in which a single stimulus is presented repeatedly to the infant until there is a measurable decline (habituation) in whatever attending behavior is being observed. At that point a new stimulus is presented, and any recovery (dishabituation) in responsiveness is recorded. If the infant fails to dishabituate and continues to show habituation with the new stimulus, it is assumed that the baby is unable to perceive the new stimulus as different. The habituation-dishabituation paradigm has been used most extensively with studies of auditory and olfactory perception in infants. The second technique relies on evoked potentials, which are electrical brain responses that may be related to a particular stimulus because of where they originate. Changes in the electrical pattern of the brain indicate that the stimulus is getting through to the infant's central nervous system and eliciting some form of response.

10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following leads to the conclusion that infants are able to differentiate between stimuli in a habituation-dishabituation study?
○Dishabituation occurs with the introduction of a new stimulus.
○Electrical responses in the infant's brain decline with each new stimulus.
○Habituation is continued with the introduction of a new stimulus.
○The infant displays little change in electrical brain responses.
我就不明白了 这么简答的题都能错。。。你你你。。。

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo12
Reading1
We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.
Paragraph 2: Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right hand.

5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and artists EXCEPT
○ the ideal source of lighting for most engravings
○ the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right hand
○ the prevalence of outlines of left hands
○ figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand
错选2 偷换概念 在做题的时候一定要看清题问什么 答非所问是一个很大很大的坑！！！


Tools themselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.


9. In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux?
○ As an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person
○ Because tressing is an activity that is easier for a right-handed person than for a left-handed person
○ Because the cave of Lascaux is the site where researchers have found several prehistoric tools made for right-handed people
○ As an example of an item whose construction shows that it was right handed made by a right-person
肯定是1 4之间的。。。然后就是这个例子完全没看懂！！！尼玛！！sodapeng 让你不背单词！！！

Reading2

Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not become a norm until the 1950s.

6. The word ―overshadowed‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○distracted from
○explained
○conducted
○coordinated with
当时是这么推理的 后面讲的是屏幕神马得到极大的发展，然后就想是有声电影促进了 就选了个4。。。现在才觉得傻啊。。看单词猜也能猜的到是1.。。。


These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures.

11. In paragraph 5, commercial radio programming is best described as the result of
○a financially successful development that enabled large telecommunications firms to weaken their competition.
○the desire of electronics and telecommunications companies to make sound technology profitable
○a major development in the broadcasting industry that occurred before the 1920s
○the cooperation between telecommunications companies and the motion picture industry
这道题好难推= =

Reading3

Arid lands, surprisingly, contain some of the world’s largest river systems, such as the Murray-Darling in Australia, the Rio Grande in North America, the Indus in Asia, and the Nile in Africa. These rivers and river systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.

3. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey?
○To contrast the Euphrates River with other exogenous rivers
○To illustrate the technological advances in dam building
○To argue that dams should not be built on the Euphrates River
○To support the idea that international river-basin agreements are needed
哎呦我去。。敢不敢把例子前后看清楚再做题！

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo11
Reading1

In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.


2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks
○ a realistic sense of human body proportion
○ a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes
○ the originality of European art
○ the capacity to show the human body in motion
做的时候着看了定位的前面一句 然后想了下 purpose 和 起源貌似有那么点联系。。鬼知道目的和起源有毛线关系！！第二次选就无力了。。看了答案想了下，是对此段最后一个句子没有理解清楚，这些排比的问题的答案就是说明了purpose 就是是因为没有理解purpose 那就是没有理解那些问题。。于是乎就是4


The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticizethem for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

6. The author mentions ―an architectural setting‖ in the passage in order to
○ suggest that architecture was as important as sculpture to Egyptian artists
○ offer a further explanation for the frontal pose of Egyptian statues
○ explain how the display of statues replaced other forms of architectural decoration
○ illustrate the religious function of Egyptian statues
现在还是没懂啊= = 求解。。= =

Reading2

So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass.
Where would the sentence best fit?
这个里面既然没有信号词 如these 之类的云云 就选定位词！！！最特殊 compass


14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Gustave Kramer conducted important research related to the ability of birds to orient and navigate.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○ Because caged birds become disoriented when the sky is overcast, Kramer hypothesized that birds orient themselves according to the Sun's position.
○ In one set of experiments, Kramer placed the box containing food at the same point of the compass each time he put food boxes in the birds’ environment.
○ Kramer demonstrated that an internal biological clock allows starlings to compensate for the Sun's movement.
○ After several studies, Kramer surmised that an internal biological clock allows some species of birds to navigate at night.
○ The role of environmental cues in birds' navigation is clear, for on overcast days, birds use objects besides the Sun to orient themselves.
○ Kramer showed that night-migrating birds use the sky to navigate by the stars.
觉得3是个minor。。就没选 但是一定要比较 如果实在都是判断是错的 可能那个你认为是minor就是对的= =。。。5 那个role原文没提。。

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo10
Reading1

The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.
○ Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.
○ While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.
○ The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.
原选4 正选2 首先是没看懂extend over 是发展的意思 所以觉得2是错了。。原文没提，但是还有不懂啊啊啊 4是对的啊！！！


5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:
○ The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.
○ Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.
○ Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stonewares were.
○ The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.
原选2 正选2 只看了第一句是最早的，但不是high-fired。。。定位错误。


Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.

6. The word ―instigate‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ improved
○ investigated
○ narrowed
○ caused
原选2 正选4 哎 就不想想2和research就重复了么！而且有对应的

Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.

11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?
○ They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens.
○ Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.
○ They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots
○ Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.
第二次对了-= = 多琢磨原文的意思 加强对原文理解！

Reading2

Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.

4. According to paragraph 3, scientists are able to reconstruct proxy temperature records by
○ studying regional differences in temperature variations
○ studying and dating changes in the properties of substances
○ observing changes in present day climate conditions
○ inferring past climate shifts from observations of current climatic changes
原选1 正选2 其实定位在后面有一大坨。各种冰核 各种地点，就是看文章的侧重点在哪里，可以在后面指代可以看出来是指物 而非地点、


To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.

7. The word ―erratic‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ dramatic
○ important
○ unpredictable
○ common
其实这个地方是做atmosphere的同位语 对其进行解释说明 前面就有解释！与之对应。

Reading3

The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships—an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

11. The phrase ―an English innovation‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ a new development introduced by the English
○ an arrangement found only in England
○ a type of agreement negotiated in English
○ a type of partnership based on English law
原选3 正选2 要明白标点符号的用意！！！破折号代表解释说明 就是解释前面的joint-stock partnerships


14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
In late sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century Europe, increased agricultural production and the expansion of trade were important in economic growth.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○ Bringing more land under cultivation produced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well as for supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural industry.
○ Most rural villages established an arrangement with a nearby urban center that enabled villagers to take advantage of urban markets to sell any handicrafts they produced.
○ Increases in population and the expansion of trade led to increased manufacturing, much of it small-scale in character but some requiring significant capital investment.
○ Increased capital was required for the production of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the provision of credit throughout of Europe as well as distant markets overseas.

○ Bills of exchange were invented in medieval Italy but became less important as banks began to provide loans for merchants.
○ The expansion of trade was facilitated by developments in banking and financial services and benefitted from the huge influx of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas.
有时间什么都好说。。

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo9
Reading1

It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets–the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west–that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.

1. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by
○paleoecologist Glen MacDonald's argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believed
○the demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect
○evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believed
○research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed
我都不知道当时为啥选错了= = 首先句子没读完。还是句意理解不到位啊！


Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.
3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to
○discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected
○present the evidence on which the theory was based
○cite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrect
○explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible
这题真TM难选啊啊啊。。。文章先讲理论 然后说再详细解释这个理论（路线的内容） 然后说70实际科学家不认为这个路线可以进去 然后说因为这个时代都是冰。明白了！！！3 是说证据！而后面根本没有给证据！只是说大家不认为是对的 为什么不认为是对的呢 然后就是explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible。。。真心觉得还挺绕的。。。


Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.
○There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the northwest coast.
○Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago.
○Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments.
○There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.
○Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy, several early human groups quickly moved south.
1 是细节。。。一看用放射性元素就能看出

Reading2

Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.

2. According to paragraph 1, it was believed that reflection could help teachers
○understand intellectual principles of teaching
○strengthen their intellectual connection to their work
○use scientific fact to improve discipline and teaching
○adopt a more disciplined approach to teaching
哎，还是因为句子没有看懂啊。。。。


The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession’s cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of theirs. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect – for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.

10. According to paragraph 6, teachers may be discouraged from reflecting because
○it is not generally supported by teacher educators
○the benefits of reflection may not be apparent immediately
○it is impossible to teach and reflect on one's teaching at the same time
○they have often failed in their attempts to become reflective practitioners
单词啊单词 sodapeng！！！背单词！！！


Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students.
○Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection.
○Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection.
○Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to practice reflection.
○There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect.
○Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect.
哎。。。哪有时间啊。。。。就凭着感觉做。。有没有办法啊啊！！

Reading3

2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.


3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis—the close cooperation of two or more living things—occur in island communities.
○Symbiosis—the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms—is especially important in these island environments.
○The first organisms on these islands worked together closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.
○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginning stages of the development of island life cannot survive without close cooperation.
原选1 正选3 张冠李戴错误！！！一个是例子 一个是生物 一定要注意这种错误！！2内容不完整！！


Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed’s chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard–like the shell of a nut–for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.

10. The word ―dormant‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○hidden
○inactive
○underground
○preserved
单词又是单词！！！

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo8
Reading1

How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.

The word ―ingenuity‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ambition
○sincerity
○faith
○cleverness
哎，单词题 不说啥了，其实看词缀可以猜出来得


It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.

According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown?
○Obsidian’s value was understood only when Teotihuacán became an important city.
○The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated toolmakers.
○The residents of Teotihuacán traded obsidian with the Olmecs as early as 400 B.C.
○Some of the obsidian used by the Olmecs came from the area around Teotihuacán.
这道题很简单 3是张冠李戴错误 resident不是Teotihuacán 而是Olmecs 真不知道当时咋想的

Reading2

If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.

3. Why does the author mention the survival of ―snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles‖ in paragraph 3?
○To argue that dinosaurs may have become extinct because they were not cold-blooded animals
○To question the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction of the dinosaurs
○To present examples of animals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaurs
○To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they are today
哎。。当时明明看懂了是质疑，看见2应该毫不犹豫的选啊= = 看了后面乱七八糟的一坨子。。对1选项理解也是错的


Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (lr) it contained

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.
○Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.
○Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them.
○Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.
哎 还是原文句意没有好好分析，再好好看看，其实可以的。


Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.

8. In paragraph 4, all the following questions are answered EXCEPT:
○Why is there a layer of clay between the rocks of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic?
○Why were scientists interested in determining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at the end of the Cretaceous?
○What was the effect of the surprising observation scientists made?
○Why did scientists want more information about the dinosaur extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous?
.还是定位问题，不能把一段大概扫完后，凭直觉选，一定要回归原文。2 3 4 均可定位
4 定位有些牵强，但是其实还是要逻辑推理，不能随意下定论

Reading3

These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced ―beaches‖ shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers—layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen—that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.
○But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.
○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.
○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.
其实2 3 4 的区别就在于动词的不同，一定要分清这些动词的区别，再下定论。句型简化有可能是考单词的同义替换 create 和 form 哎。。。


Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. ■They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. ■Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. ■The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped ―islands‖ (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. ■Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.
Where would the sentence best fit?
These依旧是定位词 后面的landscape features 要在原文中找一样的词 要是没有 就要同义替换。


There is much debate concerning whether Mars once had water.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○Mars’ runoff and outflow channels are large-scale, distinctive features that suggest that large quantities of liquid water once flowed on Mars.
○Although some researchers claim that Mars may once have had oceans, others dispute this, pointing to an absence of evidence or offering alternative interpretations of evidence.
○Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing water.
○The runoff and outflow channels of Mars apparently carried a higher volume of water and formed more extensive networks than do Earth’s river systems.
○There is very little evidence of liquid water on Mars today, and it is assumed that all the water that once existed on the planet is frozen beneath its surface.
○While numerous gullies have been discovered on Mars since 2000, many astronomers dismiss them as evidence that Mars once had liquid water.
哎哎。。。。文章木有看完的结果，有些内容可能没有涉及到，因为没有读到 比如最后一段 经常被忽略

sodapengUID: 3242849

Tpo7
Reading1：

In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?

2．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?
○Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave of extinctions.
○A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean’s invertebrates.
○Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.
○New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean when the old migrants returned.
拜托 一看很明显就是2错么。。2 的意思是A few hardy species 把Mediterranean’s invertebrates这玩意给摧毁了。。。这都是哪跟哪啊。。。。哎 看清选项啊，别看个大概像就急急忙忙选答案


The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.

9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?
○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival
○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier Atlantic
○The migration of new species through the narrow straits
○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean
其实我觉得这道题错的还蛮有价值的， 1 2不选的原因 他们是造成4 的原因 而4 才是造成extinct的直接原因，一定要分清楚。1 2推动了4 4 推动了题干 分清主次 此题也可定位至


The word ―Turbulent‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Fresh
○Deep
○Violent
○Temperate
哎，单词题 不说啥了。。。

Reading2

Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. ―Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,‖ asked Horace in his epistle, ―what work of ancient date would now exist?‖

9. In paragraph 4, the author develops a description of Roman civilization by
○comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals
○identifying which characteristics of Roman civilization were copied from Greece
○explaining how the differences between Roman and Greece developed as time passed
○contrasting characteristics of Roman civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization
这道题是通过opinion来说的，但是不是通过Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals 所以一定要看清楚，然后虽然是通过opinion 但是其本质 也就是内容是通过Roman Greek 两者的比较来说的 所以说4对。个人认为要是1没有后面的限定语 应该首选


Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Paragraph 6: Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.

12. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
○They could read and write the Greek language.
○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.
○They focused their writing on military matters.
○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.
哎。还是因为一句话木有看懂 既然是受过教育的都能说流利的Greek 后文又说leader是很好的writer 就能得到1 其实排除法会比较简单

Reading3

This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. Iron represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and weapons had an important place in society, often with special religious powers and functions. Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies. Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political power.

9. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT:
○Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social equality.
○Metal weapons increased the power of warriors.
○Iron tools helped increase the food supply.
○Technical knowledge gave religious power to its holders.
哎哎，这道题你傻啊。。把equality看成quality。。。。够可以的= =、、、