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发表于 2009-11-29 13:02:30
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第三十四期——Prepositions
介词很重要。
1.
表时间from- to = from-until
2.
表地点,表邻近地点用at, 如at the corner
3.
在下面:under, underneath, beneath, below.
4.
接近一个地点:near, by, next to, between, among, opposite.
5.
用如下介词来介绍动词的宾语
At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare.
Of: approve, consist, smell.
Of (or about): dream, think.
For: call, hope, look, wait, watch, wish.
6.
表方向:to, on(to), in(to). 一般on/onto可互换,除了一些固定搭配如put on, land on, place on, spill on等。表状态时只可用on, in。
7.
To的其它用法
a.
动词+to+不定式
动词表达倾向,渴望,目的,责任义务。
Willingness: be willing, consent, refuse
Desire: desire, want, wish, like, ask, request, prefer
Intention: intend, plan, prepare
Obligation: be obligated, have, need
b.
to用做普通介词
动词表示交流:listen, speak (but not tell), relate, appeal (in the sense of 'plead,' not 'be attractive')
动词表示移动:move, go, transfer, walk/run/swim/ride/drive/ fly, travel(除了transfer,其余的动词都可以拿toward代替to,toward表示方向,to表示目的地)
8.
on加在一些动词后组成动-介词组有继续干某事的意思。如:hang on, carry on, sail on, dream on, lead on, rock on.
9.
在表示动作(不是状态)的动词后in和into一般可互换,除了in是最后一个词或in直接用在表时间、方法、频率的前面。
10.
Near表示不接触,against表示接触。
第三十五期——Pronouns
很少犯错。
第三十六期——Subject Verb Agreement
主谓一致,看语法1.
第三十七期——Verb Tenses
非常好的时态自如切换的例子,注意其中进行时的运用。
1.
On the day in question...
By the time Tom noticed the doorbell, it had already rung three times. As usual, he had been listening to loud music on his stereo. He turned the stereo down and stood up to answer the door. An old man was standing on the steps. The man began to speak slowly, asking for directions.
In this example, the progressive verbs had been listening and was standing suggest action underway at the time some other action took place. The stereo-listening was underway when the doorbell rang. The standing on the steps was underway when the door was opened. The past perfect progressive verb had been listening suggests action that began in the time frame prior to the main narrative time frame and that was still underway as another action began.
2.
In this scene...
By the time Tom notices the doorbell, it has already rung three times. As usual, he has been listening to loud music on his stereo. He turns the stereo down and stands up to answer the door. An old man is standing on the steps. The man begins to speak slowly, asking for directions.
上面两个例子中进行时表示动作是在别的动作发生的时间进行的。
3.
Sometime in the future...
By the time Tom notices the doorbell, it will have already rung three times. As usual, he will have been listening to loud music on his stereo. He will turn the stereo down and will stand up to answer the door. An old man will be standing on the steps. The man will begin to speak slowly, asking for directions.
现在时和过去时的选择:
过去时:叙述历史时间,作为历史提到一个作者或作者的观点。
现在时:陈述事实,提及永恒的或习惯性的动作,讨论自己的观点或别的作者在专门的著作中的观点,描述文学作品/电影/小说等中的行为。
第三十八期——Parts of Speech Overview
介词列表:
Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without.
第三十九期——Quotation Marks
引语中原文有错的,直接引用,在错误后加上[sic]表明这不是作者的错误。
当想要引用的内容原文很吸引人很有力量时,使用直接引语。
当想要引用的内容原文包含和你想要引用的内容无关的专业术语时,使用间接引语。
标点使用:
1.
逗号/句号放在引号内,除非引号后接着()那样就把逗号/句号放在括号后。
2.
冒号和分号放在结束的引号后。
3.
引用句疑问时,问号放引号内;主句疑问时,问号放引号外。
第四十期——Transitions
自然连接的几个例子修改的对比很精妙。
1.
用上一段的中心词引起下一段的内容,更自然。
2.
不要写空洞的能和任何段落都连接起来的内容,要针对需要连接的段落具体的写。
3.
根据不同的逻辑关系来选引导词:
To Add: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.)
To Compare: whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true
To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is
To Show Exception: yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes
To Show Time: immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then
To Repeat: in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted
To Emphasize: definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation
To Show Sequence: first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon
To Give an Example: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate
To Summarize or Conclude: in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole
第四十一期——Phrasal& idioms
非常重要,需要背诵。 |
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