1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by 薇薇vivi——一个人的战斗

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

太惭愧了。今天就背了一个List

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

最近就为了些乱七八糟的事情，感觉好久没背了。。

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

恶补！~~

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932725-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记

草木语：“要是能保证看5遍以上 保证你的ISSUE写无敌了

要是10遍以上 你的effective writting就牛大发了

要是看20遍以上 使劲hug你一下，我就是~”

要区分Thesis statement和Topic sentence！前面简称T（主题句）,后面简称TS（分论点段段主题句）.

一、主题句
主题句（thesis statement）必须出现在开头段（opening paragraph）的最后！出现在开头段的最后一两句！

AW的主题句 必须要有能引起人们争辩，是也许会有人不同意的论题。

在写AW之前必问的三个问题：
1、我的观点是什么？
2、我用什么来支持我的观点？
3、按什么顺序来展开我的论述，进而支持我的观点？

二、好的主题句的属性
应该是人们有理由不同意的观点
注意，主题不要假，大，空，要具体针对问题！
在论证基础上，一定要明确提出自己的结论。也许论据会得出其他的结论，从而改变观点。
它能引出反对的观点，并能驳倒它。
避免不确定的语言，如it seems
避免一人称，如"I believe," "In my opinion" （强烈注意，不要使用第一人称！！！！）

So what? or Who cares? test
必须能够回答得起。为什么大家要来关注这个？不要说大家都知道的废话，要有可质疑性，可辩驳性。

The "So What?" Test
选择有价值的题目，不要选择老生常谈的东东。比如说酒后驾车有害之类的。
"Tell me something new about something I care about."

总结一下：
主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．

公式：
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis


三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？

• Does the thesis inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or Why?" 吸引读者思考

• Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or "Who cares?" 避免出现so what问题

• Does the thesis avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"? 避免绝对的论调（这是我最爱犯的错误）

• Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？

• Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？


下面是一些好的主题句的例子：
E-coli contamination should not happen.

The causes of the Civil War were economic, social, and political.

The Simpsons represents the greatest animated show in the history of television.

The Simpsons treats the issues of ethnicity, family dynamics, and social issues effectively.

Often dismissed because it is animated, The Simpsons treats the issue of ethnicity more powerfully than did the critically praised All In The Family.

Although many parents of teens struggling with body image may blame television models and other such stars, these body issues and their disorders stem back to their daughters' younger days of pigtails and Barbies.

Despite their high-tech special effects, today's graphically violent horror movies do not convey the creative use of cinematography or the emotional impact that we saw in the classic horror films of the 1940s and 50s.

四、如何写出好的主题句？（思维的步骤）

Contrasts (of perspectives of sources) 对比，考虑流行和反对观点

应该牢记下面句型！！！！
• Although newspapers at the time claimed ……, the most significant cause/explanation/reason, etc. is ……
• While Sb. and Sb. maintains that ................, more accurately/importantly, etc, # 2's position is the stronger one. (Substitute "most historians" for So and So and the appropriate person or view or source for #2.)

3.Perception versus reality; 感觉与现实
􀁺 Although Turner himself may have believed X, the real causes were Y and Z.

4.Good versus bad reasons:
􀁺 Historians generally list six reasons as the cause for X, but among these are four that are valid and two that are not.

５． Cause and Effect: 因果关系
• Certainly, X was the cause and Y was its effect, but between the two are two other factors of equal importance.
• Separately the causes would have not necessarily led to a rampage; however, together their effect was inevitably murderous.
• Although the effects of the rampage were . . ., the causes were understandable/justifiable/inevitable.
• The more important effects of Nat Turner's rebellion went beyond those of the local rampage.
６．Challenge:质疑，否定
Nat Turner's rebellion not a righteous response to the injustice of slavery; it was motivated purely by disturbing psychological issues.

在表达明确的观点时，
Hint: a great many clear and engaging thesis statements contain words like “because,” “since,” “so,” “although,” “unless,” and “however.”


好的主题句：
1、明确表明立场
2、留给大家质疑和讨论的余地
3、表达一个主要观点
4、具体而不抽象

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-933473-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记


Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader. 它们是一个很好的诊断工具，让你知道主题是否是可论证的。

Forms of Topic Sentences 主题句的形式
Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long.
主题句有时是两个甚至三个句子，并非是一个句子。
If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further.
如果第一个句子已经提出了观点，那么第二个句子就是反映这个观点，解释它，把它向前推进。

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.
主题句的形式多样，如果形式总是一样，会让人审美疲劳。

形式有：
1、复合句。联系上下文的作用。
例如
Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.
从旧信息过渡到新信息。

2、提问。在接下来的段落中回答提问。
例如
Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?

3、Bridge sentences.（承上启下句吗？？？）

Bridge sentences：indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses:
如
"But there is a clue to this puzzle."

4、Pivots.（讨论的中心点？？）

Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph.
主题句并不总出现在段落的开头。
When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."
当他们出现在中间时，表明段落将会改变方向。

This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact
处理反证比较好

("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.
常需要表示转折的词语，but ,yet,however,或更长的表明转向的短语或句子。


Signposts

They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background.

Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next.

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）段落的逻辑顺序问题
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-933980-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记


1、Climactic Order (Order of Importance)

从最不重要的到最重要的

Typical transitions would include more important, most difficult, still harder, by far the most expensive, even more damaging, worse yet, and so on.

A variation of climactic order is called psychological order.逐渐递增顺序的变体是心理顺序。
读者常常关注开始和结尾，而并不关注中间部分。所以，把最重要的东西放在开头或结尾，然后选择第二重要的东西，把它放在开头或结尾。（开头放一个，结尾放一个）。最不重要的东西放在中间。

If the order of importance followed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with 5 being most important, psychological order might follow the order 4, 3, 1, 2, 5.

其他顺序
general-to-specific order,普遍到特殊的顺序
specific-to general order,特殊到普遍的顺序
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,最熟悉到最不熟悉的顺序
simplest-to-most-complex,简单到复杂的顺序
order of frequency,频率顺序
order of familiarity, and so on.熟愁的顺序

对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly
一定要抽时间把连接词总结，牢记！！！


2、历史题材的作文，按年代排序

In an analysis of issues related to a topic, you can follow an ascending or climactic order, looking at smaller factors or arguments first, then moving up to the more crucial factors.
Your last section could begin, "The most serious difficulty with…,however, is…"
像电影一样，逐渐进高潮，才能吸引读者。

观点的比较和对比，
如果两个观点都很简单，尝试经度的方法。讨论A观点的所有方面，再接着讨论B观点的所有方面。
Thus the Go Ahead Position will be described as objectively as possible. The analysis will come with The Wait A Minute Position.

如果两个观点比较复杂，读者也许忘了第一个观点说的啥，可采用cross-sectional approach,which deals with both sides of each sub-topic in turn，轮流处理每个观点的一个方面。

主标题少，副标题要多。（这样翻译好像不对，我的理解是写提纲时，一个观点为一个大点，分为很多小点，用小点去补充细节）

3、把相关支持的细节分为三大基本部分
比如描述一个邋遢的咖啡馆，可以用墙，吧台，柜台三部分来说明。in climactic order,即从不重要到重要的顺序，递进说明。

4、Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs and Essays
逻辑顺序：
  for instance, from least to most important. Be sure to use appropriate transitions (first,   then, finally)
用从不重要到最重要的顺序时，使用合适的转换词，如first, then,finally

Another way to organize is by cause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.
另一种方法是，原因和结果的方法。如果A产生了B，那么先讨论A，再讨论B。

Still another way is to organize by problem then solution.State the problem first, then give your proposed solution.
还有一种方法是，先讨论问题，再给出解决方法。

还有的顺序是：复杂性增加的顺序，过程顺序，时间顺序，空间顺序等。
一般到特殊的关系，已知到未知的顺序，时间变化，空间变化，概念到例子，问题到解决方法，数据到结论。

AW的模板：
Introductory Paragraph
• What do I need to say to set up my research question? Background?
• Research Question (stated within a sentence, not as a question. E.g., "In light of à.., it seems worthwhile to consider just what the effects ofà.are onà.")
　 _________________________
• (You may want to outline what's to come below briefly)
Transition (you don't have to write these out now but you should know what they'd roughly be)
· Answer #3 = _________________________
• one possible answer to the question + explication/summary
• strengths and weaknesses of the position
Transition
Reason #2 = _________________________
• another possible answer + explication/summary (especially how it addresses weaknesses of the previous paragraph or completely counters it).
Transition
Reason #1 = _________________________
• best answer so far ˆ what does it say?
• why is it a better consideration of the research question? Or is it really?
Transition
Concluding Paragraph
• sum up what different angles have shown re: research question
• critically evaluate what is still needed in the field, or if you looked at three equally strong cases, analyze why one is still more convincing
• look at the implications

通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１． 并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２． 实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods - Results – Discussion

二、如何处理复杂顺序：
１．三“W”法：Answering Questions: The Parts of an Essay
相反观点段，常出现在开头部分，或结尾之前。
历史或传记信息，相关理论或批评的总结，关键词的定义，常出现在文章开头，在介绍段和第一个分析段之间，也可以出现在相关段的开头。
what,how,why

2、文章地图法：
用一两话提出观点，再用一句话写为什么这个观点很重要。然后写，读者最需要知道的是什么，然后写为什么这是读者最想知道的东西，然后列出一两个例子。第二个读者想知道的是什么？写为什么。。。直到列出所有的。

注意不要写成堆积型。常被写成描述型，而不是议论型。

"time" words("first," "next," "after," "then")
"listing" words ("also," "another," "in addition")

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

明天的计划，11月20日应完成：
1、2个list,最近发现用新东方背单词软件记得牢，但是要背很久。。
2、完成第一次作业的（9）-（11）

懒惰了一段时间，现在没得办法，只好用力补了。。。

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

占楼，第九个的，先做第十个，少些，呵呵

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（10）如何有效论证
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-933980-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记


1． 如何使用论据论证？
（1）提供支持观点的论据，与自己的观点结合
（2）提出相反的观点，并且反对它，从而加强自己的观点
  （3）用引用来支持观点，并使用论据增强

注意：观点与论据的结合

Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

薇薇viviUID: 2722200

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（11）怎么写CONCLUSTION
http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-933980-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记


Strategies for Writing a Conclusion

A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper.
结尾是读者记忆深刻的部分。所以要写好。

A conclusion should
• stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
• leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）

Suggestions

Answer the question "So What?" （强调文章的重要性）
Play the "So What" Game.
If you're stuck and feel like your conclusion isn't saying anything new or interesting, ask a friend to read it with you. Whenever you make a statement from your conclusion, ask the friend to say, "So what?" or "Why should anybody care?" Then ponder that question and answer it. Here's how it might go:
和朋友玩“so what"游戏。
让朋友问，这是什么，或者为什么。然后自己来回答。

Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize
Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together.

Redirect your readers
Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the "real" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally. （结尾最后从具体再回到一般）Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader's thought process and help her to apply your info and ideas to her own life or to see the broader implications.
如果介绍顺序是从一般到特殊，那么结尾就从特殊到一般。
比如提出一个行动方案，一个解决方法或以后学习的方向。促使读者应用你的思想，联系实际。

Create a new meaning
You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts.
不必给新信息来创造新的信息。整好所有的材料和思想就不错了。它们合起来的力量远超过单个材料本身。


Point to broader implications.
For example, if your paper examines the Greensboro sit-ins or another event in the Civil Rights Movement, you could point out its impact on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. A paper about the style of writer Virginia Woolf could point to her influence on other writers or on later feminists.
简言之，就是写它的影响。比如写一个事件对战争的影响，一个作家对其他女权主义作家的影响。

Strategies
1、Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.

2、Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维）
如
Thus, jury duty challenges us to be interested and responsible citizens.

3、Looking to the future:（展望未来）
如
Without well-qualified teachers, schools are little more than buildings and equipment. If higher-paying careers continue to attract the best and the brightest students, there will not only be a shortage of teachers, but the teachers available may not have the best qualifications. Our youth will suffer. And when youth suffers, the future suffers.（好段落！）

4、Posing questions:（提出问题）
may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion.
如
Campaign advertisements should help us understand the candidate's qualifications and positions on the issues. Instead, most tell us what a boob or knave the opposing candidate is, or they present general images of the candidate as a family person or God-fearing American. Do such advertisements contribute to creating an informed electorate or a people who choose political leaders the same way they choose soft drinks and soap?

Strategies to Avoid

• Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）
这是我经常犯的错误啊。。。用in conclusion,in summary, in closing 等等，陈腐的词语。

• Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
在总结中才第一次出现观点。

• Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
在总结时介绍新观点或副主题。

• Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
结尾时改述观点，却没有实质上的变化。

• Making sentimental, emotional appeals (out of character（不适合，不符合） with the rest of an analytical paper).
在AW中，写一些伤感的情绪化的东西。

• Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.
论据，引用，数据等应该在文章主体部分。

Four Kinds of Ineffective Conclusions错误的结尾

1. The "That's My Story and I'm Sticking to It" Conclusion.
This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward. People write this kind of conclusion when they can't think of anything else to say. Example: In conclusion, Frederick Douglass was, as we have seen, a pioneer in American education, proving that education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.

2. The "Sherlock Holmes: Conclusion.福尔摩斯式
不能最后才第一次出现观点。

3. The "America the Beautiful"/"I Am Woman"/"We Shall Overcome" Conclusion.
This kind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while this emotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt, it is usually out of character with the rest of an analytical paper.
不能是情绪化式的东西，在AW中。

4. The "Grab Bag" Conclusion.各种观点混杂的结尾
想到或是发现的观点不能都整合到文章中来。