1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 BY 小T——成熟是熬出来的，熬至滴水成冰

ibt9.12UID：2581152

AW: 2010.02.23
笔试: 2010.06.12

上周末刚刚考完BEC，之前为了BEC复习，G都停下了，现在看看，真的落了很多，马上要一点点捡起。真的是应了那句：出来混，早晚是要还的。距AW还有三个月整，奋起啦！

成熟是熬出来的，熬至滴水成冰。

希望自己能够跟随着G版的节奏，一路向G杀去~~~~

落了四次作业啦，加油补上！


1006G REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组招新帖（海选阶段）
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1024091-1-1.html

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第一次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1025915-1-1.html

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第二次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1028710-1-2.html

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第三次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1029483-1-1.html

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第四次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1030818-1-1.html

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第五次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1033762-1-1.html

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第六次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1034200-1-1.html

ibt9.12UID：2581152

占楼

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M1

【fundamental course of writing】
EW=effective writing
Introspect 内省
Retrospect 回顾

As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.

1. What does X mean? (Definition)
1
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
1
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
1
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
1
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
1
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW什么意思？
1
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
1
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
1
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
1
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)当前，与过去及未来比较
1
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
1
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)报告
1
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
1
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
1
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
1
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)旧事，回忆

1
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
1
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

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M2

Coping with Writing Anxiety


Many situations or activities, such as writing, taking tests, competing in sports, or speaking before a large audience, may make us anxious or apprehensive（不安的，害怕的）. It's important to remember that a moderate level of anxiety is helpful and productive. That flow of adrenaline（肾上腺素） is a natural response that helps get us ready for action. Without it, we might not perform as well.

If we let our anxiety overwhelm us, it can cause problems. If we control that anxiety, however, we can make it work for us. One way to do that is to use some of the coping strategies listed below.

1

Coping Strategies:

•        Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head.
•        Consciously stop the non-productive comments（没用的思路） running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.
其实除了要及时放弃没用的思路，也要及时放弃对自己来说根本就不可能的事情。号外~~
•        If you have some "rituals（仪式）" for writing success, use them.
Examples:

•        -Follow a protocol（礼仪，协定） you may have for organizing your time. Use a favorite pen if you have one. （回忆模板，摸摸自己的幸运物）
•        -Spend a few minutes doing some relaxation exercises. （做运动）
•        -Take a break: physically walk away from the situation for a few minutes if you can. （溜达溜达）

Relaxation Strategies

•        Stretch伸展! If you can't stand up, stretch as many muscle groups as possible while staying seated. （不要吓到邻座...）
•        Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups. Starting from your toes, tense up for perhaps five to ten seconds and then let go. Relax and then go on to another muscle group.
•        Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly.
•        Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!"

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M3

Symptoms and Cures for Writer's Block

太多了，不再粘贴了，写几个自己要注意的要点：
1. approximate your own thought 哪怕不够成熟，也没有关系，只要尽量地approach
2. Begin in the middle, start writing at whatever point you like.这个，是我喜欢机考的原因，(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……
3. 设想自己为一个截然不同的身份，以寻求a wildly different perspective from your own

SO WHAT?
慎重考虑so what，自己要首先明确自己写文章的目的。要写的topic在社会大背景下是否真的值得一写，problematic?controvertial?

Brainstorm——outline

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M4 M5

Writing With Computers其实，我是很喜欢很喜欢机考作文的


Using word processing software文字处理软件 on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.

Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:

Planning

freewriting

If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type.这个神乎其神的…… You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.

writing an e-mail message

As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.

making an outline

Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. 这个要借鉴Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.

planning visually

Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.

keeping a journal

If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.


Drafting

creating a scrapfile

As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.

splitting screens这个我也喜欢，所以俺要宽屏的电脑

If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.

adding notes

As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.


Organizing

mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences

Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.

checking your outline

Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.

staying on topic in every paragraph每段都不要偏题

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.


Revising

starting at the beginning of the file

Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.还有自己经常还没写完就把前面的翻来覆去的读，以后要避免这种情况

renaming a file

Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.

saving copies of material to cut and paste

When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.

printing out hard copies to read

It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.

resisting the neat appearance of a printout

If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.

using page or print view to check paragraphs

Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?

highlighting sentence length

Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?

  

Editing and Proofreading

using online tools

A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a style checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.

changing the appearance of key features of your writing

Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.

editing on hard copy

It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.

ibt9.12UID：2581152

M6

这个真的很有用的。突然很感谢之前的一个写作老师， 他耗时一个学年都在跟我们强调这些东西，但是烦他，现在看来，很必要啊！

笔记：
文章主题句： Thesis Statement
作为文章首段的最后一句，一定要clear,strong,easy to find

AW
argumentative: 你的论断别人可能不同意，于是这就造成了controvertial

三个方面：
你的论点、支撑论据、论证顺序

好的主题句：
所选的topic一定要controvertial，能经过so what? who cares?的检验
主题要具体，specific&focused
evidence和T之间要具有logic, T可以不停得revise
让读者了解你的行文思路
预见到、并反驳counter argument
不要模糊，不要第一人称

这个总结也不错，贴过来：
主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．
公式：
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

检验T
吸引读者思考；避免so what；避免绝对；避免vague；主题句是否引导了下文的分论点？是否适合展开论述？

从示例中总结T要怎么写：
1.明确的立场 2.足够controvertial 3.单一的主要观点 4.具体不抽象

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M7

段落TS和逻辑顺序标记词
Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences  reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report. （这里TS主要有三个作用：对这一段：总领；对文章主题，relevant的辅助；和其他段之间的连接以及逻辑上的关系也要处理好）Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.  （即方向上的改变）

        Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.
（主要起的是结构上的作用，从中可以看出写作者的功力）

首先说TS：
两个层次的问题：是什么？为什么？不仅要make a claim还要make a reflection
提供了一些些TS的方法：
利用复合句，联系上下文（某些连接词）
用提问的方式，读者会迫切想要一个answer
单纯的连接句
如果TS出现在段落中间，可能是为了转折

Signpost
在文章中出现作为逻辑顺序标记词，帮助读者理清思路

123runfordreamUID：2697608

滴水成冰...我一直在想这话的深意。原谅我的愚笨...
LZ加油，一起加油哈！！

ibt9.12UID：2581152

谢谢ls啦 大kiss

继续补作业中，上午翻译了几页awintro。先贴上来~~~

分析性写作概览
作为GRE的一个新的组成部分，分析性写作于2002年10月被引入，这个测试是为了测试你的批判性思维和分析写作技巧。它致力于评价你的表达、支撑复杂观点的能力，分析论据的能力以及保持一个集中的连贯的讨论的能力。它不会评价专业性知识。

专业性写作包括两个分开计时的任务：
45分钟的 针对一个事件表达你的观点
30分钟的 分析一个论断

I时，你有两个事件的话题可以选择。每一个都表达了广为讨论的一个事件，你可以来从自己的角度来讨论这个事件，只要你能够提供相关的原因和证据，来解释和支持你的观点。

但是，A时，你不会有论断话题的选择。A任务和I任务的挑战是不同的：A要求你去批判性地评论一个已知的论断，讨论它是否有很好的逻辑理由。你需要从逻辑上评判它，而不是仅仅同意或者不同意已知论断。

这两个任务是互补的：一个要求你建立你自己的论断，持有一个立场、提供证据支持你自己的观点；而另一个要求你评判别人的论断，评价他的观点立场和提供的证据。


为分析性写作做准备

每一个人，及时是最多受训练的最自信的作者，也应该在去考试中心之前花一段时间来准备分析性写作。看一看要考的技能，了解一下怎样评分、评分指导和等级，以及一些示例主题和评过分的范文、评分人的评价，这都是很重要的。

分析性写作涉及的主题很广，从高雅艺术、人性到社会自然科学，但是没有任何的主题要求被试者具备专业知识。实际上，每一个主题都被试验过，以确保它具有几个重要的特质，包括以下几点：

l
GRE被试者，不论他们的专业知识和兴趣是什么，都能够理解这些话题并很容易讨论它
l
话题能够引出复杂的思维和具有说服力的写作，这些都是被大学老师们所看重的
l
回答在能容上以及在写作者如何表达他们的观点上具有多样性

为了帮助你准备GRE中的分析性写作部分，GRE项目已经出版了所有的话题，考试中的话题将会从中选取。你可以通过……得到所有的话题。


分析性写作的考试策略
预计时间是十分重要的。在45分钟的I时间限制之内，，你必须留有充足的时间从两个话题中选择一个，仔细思考你所选择的话题，计划一个回答，组成你的作文。在30分钟的A时间限制里，你必须留有足够的时间来分析论断，准备评论，组成你的作文。尽管GRE会考虑到时间限制，也会明白在这样的时间限制线你的作答只是初稿，但当然，你仍然希望写出的作文是在这样的时间限制下你所能写出的最好的文章。

最后留出几分钟检查文章中的明显错误。尽管偶尔的拼写和语法错误是难免的，也不会影响到你的分数，但严重的反复的错误会降低你的文章传递信息的有效性，从而降低你的分数。

分析性写作后，你会有十分钟的休息时间。在下一个测试部分前你会有一分钟的休息时间。每个休息时间，你可能要补充你的草稿纸。这一段我有点困惑了，翻得也不太对吧~


分析性写作将如何被评分

每一份作答都将以六分制为基础被全面地评价，评分标准见27、28页。全面的评价意味着每一份作答都将被作为一个整体来评价：评卷者不必将做大分为各个部分，根据一些特定的标准分别给每一部分判分，例如，思想、组织、句型结构或者语言。而是，评卷者将根据作答的整体质量评分，以一种综合的方式考虑到作答得所有品质。例如，好的组织或是坏的组织，将会是评卷者对做大整体印象中的一部分，当然也就会影响到分数，但文章的组织，做为一个特殊的标准，并不占特别的分数。

整体上来说，GRE的评分者都是来自大学，他们都是非常有经验的、所教授的课程里写作和批判性思维是非常重要的。所有的GRE评分者都经过了仔细的训练，通过了严格的GRE资格测试，表现出他们是可以保证评分的准确性的。

为了保证评分的公正和客观：
l
答卷是随意派发给评卷者的
l
所有的测试者的身份验证性信息，评卷者都不知道
l
每份答卷将被两个评卷者判分
l
评分的过程要求每份答卷从两个评卷者那得到的分数是相同或相似的；如果相差较大，答卷将被第三个评卷者再次评判

答卷的最后得分是两次评分的平均分。29页的分数描述将说明如何解读分析性写作的总分。分析性写作的重点是批判性思维和分析技能。

你的分析性作文将被ETS的文章相似度考察软件和有经验的阅卷者检查。在美国，学术行为的独立性是十分被看重的。ETS保留取消测试者成绩的权利，如果大量证据证实答卷包含，但不仅限于，以下情况：

l
答卷与另一份或更多份GRE答卷相似
l
引用或转述来自已发表或未发表的文章的语言或思想没有提及原作者
l
如果某项工作和他人一起完成，但没有注明他人的参与，却用了这份工作
l
作为被测者交上的答卷，实际上是借自他人的或有别人准备的

但上述一种或多种情况发生时，在ETS的评卷看来，你的答卷不能反映你的独立分析能力，而这正是测试要考察的。所以，ETS将会取消答卷成绩，因为它不可靠，也不会向将分析性写作看做不可缺少的一部分的GRE测试报告。
被取消成绩的被测者也会被失去他的考试费，如果未来还要参加GRE考试的话，必须交纳全部的考试费。未来的考试中，发给各高校的成绩报告中不会有考试成绩被取消的记录，也不会有取消原因的记录。

ibt9.12UID：2581152

M8
段落间的关系

支撑论据1：
Climatic Order
items are arranged from least important to most important.
一些有用的承接词：
more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, worse yet
psychological order
In this pattern, then, you decide what is most important and put it at the beginning or the end; next you choose what is second most important and put it at the end or the beginning (whichever remains); the less important or powerful items are then arranged in the middle.
顺序即为43125
再次，一些连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly

支撑论据2：
历史性的叙述，按时间顺序。
但是，话题的论述，像电影剧情一样，要把高潮留在最后

将两种截然不同的观点作比较时，较为简单时，是一种block to block的形式；有点复杂，怕读者遗忘时，用spot to spot的形式。
两种形式的行文要权衡：
leading someone down a winding path creates more confusion than leading the same person down a short city block with sights to see on all sides
添加副标题的方法

支撑论据3：把论据归为三段，也是遵循climatic order。

支撑论据4：介绍了三种logic order
1. climatic order
2. cause and effect
3. problem-solution

反例1：
DECREASING ORDER OF IMPORTANCE: when you want to tell your readers that something new has happened and why they should be interested -- then fill them in on the details感觉上是先总括，再描述detail
INCREASING COMPLEXITY: a sequence that leads your readers gently into a complex subject从易到难
STEPS OF A PROCESS: when you want to focus on a process itself, not the end result
A SPATIAL三维的，立体空间的 SEQUENCE: when you want your reader to see the way different aspects of your subject are spatially interrelated or lie in contrast
A TEMPORAL时间的 SEQUENCE: for emphasizing the time relations among things or events
反例2：很有用的一张图

反例3：The information is presented in a logical order; for example, the writer may rearrange the information so that the important part comes first
反例4：认为两种皆可以
Most important to least important
Least important to most important
反例5：啊哦，模板似的来着

通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．
并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．
实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion

如何处理复杂顺序？
三W法~~很好很强大
Counter-argument
Background material：appears at the beginning of the essay

  "What?"  What evidence shows that the phenomenon described by your thesis is true?不能超过文章的三分之一

"How?"
A reader will also want to know whether the claims of the thesis are true in all cases. The corresponding question is "how": How does the thesis stand up to the challenge of a counter-argument?
complication"难题

"Why?"
Your reader will also want to know what's at stake危险 in your claim: explains its own significance.
即昨天看的so what, who care问题

文章地图法
Mapping an Essay

从读者的逻辑顺序考虑
a reader's logic means

a written narrative
不停地问自己读者会怎么想，最想知道什么？
Essay maps ask you to predict where your reader will expect background information, counter-argument, close analysis of a primary source, or a turn to secondary source material.

flesh out充实，使有血有肉

Essay maps are flexible; they evolve with your ideas.

注意不要写成堆积型： "walk-through"
可以用first,second等连接词预防

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M9

段落内部的句子结构和句子连接

一、段落的基本概念
段落的作用：An informative paragraph should tell your readers all they need to know about a single idea, in a logical sequence, without wasting their time with irrelevant detail.
这里注意段落基本的三要素：
l
一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
l
一个合理的逻辑顺序
l
没有无关细节
段落的结构和整体文章的结构是一致的，段落组织联系的关系就和文章是一样的

一个有趣的论断说明了essay长短的问题：长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。
An essay is like a girl's skirt-it should be long enough to cover the topic(body) and short enough to be interesting!

段落的组成结构：
１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
３．The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。

二、段落组成的内容
让读者知道你的下一步怎么写
当引进新的idea的时候：
Three ways to do this are with orienting words and phrases, by letting the old amplify the new, and by adding explanatory words and phrases, where necessary.
一些有用的关联词：
·
of course
·
as you know
·
until now
·
obviously
·
normally
·
previously
·
everyone is familiar with
remember that
记住引入old的功效在于contrast,不要本末倒置

三、段内句子的连接
注意三个原则：
l
Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
l
Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
l
Connection－适当的连接句子
三种方法：
利用逻辑连接词
利用反复
利用强调
但是，不能滥用。Use them like garlic -- sparingly.

文段练习
Only one-million passengers flew Global Airlines two years ago. To the great contrast, it carried three-million passengers last year. The passengers contribute to an averaged 80-percent full-rate in Global last year. Global airline made a lot of efforts to attract passengers. For instance, they appeal to satisfy passengers’ preference of on-time flights and automatic ticketing. Most importantly, Global Airline shows great concern on flight safety. Their record has been accident-free since 1950.Also; they are wise merchant aiming at making profit. They introduced a new type of aircraft, the new DC-12 aircraft, which proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's. Therefore, profits were up 60 percent in spite of increased fuel costs. And to be more efficient and profitable, they expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada, while older, unprofitable routes were dropped. All in all, Global Airlines really has done a good job these years.

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1．
如何使用论据论证？
（１）
Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.找些和你的论点一致的论据，并加上自己的观点
（２）
Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position找些与你的论点相反的论据，击破它，以增强自己的论点
（３）
Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition资料来源多样化
（４）
Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence引用名言，合适的证据
In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your paragraph(为了使这些论据流畅的结合在一起，应该：)
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim
论题和论据要表现出合理的逻辑关系
举例：
Weak Use of Evidence
1)
Today, we are too self-centered. Most families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment . Everything is about what we want
This is a weak example of evidence because the evidence is not related to the claim. What does the claim about self-centeredness have to do with families eating together? The writer doesn’t explain the connection．
The same evidence, however, can be used to support the same claim, but only with the addition of a clear connection between claim and evidence, and some analysis of the quotation’s content
缺陷：论证和题目结合不紧密，不是论据无关，而是作者没有表现这种合理的关系在哪里，其实就是却一句话或者是一个逻辑连接词的问题．

Stronger Use of Evidence
2)
Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence.优先权 重音在后 In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment. Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity．
This is a far better example, as the evidence is more smoothly integrated into the text, the link between the claim and the evidence is strengthened, and the evidence itself is analyzed to provide support for the claim
大家其实可以看出来这段的论证好在哪里：划线的部分首先是首尾都有明显的和中心联系的句子，让你知道你在读什么，然后就是后边的几乎每个句子都有逻辑的连接词汇连接了起来．
Discussing your evidence’s significance develops and expands a paper，Remember that your job during the course of your essay is to persuade your readers that your claims are feasible and the most effective way of interpreting the evidence

Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?具体地表述我的证据是怎么具有代表性了呢？
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate用事实支持，主张 each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly彻底的 explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?不仅仅用证据证明论点，还要检验和升华
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?资料来源的问题

adammaksimUID：2675466

童鞋，好面熟啊~~~:handshake

ibt9.12UID：2581152

14# adammaksim

哇啦哇啦握手~~~我补作业补得好辛苦~~~~:loveliness: