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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句 https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=961830&highlight 从句
从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
宾语从句
1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.
表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.
同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
形容词性从句（即定语从句）
1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。
as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，as代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语) 副词性从句（即状语从句）
时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.
地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.
比较：because, since, as和for
1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。
句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
2) as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.这里为什么用be，而且也没有倒装？
注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…（上一句的助动词为什么用will，而不用does?）
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。方式状语 3. _____ was known to them that Bob had broken his promise _____ he would give them a rise.
A. What; what B. It; which C. As; that D. It; that 选d, 不能理解这句话？ 4. _____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A. For now B. Since that C. Now that D. By now 选c, now that 是既然的意思 7. --- Would you like a cigarette?--- No. It’s several years _____ I gave up smoking.
A. after B. since C. when D. before 选b, 但是应该是it has been several years才对？ 9. It is an interesting story and one can’t put it down _____ one has finished reading it.
A. after B. when C. unless D. until 选d, 选项c也说得通啊？ 13. We’ll start off as we planned _____.
A. no matter he will come or not B. no matter whether he will come or not
C. whether is he coming or not D. whether he comes or not
选 b
5. Because of the traffic jam _____ I was caught, I was late for the meeting.
A. by which B. in which C. that D. where
选c, 我觉得答案不对 8. The soldiers had to sleep in their wet clothes, _____ most uncomfortable.
A. which I think it was B. which I think was
C. which I think D. that I think was
选b不可用that引导非限制性定语从句, 不要记反了。 5. I shall take you back to France _____ you are well enough to travel.
A. presently B. quickly C. directly D. at once 选c, 不能理解这句话？ 11. The parents were worried about their daughter because nobody was aware of _____ she had gone.
A. to which B. the place which C. the place D. where
选 d
12. --- They don’t have much in their house yet.
---_____ they’re planning to live here only until Bob gets his degree, they don’t want to buy much furniture.
A. While B. Although C. Since D. As far as
选b, 我觉得答案不对 18. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurred, which attracted my attention.
A. unless B. until C. when D. while 选 c, when/while的区别是什么？ 22. After five hours’ drive, they reached _____ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
选 d, 这里的地点是reach的宾语么？
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发表于 2009-11-9 10:08:27
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