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本帖最后由 ananan1523 于 2015-12-17 09:30 编辑
写作第十次训练
Argument 71
The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times.
"Traffic here in Waymarsh is becoming a problem. Although just three years ago a state traffic survey showed that the typical driving commuter took 20 minutes to get to work, the commute now takes closer to 40 minutes, according to the survey just completed. Members of the town council already have suggested more road building to address the problem, but as well as being expensive, the new construction will surely disrupt some of our residential neighborhoods. It would be better to follow the example of the nearby city of Garville. Last year Garville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work, giving them coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Garville have dropped since the policy was implemented, and people from Garville tell me that commuting times have fallen considerably. There is no reason why a policy like Garville's shouldn't work equally well in Waymarsh."
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
本次训练目的:
根据范文写提纲和例子
指引分类:
还需要什么evidence
这个evidence如何加强或减弱argument
题目Premise
/Pollution levels in Garville have dropped since policy was implemented
/People from Garville tell me that commuting times have fallen considerably.
题目Counter premise
/Although just three years ago a state traffic survey showed that the typical driving commuter took 20 minutes to get to work, the commute now takes closer to 40 minutes, according to the survey just completed.
/Members of the town council already have suggested more road building to address the problem, but as well as being expensive, the new construction will surely disrupt some of our residential neighborhoods.
题目assumption
/There is no reason why a policy like Garville’s shouldn’t work equally well in Waymarsh.
PF_提纲Background (paraphrase)
According to this letter, Waymarsh should introduce a policy similar to that of Garville to encourage more drivers to share rides with others to solve a perceived traffic problem. This policy will be better than the road building project proposed by the city council.
PF_TS提纲
To evaluate this argument, we need more evidence about the surveys indicating the traffic problem, the policy implemented in Garville that is now proposed for Waymarsh, as well as its strengths and weaknesses relative to the road construction plan.
Pt1=the surveys indicating the traffic problem
Pt2=the policy implemented in Garville that is now proposed for Waymarsh
PT3=its strengths and weaknesses relative to the road construction plan
PM_提纲pt1 = the surveys indicating the traffic problem
Pt1/ To begin with, we need to examine the surveys more critically to decide if there is indeed a traffic problem in Waymarsh
Example and explain 1/We need to know more, participants were recruited, results are comparable---- Maybe one survey focused more, 6am, 8am-----Under such circumstances, difference, turned worse
3sentences---general---某种可能性---指这种情况下,会发生什么,往往是和原题相反或者矛盾的情况
Example and explain 2/Also, it is important to look into, reliable, self-reported data, both surveys---Drivers, recall, commuting, estimation, deviate considerably from the reality---If the survey authors, collect data, verify the results, conclusion based on the surveys would be questionable.
3 sentences----回应题目,另一种需要的信息----其它可能性----指出这种可能性下,结论不成立
Conclusion/ If Waymarsh traffic has no problem, there is no need to introduce the proposed policy.
呼应主题句,指出这个点和原文论证某个基础的关系。
1. 提出需要的证据
2. 提出其他可能性
3. 指出这种可能性成立对原论证的影响
PM_提纲PT2= the policy implemented in Garville that is now proposed for Waymarsh
Pt2/ In addition, we need to collect more information about how the policy has changed the traffic in Garville and how a similar policy will affect people’s behaviors in Waymarsh.
回应题目要求,指出需要哪些方面的证据和信息
example and explain/ The fact that, imply, amount of exhaust----Maybe, draconian measures, pollution caused by factories-----Also, it was not clear that, commuting time, anecdotal evidence, collected through casual conversation----More systematic data collection, evaluate the effectiveness of the policy
质疑原题对某个事实潜在的诠释----提出其他可能性----质疑原题中的证据的可靠性----提出需要更多的数据
example and explain/ -Meanwhile, we do not know, attractive, coupons would seem to----Maybe, income level, small amount of saving, enough incentives, give up their privacy and share rides with strangers.-------Likewise, concerned with safety, reluctant, despite the financial rewards.
提出另一个问题,-----提出其他可能性----再提出其他可能性
Conclusion/ Unless we know more about Waymarsh drivers and commuters’ attitudes towards the policy, we cannot be sure whether the policy will work in Waymarsh.
总结
PM_提纲PT3= its strengths and weaknesses relative to the road construction plan
Pt3/Finally, we need to compare the cost and benefits of the ride sharing policy with the proposed road construction project.
Example and explain/ It is true that, live with noise and disruption---But this disruption, be measured quantitatively by offering the affected residents some monetary compensation.----On the other hand, gas coupons, cost money---not to mention, extra police forces, ensure the safety---Ultimately, calculate the total costs of both proposals, compared them with the benefits of each in terms of time that can be saved for commuting.
对原题的事实做出回应和让步---经济学的思考方式,所有东西都换算成货币----指出另个方案的成本,除了明显的成本,还有隐形的成本,呼应前面提到的安全问题----基于前面对两种方案的成本的分析,提出需要计算总的成本进行比较。
Conclusion/ Unless we have more quantitative data about the cost and benefit of both solutions, it is difficult for use to decide which one is more desirable.
最后总结,提出需要定量数据
PE_提纲CONCLUSION
General /In conclusion, while the proposed policy seems useful, we need to collect more information to address the issues discussed above to evaluate the soundness of the argument.
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