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Fundamental Course of Writtng 总结
(1)20 Questions for Writers
写作突破点,也是修改时的依据
(2)(3)(4) Writing Anxiety and start to write
自己的毛病是思路打开不快,开头写的慢,主动词汇太少。几个觉得不错的方法总结如下。
a.写作前有所准备,过题库
b.陌生题,点线面逐渐展开式列提纲
c.难下手的题,先写个要求不高的初稿。修改要先易后难
d.一点思路都没有的题,开头可以空着。
e,写作步骤:明确主题,记下所有灵感,并将思路图表化,寻找主线,丰富内容。少
说大白话
f,修改方法:改变读者对象,客观审视,小组讨论。
(5) Writing with computers
主题句写在段首
每次修改,保留前进痕迹
打印出来,纸质的要亲近些
打印预览
注意作文的句子长度。
运用修改工具和词典,改作文。
用颜色突出重点。
(6)文章的主题句
位置:主题句一般出现在开头的最后一两句
特点:不假大空,不用第一人称,要有可争论性。与下文的观点相对应
也可概括为:
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis
检查主题句的五个问题:
Try these five tests:
Does the thesis inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or Why?" 吸引读者思考
Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or "Who cares?" 避免出现so what问题
Does the thesis avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"? 避免绝对的论调
Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题?
Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述?
(7)段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
主题句引入四种方法
1,复合句联系上下文
2,提问法
3,通过过渡句
4,中间转折
1,3,4差不多都是通过过渡引入主题句。
连接词
段间,段内只要意思转折递处进都要用。让读者知道自己的行文思路。通过句子意思自然过渡最好
(8)-(11)
段落间的关系
这相当于文章的上层建筑,好的逻辑顺序很重要
简单顺序:
按权重排序 43125,12345,54321.
时间顺序
对比两个观点,go ahead --wait a minute –what do you think.或交叉进行
典型五段:Introduction-thesis(3 parts)-conclusion
复杂顺序:
三”W”,
what,(what evidence shows that the phenmomenon described by your thesis is true?)
一般紧跟introductinon,作为论据说明主题。不能超过文章的1/3
how , (how does the thesis stand up to the challenge of a counter-argument?)
必不可少,使文章复杂化,但更客观全面。一般紧跟what之后,可以出现在任何可能有反驳的地方。根据文章长度,适当裁剪。
Why,(Why does your interpretation of phenmomenon matter to anyone beside you?)
说明主题的重要性,在开头点,在结尾的完整阐明
文章地图法:
以读者的角度说明主题
一两句阐明主题,说明原因。说明背景。方法不固定
不要
不要写成堆积型,避免观点和背景资料的简单罗列。警惕’”first,next,after,then” 和”listing,also,another,in addition”,
段落内部的关系
段落的基本要素
(1)一个独立的观点-和Thesis密切相关
(2)一个合理的逻辑顺序
(3)没有无关细节
一,段落的组成结构:
1.The topic sentence:一般在文章开头
2. Supporting evidence/analysis:必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡
3.The conclusion(observation):结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句!。
组织段落四项基本原则
Orient your reader to the subject.
Tie your ideas together.承上启下
Take it easy through technically dense passages. 诙谐
Arrange your ideas in a logical sequence.有逻辑
方法:
1,用连词of course
2,先说新的,然后用老的对比
3,加解释性的修饰。
二,段内句子连接:
三个原则:
1,Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
2,Coherence-句子之间相互关联,共同构成有机整体
3,Connection-适当的连接句子
实现:
1,利用逻辑连接词,likewise, first, sometimes
2,利用重复,this, that
3,利用强调,especially,in fact, so…that
(但不要用的太泛滥)
如何有效论证
使论据流畅的结合在一起
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim
Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper? 论据是否充分
2) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?例子是否联系主题
3) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them? 是否通过论据拓展论点
5) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?引用是否正确完整。
Strategies for Writing a Conclusion
A conclusion should
stress the importance of the thesis statement, (重现主题句)
give the essay a sense of completeness, and (完善全文)
leave a final impression on the reader.(给读者一个深刻的印象)
建议:
强调主题的重要性
综合全面的观点,突出各段子主题的逻辑性
引导读者思考 广-狭-广 展望未来 挑战读者思维
呼应开头 同样的词 同样的意思
避免:
以客套话开头,像”in conclusion”,”in summary”
在总结时才第一次说明主题
引入一个新的想法。(展望未来是适当的延伸)
重复之前的主题句
煽情
说明论据
(12)Conciseness: Methods of Eliminating Wordiness
Change phrases into single words
Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases
Avoid overusing expletives at the beginning of sentences
Use active rather than passive verbs
Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs
Use verbs when possible
不必要的不定式短语改成动词或名词
显而易见的不要说
(13)-(15)proofreading
proofreading主要解决语法,标点和文章结构的问题
几个guidelines:
1,写完后休息下再改。
2,大声读,转换角度,请别人帮忙
3,总结常犯的错误和发生的原因
单词拼写:不能仅靠word,大声读,认真看检查拼写错误,总结错词本。
语法标点:
逗号:(1)and, nor, but, so, for, or, and yet.连接两个独立句子时,前面要加','.同一个句子并列成分时不加.
(2)两个独立句子间不直接用',' 加连词,变从句,或者加分号
(3)Introductory Commas:做状语的介词短语或从句,超过3个词,与主句间加','.
(4)非限制性定语从句,两边加逗号
语法:(1)指示代词与相应名词要统一
(2)并列成分结构要对应
文章结构:
(1)Examine the overall construction of your paragraphs, looking specifically at length, supporting sentence(s), and topic sentence. Individual paragraphs that are significantly lacking length or sufficient supporting information as well as those missing a topic sentence may be a sign of a premature or under-developed thought.
检查文章结构,各段长度,是否有主题句,观点是否充分展开,论据是否充分
(2)In a paragraph, keep your topics short and reasonably consistent.
(3)修改句子
Questions to Ask Yourself as You Revise Sentences
Do your sentences "hang together?"
1.Readers must feel that they move easily from one sentence to the next, that each sentence "coheres" with the one before and after it.
2.Readers must feel that sentences in a paragraph are not just individually clear, but are unified with each other.
3.Does the sentence begin with information familiar to the reader?
4.Does the sentence end with interesting information the reader would not anticipate?
(4)修改段落
What are you trying to say in the paper?
try to summarize your thesis, or main point, and the evidence you are using to support that point.
Identify your readers and your purpose
Save only the good pieces
Eliminate mistakes in grammar and usage
Tighten and clean up your language.
Proofreading的顺序:
Exercise: Diagnosis, Analysis, Revision
Diagnosis
1.Underline the first few words of every sentence in a paragraph, ignoring short introductory phrases such as "In the beginning," or "For the most part."
2.If you can, underline the first few words of every clause.
Analysis
1.Read your underlined words. Is there a consistent series of related topics?
2.Will your reader see these connections among the topics?
3.Decide what you will focus on in each paragraph.
4.Imagine that the passage has a title. The words in the title should identify what should be the topics of most of the sentences.
Revision
1.In most sentences, make the topics the subject of verbs.
尽量让文章的主题做主语。
2.Put most of the subjects at the beginning of your sentences. Avoid hiding your topic by opening sentences with long introductory clauses or phrases.
尽量把主语放在句子的开头,避免太多的过渡句或短语。
(16) Metaphors
as verbs
| The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile.
| as adjectives and adverbs
| Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.
| as prepositional phrases
| The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.
| as appositives or modifiers
| On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.
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