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发表于 2009-11-12 09:09:48 |显示全部楼层

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第七期——名词

https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=962407&highlight

2、名词用法讲解


2 其它名词复数的规则变化

2) o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
  a. s,如: photo---photos
piano---pianos

        
radio---radios
 
 zoo---zoos
  b. es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes

3) ffe 结尾的名词变复数时:
  a. s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
         safe---safes  gulf---gulfs


   c. 均可,如: handkerchief:
        handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3 名词复数的不规则变化
1child---children
 foot---feet 
tooth---teeth

  mouse---mice  
man---men
  woman---women 

注意:与 man woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men -women
 如: an Englishman, two Englishmen.German不是合成词,故复数形式为GermansBowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans

2)单复同形 如:
  deersheepfishChineseJapanese
  lijinyuantwo lithree mufour jin 
除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式
:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters


3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
 
如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数不能说 a peoplea policea cattle但可以说 a persona policemana head of cattle, the Englishthe Britishthe Frenchthe Chinesethe Japanesethe Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用

   如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
   a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数
   b. news 是不可数名词
   c. the United Statesthe United Nations 应视为单数。
   The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
   d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
   "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.


4 不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
  a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
   
比较: Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)

        These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
  b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数
   This factory produces steel. (不可数)
   We need various steels. (可数)
  c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数

   Our country is famous for tea.
   Two teas, please.

2
抽象名词有时也可数

  four freedoms 四大自由
  the four modernizations四个现代化
  物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
  如:
  a glass of water 一杯水 
  a piece of advice 一条建议

5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
 1) 用复数作定语。
  
如:sports meeting 运动会

     students reading-room 学生阅览室 
     talks table 谈判桌 
     the foreign languages department 外语系



4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式
 如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋) 
 
  a ten-mile walk 十里路 


   two-hundred trees 两百棵树

 
  a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

  
个别的有用复数作定语的,如: a seven-years child


6 不同国家的人的单复数
名称  
总称(谓语用复数) 一个人  
两个人

the
an
  
  two

中国人  the Chinese  
a Chinese
  two Chinese

瑞士人  the Swiss
a Swiss
  
two Swiss

日本人  the Japanese  a Japanese  two Japanese


法国人  the French  
a Frenchman
  two
Frenchmen

英国人  the English  an Englishman  two Englishmen


德国人  the Germans  a Germans 
 two Germans



澳大利亚人Australians  
Australian
 
Australians

俄国人  the Russians  a Russian  
two Russians

意大利人 the Italians   an Italian 

two Italians

希腊人  the Greek  

a Greek
  
two Greeks

美国人  the Americans an American 
two Americans

印度人  the Indians 
 an Indian  
two Indians

加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian 

two Canadians

瑞典人  the Swedish  a Swede  
two Swedes
  


7 名词的格


4
在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,

如:the barber's 理发店
5
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'


如:
John's and Mary's room(两间)  John and Mary's room(一间)
6
复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。

 
如:
a month or two's absence


======================================================================

3、名词用法难点


一、 关于特殊名词的具体考点如下:、
  1.容易误用为复数的不可数名词:(这些名词一般不能用作复数,谓语动词用单数)
  advice 建议,忠告 living 生活,生计
  equipment 装备,设备 progress 前进,发展
  furniture 家具,设备 scenery 风景,景色
  information 通知;信息 machinery 机器,机械
  knowledge 知识,学问 traffic 交通流量
  baggage / luggage 行李,皮箱 trouble 烦恼,麻烦
  cash 现金 thunder 雷声,轰隆声
  apparatus 仪器 weather 天气,处境
  clothing 衣服 work 工作,劳动
  paper 纸,钞票 luck 运气,幸运
  technology 工艺,技术 jewelry 珠宝
  2 复数形式的名词用于单数概念,其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
  economics 经济学 measles 麻疹
  physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
  mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病,佝偻病
  dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
  The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报

二、与名词相关的主谓一致关系
  5 and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时,谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时,谓语动词用复数
  War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
  战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念,看作一个主题)
  同例: ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
  law and order
bread and butter

  apple pie and ice cream
folk and knife

  wheel and axle 轮轴
needle and thread

  love and hate
egg and rice
蛋炒饭

 
  7 many a, more than one + 单数可数名词,尽管表示复数意义, 谓语仍用单数



  8 every and every ; each and each; no and no; many a and many a 等连接的并列主语,谓语动词用单数。



  11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致,但注意the only one of 的用法(是指谓语用单数么?)



  13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时, 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时, 谓语动词用单数

  15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时,谓语动词用单数


  16. 当主语由 a series of…, a portion of …, a species of …, a kind of …, a sequence of …, a chain of…, a piece of 加名词(单数或复数)构成时, 谓语用单数(和of前保持一致,seriesspecies都是单数名词)。


What is the woman carrying? Some ___________(vegetable).
Vegetables 蔬菜是可数名词么?

13. Tables are made of ______
A. wood
B. woods

C. wooden

D. some woods

b,木头是可数名词。

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发表于 2009-11-12 09:17:55 |显示全部楼层

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第八期——代词

https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974025&highlight

代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。

五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。
如: They love each other.他们彼此相爱。


3.1 人称代词的用法

1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me.--我。(me做主语补语= It's me.
说明:在上面两例句中,herme分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为sheI

3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换

1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。
---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me.--
我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.

2)
主格代替宾格
a. 在介词 butexcept 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格
---- I wish to speak to Mary. -- 我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her.(
宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she.
我被当成了她。(主格----主格)
They took me to be her.
他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

3.3 代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybodyeverybodynobodyanyone someone everyoneno one,及whoeverperson在正式场合使用时,可用 he, his, him代替

3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she

3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序

1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
第二人称 > 第三人称 > 第一人称
you > he/she; it -> I
You, he and I should return on time.
2)
复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
第一人称 > 第二人称 > 第三人称
we>you >They
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面
a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,
It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称 如:I and you try to finish it.
c.
并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时

3.7 反身代词
2
)做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
4 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
b. 但在and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语
Charles and myself saw it.

3.8 相互代词
b. 可作介词宾语;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。

3.9 指示代词
说明2
Thatthose可作定语从句的先行词,但this these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:

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发表于 2009-11-12 09:18:45 |显示全部楼层
3.10 疑问代词
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:

说明4
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:

3.11 关系代词
3 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明: 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略 例如:

3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor

2 不定代词的功能与用法
b. all 都,指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well.一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book
all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all dayall night all the year 但习惯上不说 all hourall century
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all Chinaall the cityall my life all the way

4)neither
两者都不
c.可用于下列句型,避免重复。
She can't singneither (can) he.

neither
nor
d.
如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor
If you don't do itneither should I.如果你不干,我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither
He can't singnor dancenor skate.

二、few 一些,少数
few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句


三、some
一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain
You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any


3.15 one/another/the other

one… the other只有两个
some… the others有三个以上
one… anotheranother…
some… others
others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest
剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用 another
2) 一定范围内两人(),一个用one,另一个用the other
3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the othera third
4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others
5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others

3.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。

2no one none
a)none
后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。
b)none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now?-- 刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one.--
没有。
3every each
1)every
强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念

Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book..每个学生都可有一本书。
2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)
5)every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有
6)every not 连用,表示部分否定; each not连用表示全部否定
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。

固定搭配:
only a few (=few)
not a few (=many)
quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.

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发表于 2009-11-12 09:23:18 |显示全部楼层
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第九期——动词的时态
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974035&highlight


动词的时态
1 一般现在时的用法
3)
表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.
骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4)
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般进行时。

2
一般过去时的用法
3
)句型:
It is time for sb. to do sth"
……时间了""……"
It is time sb. did sth. "
时间已迟了""早该……"
It is time for you to go to bed.
你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.
你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.
表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope
等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等
I thought you might have some.
我以为你想要一些。
比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life. (
含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life. (
含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(
含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (
含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1
)动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2
)情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?

3 used to / be used to

used to + do"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk. (
过去常常散步)

be used to + doing
……已感到习惯,或"习惯于"to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(
现在习惯于散步)

4
一般将来时
3)be +
不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4)be about to +
不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用

5 be going to / will
用于条件句时, be going to表将来 will表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

6 be to
be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(
客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (
主观安排)

7
一般现在时表将来
1
)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

2
)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3
)在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (
不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4
)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

8
用现在进行时表示将来
意为:"意图""打算""安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?

10
比较过去时与现在完成时
1
)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

3
)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。


11 用于现在完成时的句型

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中,从句要用完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

12
比较sincefor
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(
我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years. (
现在我仍在这里工作。)

13 since
的四种用法
4) It is +
一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

14
延续动词与瞬间动词
2)
用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示" ……,才……"
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had metB. have metC. metD. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。

2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have beenB. had beenC. wasD. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。

15
过去完成时
c.
表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

注意:had no … when还没等…… ……
had no sooner… than
…… ……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

16
用一般过去时代替完成时
3)
叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

18
现在进行时
d.
always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.

22
一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句,条件句中,从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately

23
一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"
书上说""报纸上说"等。
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2)
叙述往事,使其生动。
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

24
一般现在时代替完成时
1)
有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2)
句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

27
时态一致
1)
如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实,则永远用现在时。
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that he is eighteen.

2)
宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

======================                          

练习
======================
自己拿以前写作的作文,好好看看所有的the,该不该加,有没有误用
这个练习和讲解的语法无关啊?

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发表于 2009-11-12 09:25:26 |显示全部楼层
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十期——连词
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=974236&highlight

以前改作文的时候总结出一系列技巧
同样的一篇作文,只要稍加变动,就能使文章增色不少
文法层面上,三点足矣——替换零星词汇、调整语序、加衔接词
替换词汇不是要让文章里有多么的用词多样
而是力主将思路更精确的表达
调整语序仅仅增加一些符合语感的倒装就可以让作文上升一个档次
而以上两个都不如加衔接词来得性价比高

连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等。

1 并列连词与并列结构
3)not only…but (also), as well as
不但而且
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

注意: not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

2 比较andor
2)
但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and
典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and
and B. and but C. or but D. orand
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
判断改错:
(
) We will die without air and water.
(
) We can't live without air or water.
(
) We will die without air or water.
(
) We can't live without air and water.

4 表示转折或对比
1) but
表示转折,while表示对比
Some people love cats, while others hate them.

典型例题
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案Dbut与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and 结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。

2) not…but…
意思为"不是 ……而是……" not but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

5 表原因关系
1) for
判断改错:
(
) For he is ill, he is absent today.
(
) He is absent today, for he is ill.

for
是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。

2) so, therefore
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.

注意:
a.
两个并列连词不能连用,但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。
You can watch TV, and or(?) you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.

b. although… yet…
,但although不与 but连用。
(
)Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(
)Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

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发表于 2009-11-13 11:18:49 |显示全部楼层
11/12

Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲(6thesis statement

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932725-1-1.html

这一讲的确非常好,不仅提炼了文章主题句的精华特质,对文章的分观点论据的选择也具有启发作用。

Thesis在文中不只是主题句的意思,也表示文章。

优秀主题句的特征:

1.
要有可辩性,但作者立场明确

2.
只有一个主要观点

3.
要具体清晰,不要抽象、不要含糊。主题不要假,大,空,要具体针对问题!

4.
在开头段的最后

优秀AW的特征

1.
可辩,但作者立场明确

2.
具体,只有一个主要观点,不说废话、空话

3.
有理有据,但避免绝对的论调

4.
逻辑结构清晰

5.
考虑全面

6.
不使用含糊词,如似乎是

7.
不使用第一人称,
文章是对客观事实的客观论述,个人感情是主观的,不能用在这里,不是说文章里不能有感情,作为事实存在的感情是可以允许的,但作者不可以有偏见,从行文的感情角度说需要公正,想法不够全面是可以的,但带着偏见论述问题,是不具有信服力的,文章是分析-议论文,不是抒发感情

文章主题可以从以下几个方面思考:

1. 重要性

2. 对比(各个方面),流行和反对观点

3. 感觉和现实

4. 因果关系

5. 质疑、否定

6.扩展性问题

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发表于 2009-11-26 08:00:44 |显示全部楼层
11/25
第十一期——动词、动词语态
主要不熟练的是一些不需要被动语态的地方。

第十二期——动词不定式、分词、动名词
1.
Too…to 的否定句式和加only,all,but的结构要注意。

2.
不定式和动名词分不太清。

接不定式或动名词,意义相同。这句话的意思是两者可互换使用么?似乎不应该
3.
接动名词的动词和词组

4.
Worth, worthy, worth-while, worth while用法


第十三期——独立主格、特殊词
1.
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性

2.
独立主格相当于状语从句的作用,只是这里省略了连词,使句子更紧凑。


第十四期——Active and Passive Voice
1.
主动语态让句子更简短,更易于理解。

2.
某些地方使用被动语态显得很生硬晦涩;被动语态用多了,文章显得很平淡无味。

3.
科学论述文中,被动语态更常用,因为这样可以不必提及人物,使文章更客观,基于事实,并且能够更好的传达基于不同观点角度的信息。

4.
不要在同一句里中途改变语态。

要注意下面一种情况,不要为了保持主语一样,在同一句里变换语态。
Unnecessary shift in voice
Revised
He
tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but he was still laughed at by the other students.
He
tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but the other students still laughed at
him.
5.
防止由使用被动语态产生的架空修饰(插入语、状语短语和主语不对应)


第十五期——Apostrophe & Hyphens
不正式,文章中少用。
1.
p's and q's =当心,不要犯错。要注意礼貌/礼节。
2.
the 1960s = the years in decade from 1960 to 1969
3.
只有小写字母要复数时,非正规场合可以加
4.
连字符的用法
1)
两个以上的单词组合用作名词前的形容词时,中间用连字符。但复合修饰语在名词后时,不用连字符。

2)
复合数词中间用连字符,如:sixty-three

3)
连字符用于防止混淆或单词的难看的连接。如:re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job)

semi-independent (but semiconscious)shell-like (but childlike)
4)
前缀是ex-, self-, all-时用连字符;后缀是-elect时用连字符;前缀和大写字母间用连字符;连字符连接字母或数字。
5)
如有必要,在一行的末尾用连字符来分隔单词,但连字符一定要加在音节之间。如pref-er-ence
sell-ingin-di-vid-u-al-ist
6)
行末分隔单词时,如果单词已经有连字符,以该连字符分隔。如

mass- 下一行开头produced),self- 下一行开头conscious
7)
行末分隔单词时,单词以-ing结尾,如果单词是单字母辅音重复加ing结尾,连字符用在辅音字母中间;否则连字符用在ing前。如:plan-ning
run-ningdriv-ingcall-ing
8)
行末分隔单词时,不要在行末或下一行初只留一个字母;不要把两个字母的后缀留在下一行初。如:lovely (Do not separate to leave ly beginning a new line.) eval-u-ate (Separate only on either side of the u; do not leave the initial e- at the end of a line.)


第十六期——Parallel Structure
并列结构中不要把不同格式混杂使用。如
不并列:
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurate ly, and in a detailed manner.
并列:
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
并列从句举例:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game.
并列从句语态也要保持一致。如
不并列:
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. (passive)
并列:
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions.

第十七期——Commas
1.
以下7种连词连接的句子间用逗号,and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet

2.
主句之前(之后不可以)的描述性的从句,短语,或单词后用逗号。

3.
对主句的中心意思不重要的插入语(从句,短语或单词),前后用逗号隔开。

4.
不要用逗号把句子的主要成分分隔开;如以that开始的从句(关系从句),这些句子总是重要的。

5.
用逗号来分隔3个或三个以上的并列结构。and前的词或短语也要加逗号。

6.
用逗号分隔2个或两个以上的修饰同一个名词的并列的形容词(意思是这些形容词是一个意思的反复)。

7.
在一个句子接近结束的地方用逗号,a来分隔相对的同等的成分,b表示明确的中止或转折。

8.
在句尾的修饰性的短语提及句子中成分时,用逗号来隔开。这些短语是自由修饰词,在句中不同位置不会引起混淆的。如果会引起混淆,这些修饰性的短语必须紧靠着它所修饰的词。

9.
用逗号隔开所有的地理名词,日期(除了月和天),地址(除了街名或街号),头衔。只有月和年时不要加逗号。

10.
用逗号隔开主文和引语。

11.
在可能引起混淆的地方用逗号。

12.
不要用逗号隔开主语和动词。

13.
在两个动词或动词短语组成的复合谓语中不要用逗号。

14.
在两个名词或名词短语或名词从句组成的复合主语或复合宾语中不要用逗号。

15.
主句后跟独立从句时,中间不要加逗号,除了从句表示完全相对的意思。


复合句中的逗号和分号
逗号用法如上。
分号:
1.
不用连词连接两个独立从句时,用分号。

2.
使用如下连词连接后一个独立从句时,如however, moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise, nevertheless, thus等,连词前用分号。


重要、不重要的修饰词的区分在于,没有了重要的修饰词,被修饰的名词不特指,而不重要的修饰词修饰的对象已经明确的不会混淆。

第十八期——Dangling Modifiers
主语、宾语指代混乱。该错我基本不会犯。

第十九期——Capital Letters
首字母大写
1.
家族关系用做固有名词时。

2.
人名前的头衔

3.
方向用做名词时(表明国家的一部分时用大写,用做指南针方向时用小写)

4.
用做称号特指时

5.
书本、文章、歌曲的名字的第一个词和主要的词首字母要大写,介词冠词等不用

6.
时代或时间名

7.
商标名


第二十期——Spelling
-ible, -able Rule
-ible
-able
If the root is not a complete word, add -ible.
aud + ible = audible

Examples:
·visible
·
horrible
·
terrible
·
possible
·
edible
·
eligible
·
incredible
·permissible

If the root is a complete word, add -able.
accept + able = acceptable

Examples:
·fashionable
·
laughable
·
suitable
·
dependable
·
comfortable
If the root is a complete word ending in -e, drop the final -e and add -able.
excuse - e+ able = excusable
Examples:
·
advisable
·
desirable
·
valuable
·debatable


Some exceptions:
·contemptible
·
digestible
·
flexible
flex+ible
·
responsible
·
irritable
·
inevitable
in+evite+able


第二十一期——HOCs\LOCs
首要关注项\次要关注项
首要关注项:
1.
主题或中心

2.
读者和目的

3.
逻辑结构

4.
描述、解释、细节、论据等

次要关注项
句子结构、标点、词汇选择、拼写等

第二十二期——Sentence Clarity
1.
从已知的内容过渡到新的知识上。

2.
合理运用连词。

3.
合理摆放从句的位置。

4.
使用主动语态。

5.
使用并列结构。

6.
避免名词串。

7.
避免过度使用动词的名词形式。

8.
避免多重否定。

9.
选择动作动词取代be动词。

10.
避免含糊的名词指代。


不完整句子
1.
状语从句不可以单独于主句独立存在。

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发表于 2009-11-29 13:01:47 |显示全部楼层
第二十三期——Relative Pronouns
很有用。
关系代词在定语从句中:
1.
定语从句中,用做宾语的表人或物的关系代词可以省去。表时间地点的代词不可以。所有格代词不可以。

2.
That只能用于定语从句,并且没有whowhich正式。

3.
倾向于使用that而不是which的特例:

a.
在代词all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing)之后用that
b.
被修饰的名词前有最高级的形容词修饰,用that.
c.
名词前有序数词。
d.
主句的动词是be.
关系代词在非定语从句中:
1.
指代物只能用which.

2.
特殊用法

a.
指代前面的整个主句,用which.

b.
在数词和类似数词如most
, many, some, both, none后指人用of whom,指物或概念用of which.

标点符号的使用
Pattern Two : Compound Sentence
This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with a coordinating conjunction:
Independent clause [ , ] coordinating conjunction independent clause [ . ]
There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma, but
they don't know the reasons for it.
Pattern Four: Compound Sentence
This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with an independent marker.
Independent clause [ ; ] independent marker [ , ] independent clause [ . ]
Examples of independent markers are the following: therefore, moreover, thus, consequently, however, also.
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; therefore, they have called for more research into its causes.

Pattern Five: Complex Sentence
This pattern is an example of a complex sentence with a dependent marker.
Dependent marker dependent clause[ , ] Independent clause[ . ]
Examples of dependent markers are as follows: because, before, since, while, although, if, until, when, after, as, as if.
Example: Because doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma, they have called for more research into its causes.
Pattern Six: Complex Sentence
This pattern is an example of a complex sentence with a dependent marker.
Independent clause dependent marker dependent clause [ . ]
Examples of dependent markers are as follows: because, before, since, while, although, if, until, when, after, as, as if.
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma because it is a common, treatable illness.

只有7个连词:and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet这些词使用pattern two这些词不可以用在句首。
其余都为独立标志词,为副词,这些使用pattern four.
其余连词,例because,用在句首,用pattern five 用在主句后,用pattern six.

Pattern Seven
This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded non-essential clause or phrase
First part of an independent clause [ , ] non-essential clause or phrase, rest of the independent clause [ . ]
A non-essential clause or phrase is one that can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence or making it ungrammatical. In other words, the non-essential clause or phrase gives additional information, but the sentence can stand alone without it.
Example: Many doctors, including both pediatricians and family practice physicians, are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma.
Pattern Eight
This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded essential clause or phrase
First part of an independent clause essential clause or phrase rest of the independent clause [ . ]
An essential clause or phrase is one that cannot be removed without changing the overall meaning of the sentence.
Example: Many doctors who are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma have called for more research into its causes.


第二十四期——Punctuation
逗号的用法之前都涉及过了。
分号:
1.
可连接两个独立的句子。如果第二个句子是第一个句子的重复或和第一句有同等重要性。

2.
第二个句子前有连接性副词或短语,副词或短语之前用分号,之后用逗号。如,however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise
in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so
3.
连接并列成分,如果并列成分中已经含有逗号。

冒号:
1.
两个句子中想强调第二个句子,中间用冒号连接。

2.
独立句子最后进行举例、引语、同位语、或其它和该独立句子直接联系的想法等前用冒号。

3.
商务信件客气的称呼之后。

4.
时间里分开数字的时和分。

5.
圣经的指代中用冒号分开章和节。

括号:
用来强调内容,对不是非常重要的内容,比逗号的强调性强一些。
破折号:
用来强调内容,对不是非常重要的内容,比括号的强调性强一些。
引号:
1.
用来包住直接引语。

2.
表示是小说,讽刺或某个词的反义。

3.
书、文章、电影、电视剧、演讲等的标题上。

斜体:
对书等名字,时间等斜体或下划线。
第二十五期——A versus An
简单,原音读音前用an,辅音读音前用a

第二十六期——Use Articles
很重要。
1.
The可以使用在不可数名词前,或可以省略,但意义不同,不省略表明是特指,省略表明是泛指。

2.
地理名词前用the:

a.
不加用the的情况

大多数国家和地区名前Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States
城市,乡镇,州
街道
湖,河湾(除了指一系列的湖)
山(除了指一系列的山)
大洲
岛屿(除了指一系列的岛)
b.
the的情况
河流,海,洋
地球上的某一点
地理区域,the Middle East, the West
沙漠,森林,海湾,半岛
3.
省略冠词
语言和种族:Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian
体育运动:volleyball, hockey, baseball
学术名词:mathematics, biology, history, computer science

第二十七期—— Non&Count Nouns
重要。
1.
A lot of/lots ofmany/much的非正式替代词,可数不可数名词都可以修饰。
2.
A little bit of, quite a bit of是非正式说法,通常跟不可数名词。
3.
不可数名词加复数或可数时表明了分类。
4.
冠词的使用

a, an

the

this, that

these, those

no article

Count singular

XX

XX

XX

Count plural

XX

XX

XX

Noncount

XX

XX

XX


第二十八期——In/Dependent Clauses
1.
从属引导词(连词)用在句子前使之成为非独立从句,这些句子不可单独存在,引导词和句子间无标点。常用引导词如:
after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.
2.
两种词连接独立、非独立从句。

a.
7个并列连词:
and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet.
b.
独立引导词(副词):常用的如
also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.

第二十九期——Adjective or Adverb
基本无误。

第三十期——Adjectives and Adverbs
基本无误。

第三十一期——Appositives
同位语。
同位语可以放在被修饰名词或代词之后,也可以放在之前。放在之前,同位语后要加逗号;放在之后,同位语内容重要,就不加标点,同位语内容不重要,就加两个逗号将其和主句分开。

第三十二期——Irregular Verbs
不熟悉的不规则动词。

Present

Past

Past Participle

deal

dealt

dealt

forbid

forbade

forbidden

lie

lay

lain

shake

shook

shaken

shine

shone

shone

spring

sprang

sprung

steal

stole

stolen

win

won

won


第三十三期——Numbers
1.
日期或年份

December 12, 1965 or 12 December 1965
A.D. 1066
in 1900
in 1971-72 or in 1971-1972
the eighties, the twentieth century
the 1980's or the 1980s
2.
句子开始的数字用英语书写。

3.
句子中的数字写法须一致,但会产生混淆时,混合使用。

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发表于 2009-11-29 13:02:30 |显示全部楼层
第三十四期——Prepositions
介词很重要。
1.
表时间from-  to = from-until

2.
表地点,表邻近地点用at, at the corner

3.
在下面:under, underneath, beneath, below.

4.
接近一个地点:near, by, next to, between, among, opposite.

5.
用如下介词来介绍动词的宾语

At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare.
Of: approve, consist, smell.
Of (or about): dream, think.
For: call, hope, look, wait, watch, wish.
6.
表方向:to, on(to), in(to). 一般on/onto可互换,除了一些固定搭配如put on, land on, place on, spill on等。表状态时只可用on, in

7.
To的其它用法

a.
动词+to+不定式

动词表达倾向,渴望,目的,责任义务。
Willingness: be willing, consent, refuse
Desire: desire, want, wish, like, ask, request, prefer
Intention: intend, plan, prepare
Obligation: be obligated, have, need
b.
to用做普通介词

动词表示交流:listen, speak (but not tell), relate, appeal (in the sense of 'plead,' not 'be attractive')
动词表示移动:move, go, transfer, walk/run/swim/ride/drive/ fly, travel(除了transfer,其余的动词都可以拿toward代替totoward表示方向,to表示目的地)
8.
on加在一些动词后组成动-介词组有继续干某事的意思。如:hang on, carry on, sail on, dream on, lead on, rock on.

9.
在表示动作(不是状态)的动词后ininto一般可互换,除了in是最后一个词或in直接用在表时间、方法、频率的前面。

10.
Near表示不接触,against表示接触。


第三十五期——Pronouns
很少犯错。

第三十六期——Subject Verb Agreement
主谓一致,看语法1.

第三十七期——Verb Tenses
非常好的时态自如切换的例子,注意其中进行时的运用。
1.
On the day in question...
By the time Tom noticed the doorbell, it had already rung three times. As usual, he had been listening to loud music on his stereo. He turned the stereo down and stood up to answer the door. An old man was standing on the steps. The man began to speak slowly, asking for directions.
In this example, the progressive verbs had been listening and was standing suggest action underway at the time some other action took place. The stereo-listening was underway when the doorbell rang. The standing on the steps was underway when the door was opened. The past perfect progressive verb had been listening suggests action that began in the time frame prior to the main narrative time frame and that was still underway as another action began.

2.
In this scene...
By the time Tom notices the doorbell, it has already rung three times. As usual, he has been listening to loud music on his stereo. He turns the stereo down and stands up to answer the door. An old man is standing on the steps. The man begins to speak slowly, asking for directions.
上面两个例子中进行时表示动作是在别的动作发生的时间进行的。
3.
Sometime in the future...

By the time Tom notices the doorbell, it will have already rung three times. As usual, he will have been listening to loud music on his stereo. He will turn the stereo down and will stand up to answer the door. An old man will be standing on the steps. The man will begin to speak slowly, asking for directions.
现在时和过去时的选择:
过去时:叙述历史时间,作为历史提到一个作者或作者的观点。
现在时:陈述事实,提及永恒的或习惯性的动作,讨论自己的观点或别的作者在专门的著作中的观点,描述文学作品/电影/小说等中的行为。

第三十八期——Parts of Speech Overview
介词列表:
Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without.

第三十九期——Quotation Marks
引语中原文有错的,直接引用,在错误后加上[sic]表明这不是作者的错误。
当想要引用的内容原文很吸引人很有力量时,使用直接引语。
当想要引用的内容原文包含和你想要引用的内容无关的专业术语时,使用间接引语。
标点使用:
1.
逗号/句号放在引号内,除非引号后接着()那样就把逗号/句号放在括号后。

2.
冒号和分号放在结束的引号后。

3.
引用句疑问时,问号放引号内;主句疑问时,问号放引号外。


第四十期——Transitions
自然连接的几个例子修改的对比很精妙。
1.
用上一段的中心词引起下一段的内容,更自然。

2.
不要写空洞的能和任何段落都连接起来的内容,要针对需要连接的段落具体的写。

3.
根据不同的逻辑关系来选引导词:

To Add: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.)
To Compare: whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true
To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is
To Show Exception: yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes
To Show Time: immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then
To Repeat: in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted
To Emphasize: definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation
To Show Sequence: first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon
To Give an Example: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate
To Summarize or Conclude: in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole

第四十一期——Phrasal& idioms
非常重要,需要背诵。

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发表于 2009-11-29 13:04:01 |显示全部楼层

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲(7)段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-933473-1-1.html

文章:
1. 地基:主题和文章结构(分论点)->
2. 中介:分论点主题句和论点承接转换标志->
3. 高楼:详细描述和美化。

中心句要列出分论点,并且要对分论点作出回应-进一步解释。

中心句要多样化
1.
复杂句式,利用复合句,联系上下文,自然转换、不要跳跃

2.
提出问题

3.
Bridge sentences
从使用上看,我认为和1复杂句式是一个意思啊,不能理解这里?
4.
在段落的中间,先描述一个观点,在转折


逻辑顺序标志词:
用来表明文章的逻辑顺序:是进一步深入阐述分论点中更复杂的内容,还是插入一段重要的历史或学术背景。

看介绍,段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词的作用和用法是一样的啊,他们的差别是什么?
下面这一部分,尤其是例子没有看懂。
Signposts

Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.


Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. 这里对我来说是难句,意思是Zola认为印象派艺术只能表现形象而不能表现思想,想要探讨Monet的这幅画是不是符合了Zola的观点?This is the start of the essay's third section:


It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.
这里的意思是Monet的画不仅表现了印象派的基本功-对光的运用,也表现了思想上对社会现实的揭露?

这一段是signpost可以根据上文中的定义理解,这一段delving into a related topic - a counter-argument用来引出下面的论点。也就是说signpost不是用来论证论点的,而是用来引出论点的,起结构作用?
The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.
这里的意思是指之后的文章就着重写extremes of expression的另一方面-lofiest level么?那为什么前面又说第三句就是最后一句是topic sentence呢,这一句明明和下文的中心内容无关,仅仅是起转折作用的?

基础写作讲座8-段落的逻辑顺序问题

1.
AW要写的文章一般不会产生很复杂的顺序,以下顺序是可以的选择,我认为按内在联系安排比单纯按照高潮法、递增、递减法要好,如果各论据之间完全独立的话可以选择高潮法。

general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,
order of frequency,
order of familiarity,
chronological order
the flow of mind.
2.
不要写成堆积型,仅仅是罗列("first," "next," "after," "then")("also," "another," "in addition"),没有思维顺序,这样不吸引人。这是我很容易犯的错误。


基础写作讲座9-段落内部的句子结构和句子连接
段落三要素:
1.
一个独立的观点-thesis密切相关

2.
一个合理的逻辑顺序

3.
没有无关细节

段落组成:
1.
内容定位:

a.
使用定位词和短语,用来引出人们熟悉的内容。

b.
老的概念引出新的概念,但不是指按照时间顺序老的在前,旧信息只有在和新的进行对比时才更具有吸引力。

c.
在必要的地方进行解释。

2.
段内句子连接:

a.
逻辑连接词,尽量多的合理使用,可帮助读者理解。逻辑连接词列表很有用。

b.
核心词/改写重复,同一段落里的句子逻辑上都必须有联系。

c.
利用强调词突出重点。强调词要用得少而精。

练习:
·
Global Airlines carried three-million passengers last year.

·
They expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada.

·
The new DC-12 aircraft proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's.

·
Older, unprofitable routes were dropped.

·
Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing.

·
Only one-million passengers flew Global two years ago.

·
Their record has been accident-free since 1950.

·
Global planes have averaged 80-percent full last year.

·
Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.


Global Airlines carried as much as three-million passengers last year comparing to only one-million passengers flying Global two years ago. So they expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada. Meanwhile, the new DC-12 aircraft they adopted proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's. And the older, unprofitable routes were dropped. Also, passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing. Moreover, their record has been accident-free since 1950. Although global planes have averaged 80-percent full last year, profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.

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发表于 2009-11-29 13:04:56 |显示全部楼层
基础写作讲座10-如何有效论证

使论据流畅的结合在论证中:
1.
表明观点。

2.
给出论据,论据一定要和论点相关。

3.
对论据进行论证来显示它和论点的联系。这一点(论证过程)是比较容易忽略的。

有效论证6问:
1.
是否通过解释论据是典型的来避免了空谈。
2.
是否对我的论点提出了论据支持。
3.
是否对论据如何支持论点进行了详细的论证过程。
4.
是否提供了不仅是支持的论据,也包括需反驳的论据?Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5.
我的论据是否证实并升华了我的观点,而不仅仅是确证?(不太理解)
6.
我的论据是否完全并且正确的体现了事实(不偏颇,不歪曲)。


基础写作讲座11-怎么写Conclusion

结论最难写也最重要,应该成为文章最闪光的部分。结论通常是读者印象最深的部分。

A conclusion should

  • stress the importance of the thesis statement, (重现主题句)
  • give the essay a sense of completeness, and (完善全文)
  • leave a final impression on the reader.(给读者一个深刻的印象)
结论写作可选内容:
1.
强调文章重要性。

2.
综合观点,不是概括。要把各观点有机结合起来来表现它们是合适的而不是随机挑选的。

3.
将文中的观点运用到一般事物上去,提出对未来的建议,深入引导读者。

4.
证明各观点是如何联系的,对全文进行概括。

5.
提出文章内容更广阔的意义。

结论写作方法:
1.
呼应开头。

2.
挑战读者思维。

3.
展望未来。

4.
提出问题

结论写作避免方法:
1.
使用无意义的开头,如in conclusion, in summary, in closing等,这些词在口语中很实用,写作中应该避免。

2.
在结论中才第一次点出主题。

3.
提出一个新的观点。

4.
不进行改写就重抄主题句。仅仅重述主题,没有分析后的升华。

5.
在分析类的文章中进行情感上的呼吁。

6.
提出应该在文章主题中出现的新的论据。


基础写作讲座12-Conciseness

1.
删除不必要的限定词或修饰语。

2.
用单词替换短语。

3.
把不必要的that, who, which从句改成短语。

4.
避免滥用强调句式
it + be-verb there + be-verb,如 it is imperative that…
it + be-noun there + be-noun也要避免滥用。
5.
使用主动态代替被动态。

6.
避免滥用动词的名词变体,直接使用动词。

7.
改写不必要的不定式,改成主动态或简短的名词短语。

8.
直接描述取代迂回的说法。

9.
删除明显冗余的细节。

10.
删去重复的词。


基础写作讲座13-15-Proofreading

语法里已详细看过,现列出一些易错点,
For disruptive commas between compound verbs or objects
1. Skim your paper, stopping only at the coordinating conjunctions: and, or, nor, but, so, for, or, and yet.
2. Check to see whether there is an independent clause (sentence) on both sides of the conjunction. If so, place a comma before the conjunction. If not, do not place a comma before the conjunction.
disruptive comma: They bought two pizzas, but ate only one.
correct: They bought two pizzas but ate only one.

For disruptive commas between subjects and verbs
1. Find the subject and verb in each of your sentences.
2. Make sure that you have not separated the subject from the verb with one comma. It's often all right to have a pair of commas between a subject and verb for nonessential clauses and phrases that might be added there, but rarely is a single comma acceptable.
disruptive comma: That man sitting in the train station, is the person I'm supposed to meet.
correct: That man sitting in the train station is the person I'm supposed to meet.

基础写作讲座16-Metaphors

比喻不一定要名誉,要多样化。
做动词
做形容词或副词
做介词短语
做同位语或定语。

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发表于 2009-11-29 16:18:52 |显示全部楼层
lz加油~!
Alice~管他过去过不去的~!

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发表于 2009-12-3 17:37:04 |显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 wunonomei 于 2009-12-3 17:44 编辑

对作文没有任何概念,就先做第三次的作业了。

花了整整4天的时间,第三次作业才只做了1和2,今天先把翻译贴上来吧。

虽然全文都有翻译,但有些地方没有把握,现在把其中我觉得翻译有困难的句子列出来,请大家指教。

Not only does this make for narrowly focussed and generally pooprly-educated individuals, but it guarantees a sense of loss of community, often followed by a feeling of psychological displacement and personal dissatisfaction.

One teacher or professor can not provide as much in depth discussion on all of these topics as well as one who has learned the specifics and studied mainly to know everything that is currently known about one of these subjects.


A person can't know everything there is to know about everything.

However, it does seem to help clarify the writer's definition of "general" as an umbrella term meaning the total collection of what specialists know about a topic.

Choppy

The task consists of a brief passage in which the author makes a case for some course of action or interpretation of events by presenting claims backed by reasons and evidence.

alternative explanationa possible competing version of what might have caused the events in question; an alternative explanation undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts

For example, if the majority of injuries are skin abrasions and closed-head injuries, then a case can be made for the usefulness of protective clothing mentioned.

The statistics used in the above reasoning are lacking in proper direction considering their assertions.

awintro - 中文版 by wunonomei.doc

254.5 KB, 下载次数: 1

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发表于 2009-12-15 12:36:39 |显示全部楼层
我好慢啊,一个月过去了,我第二个作业才做完issue. 不过加油,我肯定能在截止日前完成所有作业的。

issue13:
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1041506-1-1.html

看草木的讲解,看别人的习作,列自己的提纲,我整整花了3天的时间,可这样写出来的第一篇还是不能看,可悲啊。

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发表于 2009-12-15 12:41:00 |显示全部楼层
奇怪,刚才发的内容没了?再发一遍

issue13
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1041506-1-1.html

花了整整三天做准备,写出来的还是不能看,可悲啊。

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RE: 1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by wunonomei——今天你很棒 [修改]

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