1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by 薇薇vivi——一个人的战斗

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

人生是一场战斗，对手是自己。
    克服拖沓，克服惰性。
    不允许继续做着半明半昧的梦，于是我选择觉醒。
    不管怎样，熬过这段岁月，以此记录与大家共勉。
       加油。

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

转自http://bbs.gter.ce.cn/bbs/thread-1025915-1-1.html


去看以下链接，每个链接都要做好学习笔记

下面这两个专题一个是语法一个是文法，都是写作的基础，即便你基础很扎实也请再仔细看一遍，如果以前基础就不好，那么就更要趁着这个机会好好补上。到了以后可没时间留给你补这些。

关于笔记，请在你的备考日记里写下来，光看是没有用的。为了方便统计，建议在自己备考日记里写的同时，也复制去相关的帖子里一份。

至于笔记的记录程度和该如何记笔记，大家都上了这么多年学了，自己做吧。如果有好的形式和建议，我会推荐给大家用（这里推荐大家看一看米饭袜子做的笔记，很认真）。这是个良心活，对能不能脱颖而出是很关键的。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931474-1-1.html

【SU & SY SO】
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=959505&highlight=

以上两点，给一周时间去做11月12日我留第二次的作业。这次留的东西其实很多的，请抓紧时间。

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

11月6日，11月7日，

   1、按KG入门篇，看完AWintro一遍，并结合 小麦可的分析——AW的intro的解读，再看了AWintro一遍。
       http://bbs.taisha.org/viewthread.php?tid=1093534&highlight=
     2、看完猴哥GRE写作教程前四章，了解“阅读式作文备考法”
      猴哥的“阅读式作文备考法”，就是先对ETS写的范文（4-6分）的，如同精读GRE阅读一样，进行仔细的、细致的阅读，以达到以下的要求：
        1、  了解文章的中心思想（作者观点）
        2、  能够对文章的自然段进行分段（我们小学、高中时代把戏），体会文章的结构布置
        3、  写出每一段的段义。
        4、  体会每一段中的论证方法。并进行记忆。
        5、  将文章中比较典型的好的结构句子，进行收集

     对单词的背诵始终充满畏惧，至今没背完一遍。这个一定要克服。。。

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931474-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记

无论是iBT还是GRE,GMAT的写作，虽然考察点各有不同，但是都是基于一个effective writting基础之上的。其重要性，就是永远占据了各类写作考试最基础的2/3之多的分数，尤其在ibt中，更是几乎全构架在这个之上；至于GRE，中国学生其实不缺乏思想，只要做好introspect和retrospect，所有上层建筑都不难，唯独十万余种的部队经常被卡到3分的瓶颈，为什么呢？文法！基础！而基础是什么呢？呵呵——effective writting。

     这让我想起高考，总分中的70%以上是基础分。想拿高分很难，但是基础分却是人人都应该拿到的。AW也是如此，effective writting是大家都应当做到的起码的写作，而要拿更高的分数需要更多技巧性的东西。不知道这样理解对不对，请大家指正。

审题20问
     个人感觉，审题20问其实跟中文中写议论文的方法类似，特别跟中学时的政治课本上写一个东东类似。记得中学时学写议论文，老师也是从这些方面教我们如何从一个题目展开论述。所以我想，如何把中学教写议论文的书再找到看下，不知是否合适呢。记得当时我写议论文也是列出若干问题在草稿上，然后一个一个想着如何来叙写。

1. What does X mean? (Definition)

首先是给出定义，使得后面的讨论围绕这个定义限定的东西讨论，不至于偏题。讨论一个东西，要从基本概念上说起。这好像是政治书上常用的方法。

2. What are the various features of X? (Description)

第二步就是讨论这个东西的特点是什么。政治书常用法。

3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)

然后讨论这个东东的组成。

4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)

这个东东是怎么产生和得到的？个人理解好像是要探讨各组成部分和这个东西之间的逻辑关系。

5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)

这个东东是怎么产生和得到的？这一问和上一问只是is变成了should be,区别何在？个人感觉是这个东西应该怎么产生及得到。（跟实际产生不一样？）

6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)

这个东西起到的实质作用是什么？

7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW

这个东西的起因是什么？是什么导致了它的产生？鉴于第4和第5问已讨论产生和得到。所以我理解这个问是讨论产生的条件，比如说产生的导火线，是什么情况促使了它各个部分产生了它。

8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)

这个东西的结果是？会产生怎样的后果？

9. What are the types of X? (Classification)

这个东西是如何分类的？可以分为哪几类？

10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)

把这个东西跟它类似的东西比较。Y个人感觉应该是跟X易混淆的东西，或是经常相提并论的东西。

11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)

这个东西当前的状态是什么？这个状态，我感觉是比如人们对它的态度等等。

12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)

这个东西的意义是？重要意义是？

13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)

这个东西的事实是？我感觉是社会上对它的态度？或是社会对它的报道之类。跟第11问有点类似。

14. How did X happen? (Narration)

这个东西怎么发生的？跟第4，5，7问类似。迷惑，为什么要重复问呢？还请教大家。

15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)

哪种人是属于X的？跟第2问类似。继续迷惑。

16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)

对X我个人的观点是什么？

17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)

我对X的记忆还是印象还是啥的？？这个不懂哈。望高人解答。

18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)

X的价值是什么？第第12 问类似。

19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)

总结，X的本质上的主要点和特征是什么？

20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

什么情况能用来支持或反对X？有了这问，使得更具说服力。

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931194-1-1.html

薇薇vivi阅读笔记

Coping with Writing Anxiety

Many situations or activities, such as writing, taking tests, competing in sports, or speaking before a large audience, may make us anxious or apprehensive. It's important to remember that a moderate level of anxiety is helpful and productive. That flow of adrenaline is a natural response that helps get us ready for action. Without it, we might not perform as well.

If we let our anxiety overwhelm us, it can cause problems. If we control that anxiety, however, we can make it work for us. One way to do that is to use some of the coping strategies listed below.

说句实话，我还没有焦虑，我是天生不着急的人。不过先学习了，万一以后哪天焦虑呢，呵呵。

Coping Strategies:

• Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head.
• Consciously stop the non-productive comments（没用的思路） running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.
• If you have some "rituals（仪式）" for writing success, use them.

想太多确实不好。

Examples:

• -Follow a protocol you may have for organizing your time. Use a favorite pen if you have one. （回忆模板，摸摸自己的幸运物）

• -Spend a few minutes doing some relaxation exercises. （做运动）
• -Take a break: physically walk away from the situation for a few minutes if you can. （溜达溜达）

Relaxation Strategies

• Stretch伸展! If you can't stand up, stretch as many muscle groups as possible while staying seated. （不要吓到邻座...）
• Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups. Starting from your toes, tense up for perhaps five to ten seconds and then let go. Relax and then go on to another muscle group.
• Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly.
• Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!"

   我的感觉是一周至少跑两次，感觉人会变精神很多。不贵我也没坚持好久，鄙视自己一下，学会坚持。
   身体是革命的本钱啊。年轻时用生命换金钱，老了用金钱换生命。无论什么身体最重要。
   所以一定要take a break时不时地，可以让头脑清醒。
   要GRE，更要health!

cicialiceUID: 2594855

哈哈~小组童鞋~~加油加油！！:hug:

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931466-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记
   
这个中的部分内容跟（2）是重复的哈。

Begin in the MiddleStart writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose of the piece will be.

先写中间法：我觉得这种方法好新奇，从来没试过。先把想写的部分写了，比如说中间，然后把介绍及第一段留到最后再写。这种方法应该还是有好处的，就是最后知道前面应该如何写最合适。

You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. So, if you're preoccupied with the idea that you have to write about a subject and feel you probably won't express yourself well...

无法下笔写，不知怎么表述。

这个可能是最容易出现的问题。不知如何下手。那么看如何解决呢？

Talk Out the PaperTalking feels less artificial than writing to some people. Talk about what you want to write someone—your teacher, a friend, a roommate, or a tutor. Just pick someone who's willing to give you fifteen to thirty minutes to talk about the topic and whose main aim is to help you start writing. Have the person take notes while you talk or tape your conversation. Talking will be helpful because you'll probably be more natural and spontaneous in speech than in writing. Your listener can ask questions and guide you as you speak, and you'll be more likely to relax and say something unpredictable than if that you were sitting and forcing yourself to write.

Change the AudiencePretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly. Changing the audience can clarify your purpose and can also make you feel more comfortable and help you write more easily.

Play a RolePretend you are someone else writing the paper. For instance, if you have been asked to write about sexist advertising, assume you are the president of the National Organization of Women. Or, pretend you are the president of a major oil company asked to defend the high price of oil. Consider being someone in another time period, or someone with a wildly different perspective from your own. Pulling yourself out of your usual perspective can help you see things that are otherwise invisible or difficult to articulate, and your writing will be stronger for it.

  解决方法中我觉得较实用的有：
  1、跟别人讨论，并做好记录。因为自己的观点常常局限在一点，拉不出来，多和别人讨论，看问题更全面。
  2、改变读者。小孩子，密友， 父母，或跟你观点不同的人，对这东西不了解的人。所以你必须解释详尽，且有说服力才行。
  3、换位思考，假想自己是妇女组织的主席，却要写男权主义广告，或是假设是石油公司的老板，为油价高而辩护。想象自己是另一时段的人，或是有着完全不同立场的人。换位思考，会使你看到以前看不到的东西。

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

哈哈~小组童鞋~~加油加油！！:hug:
cicialice 发表于 2009-11-8 12:47

一起努力哈

yuxuaniceUID: 2559829

哦，你这么认真哦，我好久没看了，惭愧~:mad:

djs3933UID: 2589720

上来支持一下
好好加油~~

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

11月8日完成工作
1、阅读【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲 （1）（2）（3）
          https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931474-1-1.html
      感觉学得太慢了。。
2、分析ETS 官方范文 issue 1，自己分析确实迷茫。结合小麦可的issue分析才明白了一些。自己分析能力不够。
3、背单词List31及List32一半

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932138-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记

Instead, you can try one or more of these strategies:

Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.

There are many "correct" things to write about for any subject, but you need to narrow down your choices. For example, your topic might be "dorm food." At this point, you and your potential reader are asking the same question, "So what?" Why should you write about this, and why should anyone read it?

Do you want the reader to pity you because of the intolerable food you have to eat there?

Do you want to analyze large-scale institutional cooking?

Do you want to compare Purdue's dorm food to that served at Indiana University?

一个东西有很多方面可写的，搞清楚想要表达的主题，到底是什么中心思想。不要扯些偏离主题的东西。所以对想到的东西要筛选。

Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.

How, for example, would you achieve your purpose if you wanted to describe some movie as the best you've ever seen? Would you define for yourself a specific means of doing so? Would your comments on the movie go beyond merely telling the reader that you really liked it?

如何达到这个目的？真正想告诉读者的东西一定要强化。如果自己写了读来都没有说服力，那么一定不能让别人信服。

Start the ideas flowing

Brainstorm. Gather as many good and bad ideas, suggestions, examples, sentences, false starts, etc. as you can. Perhaps some friends can join in. Jot down everything that comes to mind, including material you are sure you will throw out. Be ready to keep adding to the list at odd moments as ideas continue to come to mind.

前期一定要多收集想法，不管是好的还是坏的，建议也好，例子也好。为后面的筛选做准备。

Talk to your audience, or pretend that you are being interviewed by someone -- or by several people, if possible (to give yourself the opportunity of considering a subject from several different points of view). What questions would the other person ask? You might also try to teach the subject to a group or class.

假装你在被采访，那么想象别人会问到什么。想象自己在毕业答辩，坐在下面的老师会问些什么？一定要考虑到写作上说法的严谨性。且一定要让人家问不出来破绽。

See if you can find a fresh analogy that opens up a new set of ideas. Build your analogy by using the word like. For example, if you are writing about violence on television, is that violence like clowns fighting in a carnival act (that is, we know that no one is really getting hurt)?

多用like这个词，便于引出例子。这个也是awintro中提到的要多引例子，like就是引入例子的好方法，不会显得突兀。好主意！！

Take a rest and let it all percolate.

Nutshell your whole idea.

Tell it to someone in three or four sentences.

Diagram your major points somehow.

Make a tree, outline, or whatever helps you to see a schematic representation of what you have. You may discover the need for more material in some places.

可以画树形图，或者是图表之类的。启发思维。

Write a first draft.

Then, if possible, put it away. Later, read it aloud or to yourself as if you were someone else. Watch especially for the need to clarify or add more information.

写完了，再以别人的眼光读它，看是否能发现破绽。本着批驳的精神来读。。

You may find yourself jumping back and forth among these various strategies.

You may find that one works better than another. You may find yourself trying several strategies at once. If so, then you are probably doing something right!

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932417-1-1.html

薇薇vivi阅读笔记

这篇文章叙写了电脑写作的好处及如何利用电脑独特的优点，高效写作。

Writing With Computers

Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.

Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:

Planning

freewriting

If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.

writing an e-mail message

As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.

making an outline

Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.

planning visually

Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.

在圆圈中间写入主题词，围绕圆圈的是有关联的词。用线连接这些词。
其实是教你如何扩展，联想更多的东西。

keeping a journal

If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.

这个对我们做科研也是如此，记录下自己的想法和完成的步骤。

Drafting

creating a scrapfile

As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.

splitting screens

If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.

可以多窗口地显示有关的资料。

adding notes

As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.

Organizing

mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences

Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.

checking your outline

Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.

staying on topic in every paragraph

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.

Revising

starting at the beginning of the file

Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.

renaming a file

Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.

saving copies of material to cut and paste

When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.

printing out hard copies to read

It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.

resisting the neat appearance of a printout

If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.

using page or print view to check paragraphs

Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?

highlighting sentence length

Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?

句式上要有变化。

  

Editing and Proofreading

using online tools

A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.

changing the appearance of key features of your writing

Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.

editing on hard copy

It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.

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