【Clover】各类精华总结——byJulymay 每天积累一点就会变成一笔巨大的财富

JulymayUID: 2645085

July，加油加油！
小满，加油加油！
小菲。加油加油！

JulymayUID: 2645085

January31
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.

1. What does X mean? (Definition)给关键词下定义
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)关键词的特征
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)关键词的组成
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)关键词是如何工作或产生作用的
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)关键词应该是怎样的（需要有正确的导向和认知，立意点）
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)关键词的基本功能
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW产生关键词的原因
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)结果
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)类型
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)这是出现比较级时候的对比了，立意点
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)关键词的现状，这里就可以跟理想形态作比较，分析原因
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)特征
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)关键词是怎么发生的。追本溯源的方式挖掘题目本身
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)个人的好恶。看到这里我觉得Issue其实并非要求写的多么多么合理，要求的是如何辩驳得有力说理说得澎湃
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)记忆
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)价值
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion1
这20问里面有一些重复，有一些很接近，但是这20 问对于破题还是有帮助的。他会帮助我从各个角度看一道题目。希望多次练习反复研读之后能烂熟于心，养成习惯。

JulymayUID: 2645085

January31
Chapter1.1 Terminology 关键字眼
先看这样一道题：
issue144. "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value."

既然讨论的话题在于Lasting value是谁给出的，那么展开之前自然要先明了一下：什么是lasting value？这一问不要紧，不同的人恐怕就给出不同的答案了。以我个人的理解：如果说，以艺术作品的美学价值和其深远影响本身作为lasting value，毫无疑问自然是artist创造的；而如果把这个value着眼于对艺术作品的批判分析从而指导新的艺术风格流派的创造与表达上，critic的位置恐怕当仁不让。当然，不同的人给出不同的答案，想来肯定会有人给出和我的看法完全相左的意见的。（看到一道题目的时候先抓准关键词，然后对其下定义。这样的方法与审题二十问中间的一些非常类似。通过对关键词的解释来寻找到中间的一些逻辑关系。）
但至少明确一点：如果对lasting value的解释不一样了，这个题目再往下写肯定就迥异的。这也就引出了今天要分析的问题：题目中的关键字。而之所以把Terminology这一专题放在整个特训的最前面，则是因为，每道题都有自己的关键字，对关键字的把握是最universal，也是最需要掌握的。
上面的issue144里面涉及了对lasting value这一关键词的不同解释。再举一个例子：

issue15. "The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."

不妨看看这里的depends。如果说社会稳定依赖于、取决于其对极端行为的反应的话，窃以为这里的动词未免有些夸张。诡辩一点的说，如果在absence of the extremes的情况下，是不是就没法判断the stability of a society了呢？与其说depends，倒不如说reflect比较合适。我破题的思路，也即从depends这个关键词入手，通过分析找到并建立新的关键词予以取代，从而建立自己的论点。这和issue144例有所不同，但核心都在于：抓住关键词。（关键词不但可以是名词还可以是动词甚至是形容词副词。其实，关键词是一个可拓展，有理可挖的词。审题的时候要对其敏感）

实际上，对考查逻辑的分析性写作考试而言，识别题目的关键字至少有两点基本作用：其一，阐明和确立所进行讨论的前提，不仅是为了在文章中明确体现自己的认识，更同时是给自己明确自己的认识——免得因为对关键词的认识从一开始就模糊摇摆然后写到后半背叛前半；其二，明确了关键字，也就抓住题目的核心问题和关系所在，从关键字入手进行思考，自然是打开思路源泉的首选。
再看两个：
issue17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

issue176. "The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each."
  
显然，这两个题目就同时涉及到对两个方面的关键词的辨认和分析。Issue17的关键词在于just law和unjust law，obey与disobey；而issue176则更为复杂，science与reassure，art与upset。可以尝试用上面144和15里面提到的基本方法，先识别一下关键字，然后再结合着整个的题目观点，根据自己的认识来重新选择和建立关键字，从而建立自己的论点，再进行写作。
根据这个观点我试验了一下，我发现其实Issue题目有很多是没有特定关键词的，但是我能在整个命题里面找到一个关键的关系，比如：利大于弊，什么什么优于什么什么。我想这种题目的破题方法应该与辩题的准备比较接近。假设自己赞成或反对某一方，然后列举出可以支持自己观点的论据。很像一辩辩词的写法。

JulymayUID: 2645085

February2
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block

Symptoms and Cures for Writer's Block  对于神经性写作便秘的症状介绍及治疗建议 Because writers have various ways of writing, a variety of things can cause a writer to experience anxiety, and sometimes this anxiety leads to writer's block. Often a solution can be found by speaking with your instructor (if you are in school), or a writing tutor. There are some common causes of writer's block, however, and when you are blocked, consider these causes and try the strategies that sound most promising: Symptom You have attempted to begin a paper without doing any preliminary work such as brainstorming or outlining... 最近常常出现的变态情况，July对号入座 Possible Cures · Use invention strategies suggested by a tutor or teacher · Write down all the primary ideas you'd like to express and then fill in each with the smaller ideas that make up each primary idea. This can easily be converted into an outline Symptom You have chosen or been assigned a topic which bores you.... Possible Cures · Choose a particular aspect of the topic you are interested in (if the writing situation will allow it...i.e. if the goal of your writing can be adjusted and is not given to you specifically, or if the teacher or project coordinator will allow it) · Talk to a tutor about how you can personalize a topic to make it more interesting 写作前的仔细审题和分析题目是非常重要的，恐怕要比写出一篇文章还要重要！不能忽视~ Symptom You don't want to spend time writing or don't understand the assignment... Possible Cures（这一个记下来，作为消极懈怠是的prescription~） · Resign yourself to the fact that you have to write · Find out what is expected of you (consult a teacher, textbook, student, tutor, or project coordinator) · Look at some of the strategies for writing anxiety listed below Symptom You are anxious about writing the paper...（OH，no. This is the very situation that I am struggling in.） Possible Cures · Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head. · Consciously stop the non-productive comments running through your head by replacing them with productive ones. · If you have some "rituals" for writing success (chewing gum, listening to jazz etc.), use them. Symptom You are so stressed out you can't seem to put a word on the page... Possible Cures · Stretch! If you can't stand up, stretch as many muscle groups as possible while staying seated. · Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups. Starting from your toes, tense up for perhaps five to ten seconds and then let go. Relax and then go on to another muscle group. · Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly. · Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!" Symptom（这种状况目前还不可能出现~我觉得~） You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. So, if you're preoccupied with the idea that you have to write about a subject and feel you probably won't express yourself well... Possible Cures · Talk over the subject with a friend or tutor. · assure yourself that the first draft doesn't have to be a work of genius, it is something to work with. · Force yourself to write down something, however poorly worded, that approximates your thought (you can revise this later) and go on with the next idea. · Break the task up into steps. Meet the general purpose first, and then flesh out the more specific aspects later. · Try one of the strategies on the next page of this resource. Other Strategies for Getting Over Writer's BlockIf you have tried the other strategies and are still having problems, try some of these general techniques for getting over writer's block. These strategies will prove more helpful when you're drafting your writing Begin in the MiddleStart writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose of the piece will be. Talk Out the PaperTalking feels less artificial than writing to some people. Talk about what you want to write someone—your teacher, a friend, a roommate, or a tutor. Just pick someone who's willing to give you fifteen to thirty minutes to talk about the topic and whose main aim is to help you start writing. Have the person take notes while you talk or tape your conversation. Talking will be helpful because you'll probably be more natural and spontaneous in speech than in writing. Your listener can ask questions and guide you as you speak, and you'll be more likely to relax and say something unpredictable than if that you were sitting and forcing yourself to write. Tape the PaperTalk into a tape recorder, imagining your audience sitting in front of you. Then, transcribe the tape-recorded material. You'll at least have some ideas written down to work with and move around. Change the AudiencePretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly. Changing the audience can clarify your purpose and can also make you feel more comfortable and help you write more easily. Play a RolePretend you are someone else writing the paper. For instance, if you have been asked to write about sexist advertising, assume you are the president of the National Organization of Women. Or, pretend you are the president of a major oil company asked to defend the high price of oil. Consider being someone in another time period, or someone with a wildly different perspective from your own. Pulling yourself out of your usual perspective can help you see things that are otherwise invisible or difficult to articulate, and your writing will be stronger for it.

. (我试过在慌张的时候，做眼保健操，有用的，真的。这一篇抱走，记在备忘录里~~)

JulymayUID: 2645085

February 1
追星剑特训 Chapter1.2 More 比较级
我们直接来看题目：

issue2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."

issue12. "People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."

issue56. "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."

issue73. "In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge."

issue192. "Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning."

类似样式的题目还有很多，不一一列举了。我想很容易就能观察到，这类题目的核心，无非就是一个字：More.
由More出发，谈一谈关于比较，谁好谁坏，以及原先出现的一些问题。
早有人说以中国为首的东方重中庸重调和，言下之意就是西方人的思维要反过来，然后再层层imply到我们最好少写balance如何如何云云。问题在于，思维上的习惯是研究社会研究人类行为要关心的话题，到了作文可未必来得那么多限制。看到人家提出一个A more B，如果我偏就认为这个A more B要中庸，要调和，没那么一刀切，那我干嘛还非得为了照顾什么不着边的“思维习惯”来写一个一边倒？泛泛而谈的思维模式拿来指导作文，与其说有其自身的用处，不如说有时候误导来得更大些——尤其在刚刚逻辑变作文的时候。
实际上，关键不在于是“中庸”了还是“一边倒”了，关键还是看你——具体的——怎么写。
举个例子。当初在分析跑题文章的时候拿过一篇issue73做例子：题目说imagination is more important than knowledge，文章给了个回应叫做both are important云云，对题目进行了彻底的藐视。再往下看，人家的b1写imagination的重要性，b2写knowledge的重要性，b3写only the interaction will do us good云云——整个一篇下来，连一点儿补救的机会都没有。完全跑题。——人家要的就是做这个比较，对more的response在哪里？？？从thesis到body，等效于只字未提。（遇到这样的题目，罗列出各自的理由再整合是非常错误的决定，注意，关键词落在more,MORE!一定要写出比较，紧扣比较！辩题中也常常会遇到利大于弊，或弊大于利这样题目。破题的时候如果只是一味强调利或是弊而没有比较，没有论述孰轻孰重，是绝对错误的！）
事实上，可以猜得到，原作者的本意是强调imagination和knowledge“都重要”，“都不可少”，但是这件事到了英文就有点麻烦。我们在中文里面说“哪件衣服好？”“两件衣服都好”的时候，往往imply的是“两件衣服同样好”——在这里潜在的给出了“比较”；但是到了英文，如果说“both of them are important”，这里面挖地三尺从北京挖到阿根廷也找不出来“they are of the same importance”的含义来。前者是对彼此的独立定性，后者才涉及比较。如果按照中文的“两个都好”来写“both are good”，中文的潜台词可才没带过去。这也是一个超典型的语言背景背叛思维的例子。
所以顺便说一下：表达的时候小心着点，中文背景能淡化就淡化，小心别自己语言背叛自己思维了。
回来说More的问题。如果要论证they are of the same importance，其实并不复杂。以issue2为例，competition的作用当然有其beneficial和detrimental的各自方面，但是到了ultimately，如果我想要给出一个中性的评价，肯定要从各自方面对比：展示存在beneficial大于detrimental的方面，展示存在detrimental大于beneficial的方面，这些方面是society这个integrity的有机组成部分，不可少，不可互相替代，blabla…..说到底就是各自有各自用处，这种一概而论的观点是不可靠的，应该从完整的角度去看待得出equal这个结论云云。罗嗦半天实质就一句话：把contrast做足了。
人家既然提出more来了，你不可能不去对比。至于比出来是不是把more给比成equal了，人家无所谓也不管——只要比了就行。（对于这类题目，比较才是重中之重！）
这就是我在上文提到的：中庸无所谓，就看具体的怎么写。像刚才举的issue73的例子，一点contrast没有这种对原题来说实际上是言之无物的真正中庸了的文章肯定是要翘了，而把你的对比分析充分展现之后证明balance是正确结论，自然是论证充分的高分段作品。
而对于某些题目不打算写balance，而打算旗帜鲜明地支持某一方的文章，写起来相对更容易一些。这里面只要注意一下：如果不是一边倒而是有让步的话，注意不要让让步抢了正文的风头；如果是一边倒，那就只管去发挥好了。原则仍然是：要把contrast体现出来，把contrast做足了。（做足contrast，其实更像是中文中的蓄势和铺垫）

JulymayUID: 2645085

January1
SU Sy & So
今天重点看了虚拟~
分析讲解和练习已经被我抱走~
练习打印出来写了一部分~还是手写选择题比较有Feel~
PS：我讨厌寄托总是掉色和格式乱变得回复~~~~~~~~~

JulymayUID: 2645085

February2
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block

Symptoms and Cures for Writer's Block  对于神经性写作便秘的症状介绍及治疗建议 Because writers have various ways of writing, a variety of things can cause a writer to experience anxiety, and sometimes this anxiety leads to writer's block. Often a solution can be found by speaking with your instructor (if you are in school), or a writing tutor. There are some common causes of writer's block, however, and when you are blocked, consider these causes and try the strategies that sound most promising: Symptom You have attempted to begin a paper without doing any preliminary work such as brainstorming or outlining... 最近常常出现的变态情况，July对号入座 Possible Cures · Use invention strategies suggested by a tutor or teacher · Write down all the primary ideas you'd like to express and then fill in each with the smaller ideas that make up each primary idea. This can easily be converted into an outline Symptom You have chosen or been assigned a topic which bores you.... Possible Cures · Choose a particular aspect of the topic you are interested in (if the writing situation will allow it...i.e. if the goal of your writing can be adjusted and is not given to you specifically, or if the teacher or project coordinator will allow it) · Talk to a tutor about how you can personalize a topic to make it more interesting 写作前的仔细审题和分析题目是非常重要的，恐怕要比写出一篇文章还要重要！不能忽视~ Symptom You don't want to spend time writing or don't understand the assignment... Possible Cures（这一个记下来，作为消极懈怠是的prescription~） · Resign yourself to the fact that you have to write · Find out what is expected of you (consult a teacher, textbook, student, tutor, or project coordinator) · Look at some of the strategies for writing anxiety listed below Symptom You are anxious about writing the paper...（OH，no. This is the very situation that I am struggling in.） Possible Cures · Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head. · Consciously stop the non-productive comments running through your head by replacing them with productive ones. · If you have some "rituals" for writing success (chewing gum, listening to jazz etc.), use them. Symptom You are so stressed out you can't seem to put a word on the page... Possible Cures · Stretch! If you can't stand up, stretch as many muscle groups as possible while staying seated. · Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups. Starting from your toes, tense up for perhaps five to ten seconds and then let go. Relax and then go on to another muscle group. · Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly. · Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!" Symptom（这种状况目前还不可能出现~我觉得~） You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. So, if you're preoccupied with the idea that you have to write about a subject and feel you probably won't express yourself well... Possible Cures · Talk over the subject with a friend or tutor. · assure yourself that the first draft doesn't have to be a work of genius, it is something to work with. · Force yourself to write down something, however poorly worded, that approximates your thought (you can revise this later) and go on with the next idea. · Break the task up into steps. Meet the general purpose first, and then flesh out the more specific aspects later. · Try one of the strategies on the next page of this resource. Other Strategies for Getting Over Writer's BlockIf you have tried the other strategies and are still having problems, try some of these general techniques for getting over writer's block. These strategies will prove more helpful when you're drafting your writing Begin in the MiddleStart writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose of the piece will be. Talk Out the PaperTalking feels less artificial than writing to some people. Talk about what you want to write someone—your teacher, a friend, a roommate, or a tutor. Just pick someone who's willing to give you fifteen to thirty minutes to talk about the topic and whose main aim is to help you start writing. Have the person take notes while you talk or tape your conversation. Talking will be helpful because you'll probably be more natural and spontaneous in speech than in writing. Your listener can ask questions and guide you as you speak, and you'll be more likely to relax and say something unpredictable than if that you were sitting and forcing yourself to write. Tape the PaperTalk into a tape recorder, imagining your audience sitting in front of you. Then, transcribe the tape-recorded material. You'll at least have some ideas written down to work with and move around. Change the AudiencePretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly. Changing the audience can clarify your purpose and can also make you feel more comfortable and help you write more easily. Play a RolePretend you are someone else writing the paper. For instance, if you have been asked to write about sexist advertising, assume you are the president of the National Organization of Women. Or, pretend you are the president of a major oil company asked to defend the high price of oil. Consider being someone in another time period, or someone with a wildly different perspective from your own. Pulling yourself out of your usual perspective can help you see things that are otherwise invisible or difficult to articulate, and your writing will be stronger for it.

. (我试过在慌张的时候，做眼保健操，有用的，真的。这一篇抱走，记在备忘录里~~)

JulymayUID: 2645085

February2
追星剑特训 Chapter1.3 1+1 得寸进尺
先来解释一下我所谓的1+1是什么。看题目：
issue52. "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."

题目由两部分组成。首先作者提出Education encourages这一命题，并随后therefore得出Education does little to promote social harmony。前后两部分是比较明显的因果关系——作者是这么认为。再看一个例子：
issue226. " eople are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."

前半提出了一个illusion的存在，后半提出这个illusion will eventually be dispelled. 所谓1+1与得寸进尺者，指的就是具有类似结构的题目：可以分为前后两半部分，并且可以看出作者认为两部分间有一定程度的递进关系（例如因果）。（这种程度的递进，其实是多跳了一步。通过A可以推出B，但是不能推出B+。那么破题的关键就是找到B和B+之间的差别和关系，进行论述。）

作者认定了递进不等于我们就同样首肯这一关系，加上前后半各自的claim，这样结构的题目，实际上是具有丰富的入手点的。结合着破题，详细谈谈，以文首的issue52为例：
破题的首要思路当然是对题目做出正面回应。（分析阐述点1）首先作者提出Education encourages students to question and criticize这一事实性命题（注意这里不是倾向性命题，关于事实性命题和倾向性命题的关系下次专门谈），那么作为回应，必须确立自己的观点：到底我自己认为，Education是不是encourage students to question and criticize的？根据不同人的不同背景经历，立刻能够得到丰富的答案：例如，在中学或者大学度过了美好时光在专业学术上正在大展才华，因而对本校的教育很满意的人，可能就立刻回应“同意作者论点”并以自身为例；而曾饱受应试教育摧残高中摧残到考大学大学摧残到考硕士研究生外加自己颇有些愤青思想的人，可能就要趁机大骂作者胡说了；甚至更进一步的，如果有人把眼光放远些之后，例如同时考虑到各个国家之间差别及其影响时，可能就正好用上Chapter1.1里面提到过的Terminology的方法，把Education这个concept给细细梳理先——来个不同国家Education不一样，然后再确立详细的论点——不同Education做法不一样。当然还有更多的可能的态度，在此不一一列举。
前半的写法就已然如此丰富，而1+1这类题目的魅力就在于，前后两部分交叉起来，（注意把握前后部分交叉）可能的论点总是花样儿层出不穷的。继续看：
同意前半Education encourage student to question and criticize的人，对后半的看法可能截然不同。例如，有人认为，按照古训，民总是愚的好，要是都enlighten了那还了得，一个个都能对社会评三评四例如对政府政策来个冷言冷语蛊惑人心的话整个社会马上就乱掉，的确是对social harmony大大的不利——这就是一种看法。与其恰好相反的看法，则是提出question and criticize是为发展带来的契机，通过发现问题解决问题整个社会得到进步，然后整体的social harmony得到促进和提高，同时再找个历史上的某个时期教育搞得好同时社会超级和谐的例子——又是一种观点。相应的，如果用Terminology的方法把social harmony给拆掉，仍然可以写得出来。
花样儿远不止这几种。对前面反对Education encourages的人而言，后面有可能继续反对，有可能反过来却去支持，有可能拆Terminology，甚至加上前面不同Education对应后面不同的与social harmony的关系，等等。统计学的乘法原理在这里一用，就会发现可能的论点是翻着番儿的增加。
而上文的issue226的破题，简单说来就是：题目前半提出人们的看法是个illusion，是吗？——是/不是/取决于历史条件/社会背景…；后半提出illusion的消除，能消掉吗？——能/不能/不一定/根本不是illusion何谈的“消”……潜在写法的丰富程度根本不亚于刚才分析的issue52，只要明确破题思路，做出正面response，找到支持你的看法的论据，一篇文章的构架就基本出来了。（综上来看，着种题目必须要从两部分下手，前半部分和后半部分的递进都要分析，也要整合联系）

所以说，这类题目实际上相当的好写。实际上我认为这类题目除了前后均同意原题的时候可能展开还略费心神之外，只要前后出现一处反对或者拆分关键字，那就根本不愁展开了，明确论点例证（或理证）支持一篇文章很轻松就能出来。今天特地把1+1这类题目挑出来说，不仅是为这个类型的题目做一个概括性的分析，同时也是借机体现一下破题和构思中的发散思维与brainstorm.

下面同样是几道这一结构的题目：
41. "Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."

93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."

98. "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."

196. "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."

JulymayUID: 2645085

February 5
追星剑特训 Chapter1.4 Is vs should 事实与倾向
先来看一下上次分析过的这道题：
issue52. "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."

和下面这个“变形的版本”：
Education should not encourage students to question and criticize so as to better promote social harmony.

可以看出这两个命题针对的是同一个话题，但是更明显的是能够感觉到这两个命题实际上是不一样的。不一样在哪里？前者写的是Education encourages and therefore does，所陈述的是“事实”，而后者写的是Education should，所陈述的是一种suggestion，或者叫作“倾向”。两种命题在题库里面都广泛的存在。今天要讨论的，就是“事实性命题”和“倾向性命题”的关系与区别，以及写作时相应的注意事项。在issue综合参考区的Reasoning and Critical Thinking目录下也有一篇文章专门谈到这个问题。
还是看上面的两个例子。前者作为事实性命题陈述的是现象，状态，而并不涉及从情感、价值等方面做出的选择和判断。也就是说：issue52提出来的是Education到底是个什么状态，题目所关心的是“Education是什么样子”。而至于Education应该怎样，则全然不是issue52所关心的。后面的倾向性命题则恰好反过来，Education现在可以是encourage，也可以不是encourage，都不是该命题关心的——最多也只能作为背景陈述。倾向性命题所关心的，恰恰是“Education应该如何做”，不管和“事实”“状态”一致还是迥异。
看一个实例：
issue163. "Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis."
该命题对people的一种行为进行了阐述，是一个标准的事实性命题。Okay, 如果在issue文章里面出现people should learn to better make use of their resources这样的分论点的话，恐怕这篇文章就要出问题：题目提出的是一个“状态”，而自己的文章立论无非是要论证题目提出的这个“状态”是对的，是错的，或者不一定的，或者etc. 无论如何，people should learn to better这一倾向性命题都没法拿来论证文章的论点——总不能“因为应该是，所以就是”吧？
再具体一点，以本题为例：
issue184. "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."
正确的response应当对it is a grave mistake做出回应，确立到底是不是grave mistake. 而文章写成这样就完了，thesis： People should not theorize without data. Why? 论据就是“Because it is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data”——这不是Beg the question是什么？！原题就是要你去证明到底是不是grave mistake，这下倒好，直接拿去当论据了，标准跑题。（关键词啊关键词！！）
写成这样的文章我至少见过数次，虽然不一定是这个题目。由于时间关系，如果有机会会把实际的反例文章补上。而记得比较清楚的就是上次评跑题文章的时候举过这个例子：

issue68. " eople make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."

当时那个thesis忘记是什么了，反正还在那个“跑题文章实例点评”里面。而手头恰好有孙远的提纲，开头一句：We should treat experts’ opinions objectively. 牛头不对马嘴——当然，似乎只是孙远书中问题提纲之一。好端端的一个事实性命题愣给立成了倾向性的：Is this a mistake? Are we making the mistake? 至于we should不should，这个题目才不关心——最起码也不能是核心内容啊。
从过去的经验看，大家把should题目给弄糟的情况不多见——把should题目给立成了is的似乎没见过，而把is题目给弄砸的相比而言是普遍现象。这里面例如上面两个例子，把Thesis给写错了的这种，是最严重的错误。
再往下，更加普遍的问题，则是下面这种画蛇添足的写法：

issue24. " eople in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power."
分论点3：当权者应当努力提高个人修养来achieve这个most effective

issue191. "Education should be equally（关键词） devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers."
分论点3：当前的教育只注重了职业训练而忽视了人格培养。
分析一下：前者是用should来作为分论点——这样分论点帮助证明题目的is的主论点了吗？“应该如何”没法证明“状态是什么”。既然不能帮助立论，扯那么多干什么？这种所谓的“补充说明”实际上完全多余——对主论点一点帮助都没有。如果这部分偏题内容再overshadow了前面对主论点的分析证明的话，这篇文章就很难看了。而后者的话，大家可以考虑一下：“当前教育只注重A忽视B”和“注重A忽视B对学生不利”这两者的区别，哪一个才是支持education should的论据——分论点又应该怎么写？
实际上事实性命题和倾向性命题是两个独立的元素。而且在题库中也能够看到这样的题目：
issue40. "Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
前面是should，后面是is. 一道题目内同时涉及两者的亦大有人在。关键在于，后面那个is，是“It is more important that…” 还是“Scholars are right now concerned with …”——事实性命题和倾向性命题的对象如果是完全同一者的话（例如开篇举的例子），这个事实性命题是没法拿来支持倾向性命题的。因为我现在在工作，所以我应该歇一会儿？还是因为太累了不好+已经工作很久了，所以应该歇一会儿？显然是后者。
过去我们在这里犯的错误不算少。我的总结观点：
1．倾向不能拿来证明事实
2．不涉及价值判断的事实不能拿来证明倾向
对这两者的有效把握无疑会帮助大家的写作。也欢迎大家对这个话题提出自己的看法。

JulymayUID: 2645085

February 6

追星剑特训 Chapter1.5 Not but 选择题
预先声明一下：这篇文章的观点尚在成熟中，请各位带着10分的skepticism来看本文，并且强烈欢迎各位的质疑。
还是老样子，从实例题目开始：
issue5. "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

issue193. "It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."

一道是should题目，一道是is题目。但共同点在于，都有一个二选一的元素在题目中。仔细看，前一道的rather than，后一道的not…but…，可以说，分别指明了所讨论话题的两个极端。从这类题目开始谈谈。
回忆一下原先谈到的1+1类题目是从前到后尽可入手，而这次的Not but题目则必然要围绕原题给出的两个关键字来展开。动笔之前明确自己对两个端点关键字的认识自然必不可少——又回到Terminology这一贯穿始终的写作元素上面去。不再赘述。
和1+1题目的前后层次不同，not but题目给出的是两个处在平行位置关系的端点概念，同时几乎没有任何背景叙述。以issue5为例，题目并未给出作者认为应当使用same national curriculum的原因，而只是单纯的给出这一论断，同时还把这一论断的对立面给连带着提了出来，这就使得这一论断严重急需支持：谁看到这里都免不了问上一句：为什么？
必然是从这里入手。Why a nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum？上次谈到，对倾向性陈述进行支持必然要有涉及价值判断的事实性陈述，具体一点就是判断a nation到底should还是不should需要有一个判断标准。现在假定我们的判断标准确立在“最有利于国家宏观控制达到教育目标”上，那么我们就可以稳稳的坐在这一出发点上，开始谈统一大纲对控制整体教育质量的必要性——各自为战导致教育质量、学生知识水平和结构的参差不齐；操作上的优越性——便于评价和调整，能够更好的切合国家实际要求；等等。教育目标在教育学里面是个相当重的概念，拿到这里发挥一下子会相当的好使。
而假如上面的判断标准被放到了“最有利于地方依照实际情况展开教学”，这个结果恐怕要翻过来了：统一标准抹去了地区差异，那受客观条件限制的课程是不是还必须霸王硬上弓呢？例如城市地区中学开展“手持技术”课堂实验研究时，经济欠发达地区显然纵使有心也无力——师资，设备，太多差距了。此外，国家作为整体有其自己的“教育目标”，但到了地区上地区化的“教育目标”和上面的总纲还是否一致，而出现矛盾的时候是应该以人的意志为准还是以实际情况为准？等等。这个价值标准一变，结论全反掉。
为什么不同的人对待不同的issue题目论断有不同的看法？因为预设不同，价值标准不同。逻辑负责把价值标准付诸实施做出具体的判断，但是逻辑不能改变价值标准。逻辑并非万能，人权大于主权这个价值观，是不可能用逻辑来说服，或者说证伪，主权大于人权这个价值观的——因为它们是在逻辑之上的价值标准。
把价值标准再变一变：“最有利于培养学生的完备人格”。一般来说，全国统一课程的优点在于其能够提供已经被实践证明的对学生而言进入社会所必需的能力培养，而地方性元素的加入则能够提供学生有地域特色的适应能力，最明显的莫过于小语种地区的语言教学。一个“完备”的人格培养便更应当是一个合理的两者之间的协同作用。这样子一来，又一种论点就诞生了——both are necessary and should work together. 调和型的论点比极端型的论点来得更为常见，只要把“为何单独否定任何一方都无法完整的解决问题”给解释清楚，文章主体就算成功大半了。而实际上，“无法完整的解决问题”，则是又回到了最初的价值预设上：以“最有利于培养学生的完备人格”为标准。（注意在审题的时候必须要先明确自己的立场，才能假设。否则会忽左忽右，成为墙头草。）

再举个例子。还记得那个老婆婆的故事。一个儿子卖伞，一个儿子卖扇子。如果按照“卖不出去”作为判断标准，那么老婆婆的结论就是前途一片黑暗，如果按照“卖得出去”作为判断标准，那么老婆婆天天笑口言开。实际上更现实的情况应该是把俩儿子的收入支出每天衡算衡算，比较一下到底雨天来钱多还是晴天来钱多，从而再作结论——这和上面的issue5的例子应该是十分相似的。而至于到底“应该”采用什么“判断标准”，是没法用逻辑来决定的——乐观的人无法只用逻辑说服悲观的人，因为出发点就根本不一样。（出发点是文章的关键！！！！！）
上面所用到的例子和观点都不是绝对的，完全可以有人从完全相同的例子里面得出完全相反的结论。例如“大学是没法给所有学生把学费都交上的”，那么从这一个事实得出来的有：
1. Since they cannot, they should not.
2. Although they cannot, they should.
完全相反。为什么？判断标准不一样。可以试着分析一下：做出上面的判断，各自出于什么标准呢？
观点迥异不是问题，AW考察的是逻辑，而对逻辑背后的价值观在“一定的水平上”是完全包容的。明确你的判断标准是什么（关键！），把这个标准拿去实施评价，说清楚这个“评价”的过程和结论，文章就能够写出来了。例如构思的时候：

issue213. "Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with other --- that is, the ability to achieve social harmony --- should be a major goal in every school."

如果模模糊糊觉得原题似乎有点道理，或者勃然大怒觉得原题无理取闹，或者觉得事情没那么简单，或者觉得这俩本来未必有如此差别，或者觉得这俩都不是，或者……破解和回应的思路并不存在固定的套路和模式，无论怎么写，只要自己先明确：我为什么支持/反对？我的判断标准是什么？就好。（这是立论的前提！）而当你能够再进一步，分析出你的对立观点背后的价值标准的时候，就可以把它拿出来放到文章里面去批判了。例如issue5，完全可以在文章中明确声明：一切当以学生为本，以国家调控为本的判断标准毁灭人性，毁灭人性的标准当然给出毁灭人性的结论云云。
取舍源于判断标准。通过明确自己的判断标准，帮助破解和展开题目——今天所谈到的“主观选择题”，无论倾向性题目还是事实性题目都是一样的。

JulymayUID: 2645085

追星剑特训 Chapter1.6 Conditioning 拆分
今天我们来看几种具体的分析展开题目的例子，也是对Chapter1.1 Terminology的进一步强化训练。
细节题目：
issue116. "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society------including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences------will benefit greatly from international influences."

issue118. "In any field of endeavor------the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.------it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."

以嘉文博译的issue116最为经典，education politics arts science各自一段各自分析（文章在精华区https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=125197）。Chapter1.1 Terminology讲的是对题干的进行识别分析拆分定义etc，而如果题目里面出现了详细的展开（有破折号，such as等），直接照着这个展开继续下去是个不错的思路，尤其是出现了every aspect和any field的时候。当然，手头的准备和素材要够用才行，如果没把握洋洋洒洒的展开下去，可能还是要另找入手点，把原因说清楚。
题目没给出来，我们照样可以自己造：

issue4. "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

issue35. "No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them."
  
issue84. "In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field."
  
issue87. "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."

题目中的No field of study, no matter what the situation, any field of inquiry…我想这几道题目看下来，不用多说，大家恐怕都有点要写case by case的冲动了吧？
绝对化的题目的信号词有很多，例如No matter，in any, all, must, best, only等等（抓住信号词）。用拆分，指明决定因素的划分来写case by case，是对绝对化倾向题目回应的一个办法——再次提醒，不是普适的办法，有些题目未必能写。大家有兴趣+有看法的话，下次我们可以专门讨论一下绝对化倾向的题目。
说到case by case，就必然要说一说case by case应该怎么写。原先在讨论“一边倒”和“中庸”的时候就存在各种各样的误解，包括对case by case的误解。实际上，把一个issue题目写成case analysis是一点问题都没有的，关键要看“怎么写”成case analysis. 正确的做法应当是：明确对case进行区分和界定的这个“纲”，并且严格按照“纲”来展开分析。（总而言之还是分类归纳的能力考研）例如上面的No matter what the situation，如果从这里入手，肯定是提出situation不同。有的人可能写成：Thesis : Different situations different conclusions, for example when A … how ever when B的样子。而同样的内容有的人可能写成：Thesis: The conclusion depend on a specific quality of the situation. When quality=A ….. However when quality=B … 在这里：后者对situation的quality的明确，对文章有很大的提升和帮助，效果就比前者大为加强。可以看出，前者只是识别了不同的场合下的happening，而后者从开始就提出场合不同背后实质性的性质差异，然后依照这一差异进行展开。
说得比较晦涩。实际体会一下两种TS
1．In some fields people must depend on outsiders….. However, in some other fields people need not to…..
2．In fields derived from the cross linking and interaction of the fundamentals people have to depend…. However in those fields so fundamental that they are self-sustainable…..

两者的差异并不算大，只是后者要把关键核心明确出来并且放到指导位置来强化并引领展开。我的体会是新手似乎容易写成前者，然后在练习一段时间之后再慢慢不自觉的写出后者。在此就先提醒一下。原先正面教材和反面教材都不算少的。其实做到纲目的明确和强化，也就把“拆”的结果给落实得像issue116的各个细节一样清晰了。
这也是我为什么把这次Chapter1.6的标题定作Conditioning而不是实际上通篇都在谈的case by case. 光知道Case不够，condition要明确。后者才是决定性的。（决定了：以后使用conditioning这个词代替case by case，nod…… ）

TS可以参考一下pooh的issue36（正面教材）。
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=163184

没有明显的绝对化关键字，照样有能拆的。自力更生艰苦奋斗，挖掘能拆的字眼：
issue115. "It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
看看这里的progress——不同类型的progress是不是都要用logic measurement？是不是都能用logic measurement？这么一拆，跟issue116的效果也差不多了。

issue83. "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people."

其实，上面两个命题和绝对化倾向的几个例子有一些相似的。例如issue115，如果变成only through题意也基本不走样。当然了，照拆不误。

Conditioning其实就是这样：如果说写balance写两者都必须两者都不可少比较绕的话，conditioning无疑写起来又方便又舒服。一定条件下A成立，一定条件下A不成立，前面这个分支一搭好了，务必把这个“一定条件”是“什么条件”给说清楚了，后面就只管往里填就是。找到“拆”的入手点，一下子展开到多个方面的考虑，在保证论证的基础上文章会相当的完整和充实的。个人的体会是，在看问题还不够深入的时候可能更倾向于一边倒，而当体会得更深刻，能够把握住问题背后的矛盾所在的时候，这个时候就可能更倾向写conditioning了。
但是注意了:
issue102 "For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past."
这道题，恐怕没人会去拆ideas，beliefs和values——事实上从没见人这么写过。必须指明的是拆分的选择是相当个人化的和单题化的，应当随机应变。而且例如issue83，写成一边倒，一点问题都没有——如果你是这个论点的强烈追随者。

JulymayUID: 2645085

追星剑特训 Chapter1.6 Conditioning 拆分
今天我们来看几种具体的分析展开题目的例子，也是对Chapter1.1 Terminology的进一步强化训练。
细节题目：
issue116. "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society------including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences------will benefit greatly from international influences."

issue118. "In any field of endeavor------the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.------it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."

以嘉文博译的issue116最为经典，education politics arts science各自一段各自分析（文章在精华区https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=125197）。Chapter1.1 Terminology讲的是对题干的进行识别分析拆分定义etc，而如果题目里面出现了详细的展开（有破折号，such as等），直接照着这个展开继续下去是个不错的思路，尤其是出现了every aspect和any field的时候。当然，手头的准备和素材要够用才行，如果没把握洋洋洒洒的展开下去，可能还是要另找入手点，把原因说清楚。
题目没给出来，我们照样可以自己造：

issue4. "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

issue35. "No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them."
  
issue84. "In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field."
  
issue87. "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."

题目中的No field of study, no matter what the situation, any field of inquiry…我想这几道题目看下来，不用多说，大家恐怕都有点要写case by case的冲动了吧？
绝对化的题目的信号词有很多，例如No matter，in any, all, must, best, only等等（抓住信号词）。用拆分，指明决定因素的划分来写case by case，是对绝对化倾向题目回应的一个办法——再次提醒，不是普适的办法，有些题目未必能写。大家有兴趣+有看法的话，下次我们可以专门讨论一下绝对化倾向的题目。
说到case by case，就必然要说一说case by case应该怎么写。原先在讨论“一边倒”和“中庸”的时候就存在各种各样的误解，包括对case by case的误解。实际上，把一个issue题目写成case analysis是一点问题都没有的，关键要看“怎么写”成case analysis. 正确的做法应当是：明确对case进行区分和界定的这个“纲”，并且严格按照“纲”来展开分析。（总而言之还是分类归纳的能力考研）例如上面的No matter what the situation，如果从这里入手，肯定是提出situation不同。有的人可能写成：Thesis : Different situations different conclusions, for example when A … how ever when B的样子。而同样的内容有的人可能写成：Thesis: The conclusion depend on a specific quality of the situation. When quality=A ….. However when quality=B … 在这里：后者对situation的quality的明确，对文章有很大的提升和帮助，效果就比前者大为加强。可以看出，前者只是识别了不同的场合下的happening，而后者从开始就提出场合不同背后实质性的性质差异，然后依照这一差异进行展开。
说得比较晦涩。实际体会一下两种TS
1．In some fields people must depend on outsiders….. However, in some other fields people need not to…..
2．In fields derived from the cross linking and interaction of the fundamentals people have to depend…. However in those fields so fundamental that they are self-sustainable…..

两者的差异并不算大，只是后者要把关键核心明确出来并且放到指导位置来强化并引领展开。我的体会是新手似乎容易写成前者，然后在练习一段时间之后再慢慢不自觉的写出后者。在此就先提醒一下。原先正面教材和反面教材都不算少的。其实做到纲目的明确和强化，也就把“拆”的结果给落实得像issue116的各个细节一样清晰了。
这也是我为什么把这次Chapter1.6的标题定作Conditioning而不是实际上通篇都在谈的case by case. 光知道Case不够，condition要明确。后者才是决定性的。（决定了：以后使用conditioning这个词代替case by case，nod…… ）

TS可以参考一下pooh的issue36（正面教材）。
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=163184

没有明显的绝对化关键字，照样有能拆的。自力更生艰苦奋斗，挖掘能拆的字眼：
issue115. "It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
看看这里的progress——不同类型的progress是不是都要用logic measurement？是不是都能用logic measurement？这么一拆，跟issue116的效果也差不多了。

issue83. "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people."

其实，上面两个命题和绝对化倾向的几个例子有一些相似的。例如issue115，如果变成only through题意也基本不走样。当然了，照拆不误。

Conditioning其实就是这样：如果说写balance写两者都必须两者都不可少比较绕的话，conditioning无疑写起来又方便又舒服。一定条件下A成立，一定条件下A不成立，前面这个分支一搭好了，务必把这个“一定条件”是“什么条件”给说清楚了，后面就只管往里填就是。找到“拆”的入手点，一下子展开到多个方面的考虑，在保证论证的基础上文章会相当的完整和充实的。个人的体会是，在看问题还不够深入的时候可能更倾向于一边倒，而当体会得更深刻，能够把握住问题背后的矛盾所在的时候，这个时候就可能更倾向写conditioning了。
但是注意了:
issue102 "For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past."
这道题，恐怕没人会去拆ideas，beliefs和values——事实上从没见人这么写过。必须指明的是拆分的选择是相当个人化的和单题化的，应当随机应变。而且例如issue83，写成一边倒，一点问题都没有——如果你是这个论点的强烈追随者。
另外，前几次特训都连续谈到Terminology，这次在提出conditioning的同时强化一下。

conditioning这一技巧其实是通用的，但是如果自己的构思没有用拆分的方法而采用别的展开思路，完全没必要强求用上conditioning。由于各人的认识背景不同，对不同题目的拆分思路严重迥异，这次就不留同主题写作题目了，大家可以自行练习。可以作为参考的题目有issue186 issue217，上面提到过的题目也都可以算上。重申：如果并没去“拆”而用其它思路的话，是完全没问题的。
作为反馈，请大家在跟帖中结合自己体会对拆分进行评价和提问，题目的话，拆了哪道题，怎么拆的，不妨就拿上来和大家交流一下