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The "Analyze an Argument" task assesses your ability to understand, analyze, and evaluate arguments and
to clearly convey your analysis in writing.
Your task is to discuss the logical soundness of the author's case by critically examining
the line
of reasoning and the use of evidence.
核心论证方法思考:- What claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions does the argument make?
- What alternative explanations and counterexamples can I think of?
- What additional evidence might weaken or strengthen the claims?
- What changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound?
源文档 <http://www.ets.org/gre/general/prepare/tips/index.html>
读题注意事项
1、在拿到题目后应该找出这些:
• what is offered as evidence, support, or proof
论据,
• what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded
结论,
• what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof
推理过程中的未加证明的假设
• what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated
论据中的潜在后果。
总结一下:即论据,结论,推理过程中的未加证明的假设,论据中的潜在后果。这四点都是需要我们尽量展示在第一段里面的。
2、同时,还要考虑原题目中的逻辑链:
In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument—the way in which these elements are linked
together to form a line of reasoning; that is, you should recognize the separate,
在这过程中更重要的是: sometimes implicit steps in
the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound.
这是我们攻击的要点,尤其是隐含的逻辑步骤。In
tracing this line, look for transition
words and phrases that suggest that the author is attempting to make a
logical connection (e.g., however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion).
用一些连接词来帮助我们识别作者的逻辑链。
3、写作时,这才是ETS想要的文章:
An important part of performing well on the Argument task is remembering what you are not being asked
to do. You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate;
instead, you are being asked whether conclusions and inferences are validly drawn from the statements.
You are not being asked to agree or disagree with the position stated; instead, you are being asked to
comment on the thinking that underlies the position stated. You are not being asked to express your own
views on the subject being discussed (as you were in the Issue task); instead, you are being asked to
evaluate the logical soundness of an argument of another writer and, in doing so, to demonstrate the critical
thinking, perceptive reading, and analytical writing skills that university faculty
consider important for
success in graduate school.
1 结论和推断是否有效
2 评论的构成立场的论据
3 评价Argu的逻辑是否有力
展示你的批判性思维、有见解的阅读能力和分析性写作能力
4、关于写作中的
逻辑问题
举例
For instance, in one topic an elementary school principal might conclude that the new playground equipment has improved student attendance because absentee rates have declined since it was installed.
论证的思路为:
(1)意识到存在它因
you will simply need to see that the principal has committed the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy; you will simply need to see that there are other possible explanations for the improved attendance,
(2)提供具体的它因
to offer some common-sense examples,
(3)从结论考虑,怎样才能使论证完整有力,即(适度地站在作者角度)如何改进and perhaps to suggest what would be necessary to verify the conclusion. For instance, absentee rates might have decreased because the climate was mild. This would have to be ruled out in order for 为了 the principal’s conclusion to be valid.
5、官方认为的有几个key concepts需要解释,- alternative explanation—a possible competing version of what might have caused the events in
question; an alternative explanation undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too
can account for the observed facts
他因质疑:既可以加强也可以减弱原来的解释 - analysis—the process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component parts in
order to understand how they work together to make up the whole; also a presentation, usually in
writing, of the results of this process
其中analysis这个词的解释很重要, 说白了,就是把原题中的三段式论证给打拆开,逐一地进行分析。同样的analytical writing的核心也就是拆开原命题,分成1串逻辑链,然后一部分一部分地讨论。 - argument—a claim or a set of claims with reasons and evidence offered as support; a line of
reasoning meant to demonstrate the truth or falsehood of something - assumption—a belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain
a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the
conclusion to be true - conclusion—the end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the
resulting assertion - counterexample—an example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement in the
argument
6、核心论证方法:
找出隐含假设(并质疑)
identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible;
寻找它因和寻找反例
think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can;
加条件后讨论
think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims;常识性条件
提出改进方案
ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound。
同学们以上四点是核心论证方法!!!所有的满分范文中都用到了这四种方法。其中,在论证时需要:think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims。这里重要的是加上一个常识性条件后,能意识到,有些情况,是支持原命题的。这一点至关重要,我们是讨论,要求同存异,而不是一味的批驳。
7、如何处理数字、百分比和统计
1.对于数字:是否具有代表性,找他因
Instead you should evaluate these as
evidence that is intended to support the conclusion. In the example above, the conclusion is that a
community event has become less popular. You should ask yourself: does the
difference between 100
people and 150 people support that conclusion? Note that, in this case, there are other possible
explanations; for example, the weather might have been much worse this year, this year's event might have
been held at an inconvenient time, the cost of the event might have gone up this year, or there might have
been another popular event this year at the same time.
2.对于百分比:看其基数
percentages might support or weaken a conclusion depending on what actual numbers the percentages
represent. Consider the claim that the drama club at a school deserves more funding because its
membership has increased by 100 percent. This 100 percent increase could be significant if there had been
100 members and now there are 200 members, whereas the increase would be much less significant if there
had been 5 members and now there are 10
8、满分作文的模式
some essays at the
6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the
main points of the critique.
先复述题目,然后清晰的表明观点,然后发展。
1.
The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by analyzing and
developing several points in a critique
2.
or by identifying a central flaw in the argument and developing that
critique extensively.
9、高分作文的攻击顺序
This means using as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate
for your critique—for example, creating a new paragraph when your discussion shifts to a new point of
analysis.
1.You might want to organize your critique around the organization of the argument itself,
discussing the argument line by line.
2.Or you might want to first point out a central questionable
assumption and then move on to discuss related flaws
in the argument's line of reasoning.
这里给出了两种攻击顺序,根据我读了一个多月awintro的经验来看,一般官方给出的建议总是越靠后的越好越nb,正如在官方推荐issue观点的时候总是把平衡观点放在最后。所以这里比较好的方案是先质疑一个核心的假设,然后再按照原文逻辑来搞。
Similarly, you
might want to use examples if they help illustrate an important point in your critique or move your
discussion forward (remember, however, that, in terms of your ability to perform the Argument task
effectively, it is your critical thinking and analytical writing, not your ability to come up with examples,
that is being assessed). 注意不是让你想例子,而是考察你的批判性思考和分析性写作能力
What matters is not the form the response takes, but how insightfully you analyze
the argument and how articulately you communicate your analysis to academic readers within the context
of the task.
最重要的不是你回答的形式而是怎么样把你的分析深刻而又清楚,内容充实地表达给你的学术考官看
6分作文标准:
A 6 paper presents a cogent, well-articulated critique of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.
A typical paper in this category
• clearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes them insightfully
• develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically, and connects them with clear transitions
• effectively supports the main points of the critique
• demonstrates control of language, including appropriate word choice and sentence variety
• demonstrates facility with the conventions (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written English but may have minor errors |
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