1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by 木虫虫--不积跬步，无以致千里

木虫虫UID: 2694986

(+﹏+)~狂晕
刚提交又不见了……难道只有回复才可见？

再积累个：We must hope for the best and fear the worst.=Hope for the best


    谢天谢地~好像再也不用输验证码了

木虫虫UID: 2694986

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句

在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。

名词性从句
主语从句
1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：

*It is +n. \+ adj. that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...

2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.

3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.

宾语从句
1. 宾语从句连词that常可省略。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
*All this is different from what (省that)American young people would say about friendship.

2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind(宾语从句）.

3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。(否定前移）
He didn't think that the money was well spent.=He think that the money was not well spent


表语从句
结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how，because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.

同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词（先行词）作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有
fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。

（She finally made the decision） that （she would join the fashion show）.


用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：

　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　

　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……

　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……

　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……


形容词性从句（即定语从句）

定语从句修饰先行词（或句子），通常由关系代词或关系副词引导。

限制性定语从句
修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等。who, whom, whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。

1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。

2)关系代词的省略
关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。

3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词=“介词+which”的结构。

非限制性定语从句
既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。

*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。

as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

副词性从句（即状语从句）

时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。

  We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.

2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。
  As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.

地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.   不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that（这个词我很少想到） he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.

比较：because, since, as和for

1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
　
2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today.

结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.

比较： so和 such

　其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
　so foolish　　　　　　　such a fool　　　　　　　
　so nice a flower　　　　such a nice flower　
　　
　so many / few flowers　 such nice flowers　　　　
　so much / little money. such rapid progress　　　
　so many people　　　　　such a lot of people　
　
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
　 so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
　 The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
　 He is such a young boy that he can't go to school



目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest（以免）等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。
例如： He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
　　
条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.　
　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
　 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)


1）though, although
　注意：
当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
　Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　
　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
　He is very old, but he still works very hard.　
　虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。

2)　as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
　 = Though he tries hard, he never seems…
　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。


3)　even if, even though.　即使
　　We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.


4) whether…or-　 不管……都
　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.


5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind.
　　 Whatever happened, he would not mind.
　 替换：no matter what = whatever
　　　　 no matter who = whoever
　　　　 no matter when = whenever
　　　　 no matter where = wherever
　　　　 no matter which = whichever
　　　　 no matter how = however
　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
　（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。方式状语

木虫虫UID: 2694986

今晚专心K专业课…明天补写
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第七期——名词
本来觉得名词是应该没得什么可看的了，可是看到前言，觉得在理啊，

想想达芬奇画的蒙娜大婶多呢 还是画的鸡蛋多呢？

归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：

名 词	专有名词
	普通名词	个体名词	可数名词
		集体名词
		物质名词	不可数名词
		抽象名词

其它名词复数的规则变化
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
　　　　　　　　
radio---radios　
　zoo---zoos；
　　b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
我看到prettywraith跟帖介绍的方法不错哦

我是参考网友的方法。加es的少，先记下来，我知道到有这四个，可以这么记“黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿”，里面的黑人（negro）英雄（hero）土豆（potato）西红柿（tomato）复数都加es。

名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children
　  foot---feet　
     tooth---teeth
　 mouse---mice　　
man---men　 woman---women　
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
　如： an Englishman, two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。


2）单复同形　如：
　　deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
　　li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
　如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。

4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
　　 a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
　　 b. news 是不可数名词。
　　 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
　　 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
　　　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
　　　<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes
　
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers


6）
另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼

不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
2）
抽象名词有时也可数。
　　four freedoms 四大自由
　　the four modernizations四个现代化
　　物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
　1) 用复数作定语。
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
　
如：goods train (货车)
　　　 arms produce　武器生产
　　　 customs papers 海关文件
　　　 clothes brush衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。我记得有连字符时，用单数形式
　如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)　


不同国家的人的单复数

名称　      　总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人

the                    a/an　　　　two

中国人　　the Chinese　　  a Chinese　 two Chinese 瑞士人　　the Swiss            a Swiss　　   two Swiss 日本人　　the Japanese　　a Japanese　 two Japanese

法国人　　the French　    a Frenchman　 two Frenchmen 英国人　　the English　　an Englishman　 two Englishmen

德国人　　the Germans　　a Germans　　two Germans

澳大利亚人Australians　　  an Australian　two Australians 俄国人　　the Russians　　a Russian　　  two Russians 意大利人　the Italians　　 an Italian　       two Italians 希腊人　　the Greek    　　a Greek　　    two Greeks 美国人　　the Americans　an American　  two Americans 印度人　　the Indians　　  an Indian　　 two Indians 加拿大人　the Canadians　a Canadian　 two Canadians 瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　  　two Swedes

名词用法难点
1．容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
　　advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计
　　equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
　　furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色
　　information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械
　　knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量
　　baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦
　　cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声
　　apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境
　　clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动
　　paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运
　　technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝

5. and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
　　War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
　　战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)
　　同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
　　law and order
bread and butter
　　apple pie and ice cream
folk and knife
　　wheel and axle 轮轴
needle and thread
　 love and hate
egg and rice 蛋炒饭
……　
以下很多都在主谓一致中学过了

木虫虫UID: 2694986

今天的作业~

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第八期——代词
以下分不同颜色

对阅读听力很重要的部分
对口语很重要的部分
对写作部分很重要的部分

1表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。
2不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。

如：
--- Do you have a car?--你有一辆小汽车吗？
--- Yes，I have one.--是的，我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them.他们，我一个也不认识。
3关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。

1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2.人称代词的宾格在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。
---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.

1)不定代词在正式场合使用时，可用 he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he?谁也没来，是吗?

2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。

3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。

1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称 －> 第三人称 －> 第一人称
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －> 第二人称 －> 第三人称


双重所有格
公式为：
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.

在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.

指示代词
说明1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：
(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）
(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
(错)He is going to marry this.（this作宾语时不能指人）
(对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)

说明2：
That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，


2)some用于其他句式中:
a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：
Would you like some coffee?
b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：
If you need some help，let me know.
c.some位于主语部分,
Some students haven't been there before.
d.当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。


1) 泛指另一个用 another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。
4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。


many, much
Many，much都意为"许多"， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。

How many people are there at the meeting?

How much time has we left?

Many of the workers were at the meeting.

Much of the time was spent on learning.

few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。
He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. littleB. fewC. a littleD. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
卖出了许多书。

木虫虫UID: 2694986

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第九期——动词的时态


真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时

宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.


句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'

wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现在还活着)

be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。（我对于used to + do过去常常记得比较清楚，而这个就很少用了）
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to表将来
will表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后般现在时表将来。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room
（觉得以上两条对口语比较有用）

现在进行时表示将来
意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等 ，如  I'm leaving tomorrow

过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语

现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

用于现在完成时的句型
It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时
This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen

since的四种用法
1) I have been here since 1989.
2) I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.


过去完成时
表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时

现在进行时
表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.

与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.

不用进行时的动词

1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.

2) 心理状态的动词
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.

3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.

4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.

一般现在时代替将来时

(1)时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately


He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.


(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。The museum opens at ten tomorrow.(实际上每天如此。)

一般现在时代替过去时
"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。

一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
Look, here comes Mr. Li.


时态与时间状语
时间状语
一般现在时every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

木虫虫UID: 2694986

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十期——连词
1)and 与or
and 连接两个并列的谓语，（前后的时态要一致）

(错) They started to dance and sang.
and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing

and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。（感官动词都有哪些？在网上查到：“感官动词（知觉动词）可以表示身体五官的感受或动作，有： see/notice/look at/watch/notice/observe/listen to/hear/feel/taste/smell”）


注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.

2）not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

3）not…but… 意思为"不是 ……而是……"

not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

4）for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。

5）两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。

木虫虫UID: 2694986

今天看了阅读自测……

	GREI	GREII	LSAT	CET4	CET6	SCIENCE	GODFATHER
评分	3	3	3	2	1	4	4
心得	有阅读障碍,用时较长8 Y3 K" R( l: H  v7 S0 X 第一遍用时5’38” ，重读了有3遍，做完题目用时14’28”	读的时候觉得每句话都读懂了，但是没有掌握文章的逻辑。因此反复读了好几遍。 第一遍用时9’16”，用了很长时间才做完题目。做完题目用时25’53”	单词较简单，逻辑也比较好归纳，中速一遍就能读懂。 第一遍用时9’29”，做完题目用时26’20	2’20	2’50 本来以为可以找一下自信了，没想到这个得分最低啊……练速度吧 o1 D# V	可能我临床专业的原因吧，感觉看下来没什么困难，因为内容都是已经学过的了，不过还是有单词不认识	可以看懂，也可以感受到作者描绘的场景。

, S4 ~( Z1 f) x

反映出些阅读中的不足：
1、速度较慢，要练速度啦
2、继续背单词
3、对于长难句的把握不够，看杨鹏难句……再不看没机会了!





这段时间的精力主要放在了作文基础和复习专业课上面，荒废了单词和阅读 ~~o(>_<)o ~~
转眼12月拉，我要加油！

木虫虫UID: 2694986

今天乖乖的背了1个list单词……
不知是否还来的及啊
还看了点难句，昨天看阅读使我觉悟了/(ㄒoㄒ)/~~

木虫虫UID: 2694986

呵呵，今天继续背单词，又一个单元了。词根词缀把A 开头的背完了……


0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十一期——动词、动词语态

动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。

动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。


根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well.
（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。
说明：英语中总共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。

动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。

1 系动词
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher.is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He seems (to be) very sad.
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）

2助动词

1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词不可单独使用He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)

3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week..他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the fresh persons.我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。
c.征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

9 非谓语动词

在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。




动词的语态

语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词。
feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch

The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.

2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.

1 let 的用法
1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。记得当初学的有三个词用不带to的不定式：have,make,let.
They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.

2） 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.

2 短语动词的被动语态

短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before..

3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组

believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that…大家相信
It is hoped that…大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that…大家认为
It is suggested that…据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that…务必记住的是

4 不用被动语态的情况

1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.

比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week.
(对) The accident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。(缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.)。
特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。


2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

3) 系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

It sounds good.

4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.

5 主动形式表示被动意义

1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The book sells well.这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。

2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.

3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.

4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。

6 被动形式表示主动意义

be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries

He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。

注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.

7 need/want/require/worth

注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。

The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。

木虫虫UID: 2694986

今天看书时看到一句不错的话：
Entertainment celebrities exist in symbiosis with the press.
*symbiosis 相互依存   
这句话的意思是，娱乐界的名人与媒体是相互依存滴~~

木虫虫UID: 2694986

每天加油背单词~~
今天算了一下，专业课复习每天至少要4h……而可支配时间只有5h.郁闷啊

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十二期——动词不定式、分词、动名词
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford　 aim　appear　agree　 arrange　ask　be　decide　bother　care　choose　come　dare　demand　desire　determine　expect　elect　endeavor　hope　fail　happen　 help　hesitate　learn　long　mean　 manage　offer　ought　plan　prepare   promise　refuse　seem　 tend　 wait　wish　undertake

2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式（传说中的X sb. to do sth.)
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise　allow　appoint　believe　cause　challenge command　compel　consider　 declare　 drive　enable　encourage　 find　forbid　 force　guess  hire  imagine  impel 　induce  inform instruct invite  judge 　 know 　 like 　order 　 permit persuade　 remind  report request  require select　send 　 state  suppose  tell 　 think　 train 　trust  understand　urge 　 warn　
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

不定式主语

1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy,　difficult,　 hard,　 important,　 possible,　 impossible,　comfortable,　 necessary,　 better;
the first,　 the next,　 the last, the best,　too much, too little, not enough

2) It's very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind,nice, stupid,rude, clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly, selfish(自私的)
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look， appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型  
(错)It is to believe to see.
(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。


不定式作状语

1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.

用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：

admit to承认，confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意

省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。(前有do，后无to）
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：

动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…

不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do
2)so kind as to ---劳驾

不定式的时态和语态
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.

动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：

1stop to do——stop doing
停下来要去做某事——停下正在做的事
2 forget to do—— forget doing
忘记将要做的事——忘记了这一事实
3remember to do——remember doing

4 regret to do—— regre

木虫虫UID: 2694986

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.18]

1、好词好句

it could be caused by the higher temperatures that now prevail in（流行） northern areas

but the damage in British Columbia is particularly severe, and particularly troubling in a province whose economy is dominated by timber.

It could be the result of= it could be caused by

Without a new global agreement, there is not much chance of averting serious climate change.


IPCC, the body set up to establish a scientific consensus （科学的共识）on what is happening, heat waves, droughts, floods and serious hurricanes have increased in frequency over the past few decades

As with the mountain bark beetle, it is not entirely clear why this is happening. The glaciers could be retreating because of one of the countless natural oscillations in the climate that scientists do not properly understand. If so, the glacial retreat could well stop, as it did in the middle of the 20th century after a 100-year retreat. But the usual causes of natural variability do not seem to explain the current trend, so scientists incline to倾向于 the view that it is man-made. It is therefore likely to persist unless mankind starts to behave differently—and there is not much sign of that happening. 这一段分析运用了作文中常用的我记做“反证”的方法，先指出自己的观点不是十分的确定，然后分析如果不是自己的推论那应该会是什么解释，然后指出该解释存在的漏洞，最后从反向指出自己的倾向的正确性。

To put that in context, the current average global temperature is only 5&ordm;C warmer than the last ice age.

Some scientists think that the planet is already on an irreversible journey to dangerous warming.      这个比喻很好

The human race has almost all the tools it needs to continue leading much the sort of life it has been enjoying without causing a net increase in greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere.   长句~~

Nor is it a question of economics.

It is a prisoner’s dilemma, a free-rider problem and the tragedy of the commons all rolled into one.

That requires businesses to change their investment patterns. And they will do so only if governments give them clear, consistent signals.

so far =to date

By including too many countries in detailed negotiations, it has reduced the chances of agreement.

The aspirations are high, but so are the hurdles. The gap between the parties on the two crucial questions—emissions levels and money—remains large.

But any global climate deal will work only if the domestic policies through which it is implemented贯彻 are both efficient and effective.

2、comments

This article mentions an idea that only if the patterns of businesses have changed into a low carbon or no carbon products. It is a new perspective to me, as I know, the preventions conferences aimed at reducing the producing of all the greenhouse gases. When it comes to too many problems between trading interests and unsure benefits of reducing greenhouse gases, people often hard to give up the sort time interests. We all know the conference starts in Copenhagen is a important meeting, but why is it make such a big deal, and how can it change the future of Earth is still remain to see.

木虫虫UID: 2694986

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.19]

1文章分析

为了更多了解背景知识，查了下关于文章开头提到的Damien Hirst的介绍
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9

http://www1.artist.org.cn/Channel/meishu_xueshu/Content.aspx?ArticleID=7894


last hurrah最后的成功

filed for申请

Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.

The best that can be said about the market at the moment is that it is holding its breath. But this special report will argue that it will bounce back  受挫后恢复, and that the key to its recovery lies in globalisation.The supply of the best works of art will always be limited, but in the longer run demand is bound to 一定会rise as wealth is spreading ever more widely across the globe.我感觉这段有承上启下的作用

Auction records remain dominated by Impressionist and modern works , but the biggest expansion in recent years has been in contemporary art.

About half the market’s business, reckons Ms McAndrew of Arts Economics, is conducted at public auctions, with Christie’s and Sotheby’s taking the lion’s share.

With a hugely expanded international client base, it was only a matter of time before both auctioneers started to muscle in on硬挤进 areas that had previously been the preserve of private dealers, matching buyers and sellers and selling new art rather than items that had already been in the market.

2comment

Actually, this article is about an abstruse field for me. I really don’t know much more basic knowledge about art market.

Mr.Hirst’s September 2008 sale is a landmark of art works consigned to Sotheby’s directly from the artist’s workshop. The main point of this report is, the recession that the art market has gone through is under the influence of global economy. Another reason for this slump is lake of good art works to sell. To solve the financial crisis of auction companies, Sotheby’s and Christie’s have played exemplary roles. Apart form general method; they both put a lot of effort into advising buyers on how to improve their collections.

木虫虫UID: 2694986

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.20]
积累词句
nettlesome——causing vexation  : IRRITATING

reserve-currency储备货币

foreign-exchange 外汇

Global economic integration全球经济一体化

resentful 憎恨的

the Sino-American relationship中美关系

resentment愤恨不满

ideological意识形态的

drain the country’s fiscal strength 用尽……

America and China need each other, but they are a long way from trusting each other

More than a hundred years after Theodore Roosevelt made this prediction, American leaders are again looking across the Pacific to determine their own country’s future, and that of the rest of the world.这句很优美

A shared cultural and political heritage helped America to eclipse黯然失色 British power without bloodshed, but the rise of Germany and Japan precipitated使（不好的事）突然发生 global wars

On October 1st China offered a stunning display of the hard edge of its rising power as it paraded its fast-growing military arsenal through Beijing.

This special report will explain why China will continue to lend to America, and why the yuan is unlikely to become a reserve currency soon.

China may have growing financial muscle, but it still lags far behind 落后as a technological innovator and creator of global brands.

By any measure, China’s power is still dwarfed相形见绌 by America’s.

both sides have been trying to reinforce the relationship by stressing that they have a host of new common enemies, from global epidemics to terrorism.

Its frailties弱点—social, political and economic—could eventually imperil危及 both its own stability and its dealings with the outside world.

comment

There is much heated debate over Sino-American relationship, as we all know that China is playing an important role in Global economic integration, so American treat china more friendly instead of hostility. I think the all the relationships of political are closely related with the interests, not only the Sino-American relationship. In this article, current China to American is compared with the American in 1905 to Britain. It is difficult to accept that as a rising power it used to be, there comes a potential challenger. But the report also point out some frailties in China-- social, political and economic. In my eyes this report has an impersonal attitude toward China and American.

木虫虫UID: 2694986

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.21]
fine dining for devoted epicureans
laid-back 安详的
on behalf of 为了……的利益
pension funds抚恤基金
fitfully 断断续续的
national exchequers 国库
draw inspiration from 从……得到启示

contemplate 深思细想 the future of the world economy

Financial shenanigans恶作剧 are not the sole province职能 of the banking industry.

it tries to peer five years into the economic future

But the next five years will not resemble类似于 the five preceding the crisis.

The more forcefully the string is plucked拽, the more sharply it snaps back迅速跳回.

As the workforce grows, capital accumulates and technology advances, this limit expands over time.

But even worse scenarios脚本 are possible.

Financial crises can pose such a threat to national incomes because of the way they erode national wealth.

Japan found this out to its cost in the 1990s after the bursting of a spectacular bubble浮华的的泡沫的爆破 in property and stock prices.

Only when you hit bottom can you stop and contemplate the cliff you must now climb.

The travails of艰难 finance, in turn, may prevent the recovering economy from backing and exploiting innovations.

Comment

This report is about the hot topic--economic crisis. In the beginning, the author mentioned a lively example of the California is suffering from financial disaster. Then get into the main topic, this article shows a lot of statistics to illuminate how terrible this economic crisis it is. However, there still hope left. Some economic forecasters enjoy higher expectations. The author argues that a “new normal” for the world economy is now in sight, it will be different from the old normal in a number of ways. Even if the economic will recover one day, it is no doubt that the result of this crisis is large number of unemployment and heavy debt.