Argument提纲 @@A DREAM @@小组第1次作业 by wswjwj（江江）

wswjwjUID: 2624688

80The following appeared as an editorial in a health magazine.

"Clormium 5 is an odorless, tasteless, and generally harmless industrial by-product that can enter the water supply. A preliminary study has linked cooking with water containing clormium 5 to an increased incidence of allergies and skin rashes. Tests of the drinking water in several areas have revealed the presence of clormium 5. Although it is possible to remove clormium 5 from water, the costs of routine testing and purification are higher than many communities can afford. Therefore, in order to prevent allergies and skin rashes, communities that cannot afford to rid their drinking water of clormium 5 should replace drinking fountains in public buildings, such as schools and libraries, with bottled-water coolers."
1．
只是一个初步的研究，没有确凿的科学论证
2．
COAKING和DRINKING不一样啊，或许DRINGKING水不会造成过敏
3．
某些地方有不表示所有的地方都有啊
4．
没有说明凭装的就便宜啊

82The following appeared in a letter to an editor.

"In many countries, wood is the primary fuel used for heating and cooking, but wood smoke can cause respiratory and eye problems, and extensive use of wood causes deforestation, a major environmental problem. In contrast, charcoal, made by partially burning wood in a controlled process, is a fuel that creates less smoke than wood does. Moreover, although charcoal costs slightly more than wood, less charcoal is needed to produce the same amount of heat. Therefore, people who use wood as their primary fuel can, without experiencing economic hardship, switch to charcoal and can thereby improve their health and preserve the environment."
1．
木炭也是由木头得到的，或许在制作过程中产生了更大的危害
2．
少的烟不代表少的破坏，或许所有的有害的物质全部在这里释放出来
3．
用碳无法说明能够改善健康
4．
大多数都用碳，或许碳的价格上升了

83The following appeared in a memo from the business manager of Medicine, Inc., a local drugstore.

"Most business analysts for the drugstore industry have stated that even when a nation's economy is weak, drugstores' profits are unlikely to decline appreciably. While consumers might put off some kinds of purchases when the economy is slow, prescription and over-the-counter drug purchases are dictated by consumers' health needs, which are independent of the economy. Therefore, Medicine Inc. is likely to continue to have increasing profits and should plan to open an additional drugstore next year."
1．
错误的类比，或许两城市的经济基础不一样，新的行业不代表以前的行业没有繁荣，或许增长更快
2．
仅仅是今年增加了，以前的情况呢？
3．
平均工资增长，和同时期的别的地方比呢？失业率和别的地方比呢，或许是大环境导致发展
4．
新房子增加了，房子的豪华水平呢？不代表着发展，或许是临时的过渡房子
5．
当好的领导有好多别的因素，经济仅仅是其中一个部分

92The following is a recommendation from the human resources department at Techforce Computer Company.

"Many working parents report that problems related to their childcare arrangements are a major reason for absenteeism from their jobs. Bridgewell Corporation, a tele-communications company, implemented an on-site childcare program and after one year, the company reported that unscheduled absences had declined by 25 percent. Since Techforce has had an increase in unscheduled employee absences over the past year, we should therefore implement our own on-site childcare program. The program will undoubtedly reduce our unscheduled employee absences, resulting in significantly increased productivity."
1．
BC和T的性质或许不一样，人员结构不一样，缺席的原因也不一样（或许T的人员没有孩子问题呢？）
2．
childcare arrangement可能只是一个借口，并不是真正的原因
3．
或许BC缺勤下降有别的原因（交通，天气，时间安排）
4．
不缺勤不意味着高的生产率

93The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a large, highly diversified company.

"Ten years ago our company had two new regional office buildings built in two different regions. The buildings were erected by two different construction companies—Alpha and Zeta. Even though the two buildings had virtually identical floor plans, the building constructed by Zeta cost 30 percent more to build, and its expenses for maintenance last year were twice those of the building constructed by Alpha. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the Zeta building has been higher than that of the Alpha building every year since its construction. Such data, plus the fact that Alpha has a stable workforce with little employee turnover, indicate that we should use Alpha Construction Company, rather than Zeta, for all future building projects."
1．
10年前不能说明问题，或许现在已经有了大的改变
2．
或许两栋房子的面积不一样
3．
只是去年比别的多，以前呢，或许以前的少，或许去年这个地区有自然灾害
4．
能量消耗和房子没有关系，和使用率和里面的设备有关
5．
稳定的工人，很少的流动，或许少部分流动的都是骨干

104One kind of brain-scanning device is used by doctors to monitor normal as well as abnormal activity in a patient's brain. The device provides precise measurements of blood flow in the brain, a known indicator of how the brain is working. Unfortunately, the device requires patients to remain completely still with their heads in the scanning machine, which makes a very loud noise. Under these uncomfortable conditions, it is doubtful that doctors can get accurate measurements. A new head-mounted device that measures eye movements rather than blood flow and allows patients to move around will undoubtedly provide better brain measurements. Thus, the new head-mounted device should replace the older device at all hospitals and research institutions.
1．  大声吵不意味着不能得到准确的测量，同时，不安的状况也不一定就导致错误的结果. ‘doubtful’ 就是了.
2．  新的东西可以提供脑的测试，不一定能提供脑部的运作
3．  没有必要在所有的医院和研究所都要，或许部分的就可以满足了，或许新机器很贵，很难操作

115The following appeared in a clothing industry trade journal in the country of Sartoria.

"A popular fashion magazine recently conducted a survey of consumers' opinions about clothing prices, using prepaid mailing envelopes. Eighty-nine percent of the approximately 20,000 respondents reported that they were either "dissatisfied" or "very dissatisfied" with current clothing prices. The large number of responses indicates that the Sartorian clothing industry is at risk. Given the survey results, clothing manufacturers must find a way to reduce prices in order to keep their existing customers and maintain their businesses."
1．
或许S的服装本身就是很便宜了
2．
调查没有说对那类服装，或许就是对时装呢，调查的样本问题，或许受到的都是贫民
3．
吸引顾客不一定要降价，还有别的原因

116The following appeared in a memo from Grocery Town's regional manager.

"The new Grocery Town store in Elm City, located near a new residential development, has a 'high-low' pricing policy where average prices are relatively high, but deep discounts are offered on some items in weekly specials. This store has been showing increased profits every month as the nearby residential development gets closer to full capacity. It follows that people prefer a pricing policy where they can find bargains on specific items. Since there is a new residential development planned in Oak City, we should change the pricing policy at all of our Oak City stores from our current 'everyday low prices' policy to a 'high-low' policy. This will increase the profits at all of our stores in Oak City."
1.
首先，价格是不稳定的，相对的总体较高，而特殊折扣又不一定有
2.
改变价格政策不一定能吸引顾客，从而无法保证increase the profits
3.
一个商店有他的特殊性，并不能代表所有的

121The following is a memo from the president of Cyberell Computer Company.

"All of our customer-service employees recently attended a two-day retreat during which they received retraining in effective customer service. Subsequently, Cyberell's employee-performance study showed that the retreat benefited new employees—those who have worked with Cyberell for less than two years—far more than it did experienced employees. According to the study, after the retreat new employees were able to handle an average of ten percent more calls per hour, and the total number of customer complaints about new employees decreased, but experienced employees showed little improvement in these areas. Therefore, Cyberell should send only new employees to future retreats and should use the resulting savings to double the length of the retreats so that the retreats will be more likely to yield optimum employee performance."
1．
Two-days treat might already be adequate for employees. blindly increase the duration can not yield optimum employee performance.
2．
experienced employees already get little complaints before they receive the retraining.
didn’t the mention the experienced employees performance before and after the retraining
3．  或许这个就是为新手设计
4．
fails to mention other aspects of performance. Concentrate solely on the phone call handling and customers’ complaints.

122The following appeared in the Pine City Gazette.

"Fifteen years ago, Pine City launched an electricity-conservation program that reimbursed residents some of the cost for replacing energy-wasteful motors, home office equipment, and home appliances with energy-efficient ones. For ten years, spending on this program increased annually, and annual total energy consumption declined. But spending on the program began to decline five years ago, and since then Pine City's total electricity consumption has increased sharply. If this increased usage continues, the city will have to build a costly new power plant. Obviously the best way to avoid this expense is to increase reimbursement to residents for replacing energy-wasteful equipment. This will reduce energy usage to the levels of five years ago."
1.
没有证据说明总的用电量下降就是这个计划造成的，或许是别的原因（人们的意识问题，或许是电太贵了，人们节省着用）
2.
fails to note the fact that there are more and more electrical facilities these years.或许人口增加的缘故，或许是企业的增加造成总的用电量增加
3.
每年支出和电站比到底那个更省钱
4.
不能够回复到5年前的水平

126The following appeared in a health magazine.

"It has long been believed that getting at least eight hours of sleep a night is good for health. But a recent six-year study of adult sleeping habits found that people who reported sleeping eight or more hours a night had a higher rate of certain health problems than did those who reported sleeping seven hours a night. People who reported sleeping five hours a night also had an increased rate of the health problems, but this increase was slight compared to that for people who reported sleeping eight or more hours a night. Clearly, people should try to get seven hours of sleep, and they should worry more about getting too much sleep than too little."
1．
调查的健康问题不是睡觉产生的，有好多原因
2．
调查只是对成年人，没有说明对所有的人都一样，小孩，老人，还有不同工作的
3．
或许他们白天的睡觉时间不一样

130The following appeared in the annual report of a chain of stores that sell supplies for do-it-yourself home improvements.

"Current reports indicate that sales of new homes nationwide declined by 9 percent during the past year, while sales of existing homes increased by 16 percent. Thus we can expect that the percentage of homeowners who will be making repairs or improvements to their homes will also increase. In addition, people who buy existing homes will have more money left over after the purchase to spend on home improvements. Finally, people who buy existing homes are more likely to make improvements themselves, as opposed to paying someone else. These factors combined indicate we can expect an increasing demand for products in all our stores nationwide, thus increasing our profits in the coming year."
1．
没有证据说明就人数就是增长，或许是变少了
2．
没有证据说明买了二手房就要装修
3．
买二手房的或许就是钱太少了才买
4．
就是增长了，也不意味着就是买我们公司的，或许是对手公司的东西

138The following report appeared in a memo from the vice president of the Southside Transportation Authority.

"We should abandon our current five-year plan to purchase additional buses to serve the campus of Southside University, because students there are unlikely to use them. Consider the results of the recent campaign sponsored by the Environmental Club at Southside University: in a program on the campus radio station, the club asked students to call in and pledge that they would commute to school by bus instead of by automobile at least one day per week. Only ten percent of the students called in and pledged. In view of the campaign's lack of success, we can assume that the bus service we currently offer will continue to be sufficient to serve the university."
1．
学校的学生流动性多大，所以现在地调查不能代表以后的结果
2．
仅仅10％的人打电话，或许是他们对这样的方式不感兴趣，或许就是10％的人使现在不能满足（由于人口多）
3．
或许是只有少数人多广播感兴趣,本来广播就不受欢迎，所以这样的调查会出问题

wswjwjUID: 2624688

139The following appeared in the editorial section of an educational publication.



"One study at Lee University found that first-semester grades of teenage students who had always attended public, tax-supported schools were slightly lower than the grades of students who had received some home schooling instruction by parents at home, although the grade differences disappeared in the second semester. These results suggest that home schooling is the best way to educate teenage children. Therefore, instead of spending more money on public education, the government should provide financial incentives so that home schooling is an option for more parents. After all, children schooled at home receive more attention, since they are taught by the best possible teacher: a parent who has a high stake in educating them well."

1．  over-state the use of home schooling instruction.

Since the compare group who received home instruction by parents also attend school, we can't deduce that home schooling is the best way to educate teenage children. Since the "grade differences disappeared in the second semester", we can see those who didn't receive instruction from parents finally catch up with those receive instruction from parents. Properly put, Home education is a good ancillary to school education.仅仅是成绩无法体现一个学生的素质

2．  Most parents have not been trained to teach their children. The teachers in the public school can normally give better instruction to the children.，而且他们都有工作没有办法全天照顾



148The following appeared in the editorial section of Monroetown's local newspaper.



"Mayor Brown was recently re-elected by a clear majority of 52 percent of Monroetown's voters. Her re-election, however, does not show that most people in our town favored Mayor Brown's proposal for tax reduction over that of her opponent, Mr. Greene, who proposed raising taxes to improve education. It has been shown that voters nationwide tend to re-elect people already in office, regardless of candidates' proposals. In fact, a local survey after the election showed most people in Monroetown disagreed with Mayor Brown's proposal. Clearly most people in Monroetown favor improving education and therefore approve of Mr. Greene's proposal despite the fact that they did not vote for him."

1．  Given the facts that people in Monroetown favor improving education, they are not necessarily approve of MG's proposal since there were many other ways to improve education besides rasing taxes.没有说明喜欢MG的观点

2．  没有表示连任的任何偏见，还有好多因素，税收只是其中的一部分



170For the past five years, consumers in California have been willing to pay twice as much for oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast as for Gulf Coast oysters. This trend began shortly after harmful bacteria were found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. But scientists have now devised a process for killing the bacteria. Once consumers are made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they are likely to be willing to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, and greater profits for Gulf Coast oyster producers will follow.

1．  the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. the tend might be caused by some relevant factors other than the harmful bacteria ,for instance : taste ,quality。或许以前的价格水平就是这样的，即使没有细菌也会保持这样

2．  the arguer fails rule out the possibility that the cost of the device for killing bacteria might surpass the profits followed



183Many employees of major United States corporations are fearful that they will lose their jobs in the near future, but this fear is largely unfounded. According to a recent study, a majority of companies expected to make new hires in the coming year, while fewer companies expected to lay off employees. In addition, although it is very disturbing to be laid off, the proliferation of programs and of workshops designed to improve job-finding skills has made being laid off far less painful than it once was.

1.       大量公司想招人，也许都是小公司，招的人很少；少数公司想裁员，也许都是大公司，大规模裁员

2.       学习职业寻找技能也不能保证找到理想的工作，即使不那么痛苦



196Sadly, widespread negative images of businesspeople have been created in large part by television. Consider the fact that, although they make up a mere 10 percent of the characters in dramatic roles on television, businesspeople are responsible for about one-fifth of all the crime on television shows. In fact, in a recent survey of television producers, only 35 percent of the television roles for businesspeople were viewed as positive ones.

1．  Dramatic roles are not all the role in television show, so the comparison is incomplete.或许在总的角色中份量极少

2．  the survey provided by television producers lacks credibility,
a. either or fallacy: 35% percent of the television roles for businesspeople were viewed as positive does not follow that the remain 65% will be negative.

3．  Other than television, widespread negative images of businessmen may be caused by many kinds of media, radio, newspaper, periodical are responsible for the deterioration also.



197The following appeared as part of a recommendation made by a faculty member to the president of a large university.



"Never once in our 150-year history as a university have we clarified our objectives. How, then, can we hope to adapt as an institution to the new challenges facing higher education. As a first step in this evolutionary process, therefore, we should send out questionnaires asking faculty members why they teach, asking students what they want from this university, and asking former students what they gained from their own education here. When the replies come in, we can tabulate them and formulate an official statement of our educational mission. This will surely result in improved programs at our university."

1．  forming of an objective is not necessarily result in improved programs. Since such benign objectives would be undermined in the process of application.

2．  challenges are changing from time to time. It is hard to make an universal one that can be applied to any period in the future.

3．  merely information of faculty members and students is not enough. Information from society, parents and so on should also be acquired in order to make a comprehensive and executable objective.



231The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.



"The members of the town school board should not be reelected because they are not concerned about promoting high-quality education in the arts in our local schools. For example, student participation in the high school drama club has been declining steadily, and this year the school board refused to renew the contract of the drama director, even though he had received many awards for his original plays. Meanwhile, over $300,000 of the high school budget goes to athletic programs, and the head football coach is now the highest-paid member of the teaching staff."

1.       the arguer simply equals the high participation in drama club as higher quality of education, in fact, drama club has little to do with education quality since it is just a place for extracurricular activity, on the contrary , the decrease in participation in drama club might be resulted from the intensify of regular curricular which is essential elements to improve the education quality.

2.       . refusing renew the contract of the drama director might due to other reasons:
a. "received many awards for his original plays" does not ensure him a good educator. in fact, many field outstanding individuals do not suit for teaching
b. the salary he requires might too higher to be accepted by local high school.
c. the director himself refused renew the contract for his personal reasons.

3.       $300,000 of the high school budget goes to athletic programs makes no sense.
a. the budget of other courses remained unknown, it might be far more than $300,000
b. PE is also a part of education ,however the arguer seems treat it as something else.

4.       foot-ball coach is now the highest-paid member of the teaching staff makes no sense:
a. the high schools in local region are famous for their foot-ball. foot-ball might bring them

wswjwjUID: 2624688

有很多借鉴别人的^^ 不好意思~ 下次一定认认真真哒^^

cjluUID: 2448066

这个借鉴应该无所谓吧^^鼓掌鼓掌~