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48. "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."

历史研究过于关注个人。历史上最有意义的事件和潮流能够成为可能不是因为几个少数的名人而是一些身份早就被淡忘的人群。

I disagree with the speaker's statement from two aspects: (1) the study of history has never overlooked the magnificent contributions made by groups of people; (2) the concentration of several famous few people not only benefits a lot but also sometimes is a necessity.

To begin with, while studying history, it is definitely not the same as the decumentation of our daily life since we cannot focus on every piece of trivial and every relevant single person. Also, concentrating on some famous ones gives us a more explicit understanding of the very time and the then ideology. Studying on these outstanding people establishes models of life for students and efficiently instructs them with these distinguished ones'
nobel characters. For example, in the Italian Renaissance, the then artists regarded humanism as their leading ideology, strugging against the religious theocratic culture and initiating an entirely new secular culture. At this moment, there emerged a host of innovative schools of art. Whereas, we cannot study on each of these new schools. As the symbol of the revolution, Florence School has been widely studied. Moreover, among the numerous artists appeared at that era, only few was recognized as eternal camerons. For example, Da Vinci through his brilliant work Mona Lina conveyed to people the beauty of mild and civility. Michelangelo delivered the masculing power in his outstanding sculpture David and Dante expressed the will of freedom in his litteratual work Comedia. Studying on these dominant people, the essence of the thoughts of that time was appreciated by most people. Similarly, the study of history in scientific area also focuses on few eminant ones although their ideas were often supported by numerous other men. In the disputes of the nature of heat, countless scientists have made great contributions in refuting the false prior caloric theory of heat. However, presentarives of them which we can tell without hesitation are the British scientist Dave with his famous glass experiment and another British physist Joule. It is not only because of their preeminent ideologies but also on the basis of their contributions to the subsequent law of conservercy of heat. Therefore, studying on these famous one greatly deepens our comprehension of the history.

Someone might retort to my opinion since the contributions in the world of science and art were often mostly based on individual powers, however, famous people as well played important roles in other fields like politics. The strength of today's America benefits not only from its tined scientific power, but also from its sound democratic political foundations. According to this point, we can never forget the magnificent contributions of Washington who rejected the request from one of his subsidiaries inviting him to be the king of the United States. Consider if Washington accepted this man's recommendation on his own account, how can we witness a country with such a high degree of democracy? It is entirely possible that America would turn into a victim of the hereditary system.

Nevertheless, the study of history has never ignored the great tributes of groups of people. No matter how significant one's function in history, common sense tells us that he cannot depend on his own strength to determine the direction of an era. It is particularly notorious that the Great Wall is the only human construction that can be seen from the moon. The reason for its fabrication was to defend the invasions from the Huns by Chinese people in Qin Dynasty and the decision was made by the temporal emporor Qin Shi Huang. However, it is no doubt that such a spectacular construction cannot be accomplished by his individual power. Since there were not any advanced machines or technologies, people in the north borderland of China could only rampart the barrier brick by brick and this construction has determined the prosperity of China afterwards and laid foundations for the political unification. If attributing all the merits to Qin Shing Huang, it is clearly injust.

To sum up, famous individuals are always centered on by the virtue of their advanced ideologies and great contributions. But the study of history has never omitted the tremendous contributions of groups of people.