Laura的916作文备考日志

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

今天开始写备考日志，加油加油加油！
          7-16~8-9:全天候准备 G，保证3提纲/天，1 issue，1 argument。

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

看来找不到阅读答案，不知道翻译在这里可不可以呢？
发现这篇文章是一篇很有逻辑性的文章，一共分了3段，18句话。
大多数蜥蜴都能够断掉（shed：脱落，摆脱）他们的尾巴。他们这样的机制被称为锥体自割（这个很不专业）。薄弱面贯穿这些蜥蜴的尾椎骨以及周围的脂肪，肌肉和皮肤，以至于尾巴可以在这些平面断开。当天敌抓住尾巴，尾巴上的肌肉收缩，导致刚好在接点之前朝向躯干椎骨断开。因此蜥蜴丢掉最小块的尾巴却得以使自己逃脱。丢掉的部分一般在几个星期之内就会重新长出来。但是，在进化的过程中，这个机制在许多种蜥蜴物种中已经消失了。起初，这种有利于对抗天敌的机制消失如此之经常令人实在迷惑，（因为）进化一般选择支持这些优势而不是否定他们。

通过考察尾巴对蜥蜴的作用，我们可以获取一些答案。一般来讲，蜥蜴用他们的尾巴来储存有营养的脂肪来保持食物供应；许多蜥蜴尾巴上存储了他们全部脂肪贮藏的一半还多。此外，台湾地蜥需要尾巴来控制他们后面一部分（这部分严重减小他们的速度）。在这些条件下，丢掉尾巴的能力将大概和尾巴需要的程度联系起来了。个体蜥蜴微调这种能力的才能是有利的，同时我们希望这种能力进化出来。确实，这种期望看起来已经满足了；一些欧洲蜥蜴，尾巴很容易掉下来，但很难分离，如果这个蜥蜴的身体被抓住，这个时候锥体自割没有什么优势。更深一步讲，一些观察似乎暗示饥饿的壁虎，相对于那些饱腹的壁虎，更不可能丢掉尾巴，丢掉他们日益减少的脂肪储备。

我们可能同样期待那些需要尾巴的那些种群是那些更容易失去尾巴脱落能力的种群，反之亦然。比如说，爬石头的蜥蜴，使用4条腿提供牵引力，所以在后腿上不需要平衡重量来防止晃动。总体上，这些蜥蜴比台湾地蜥看起来更容易丢掉尾巴 。但是，这种对比需要进一步的工作。

好象听说过一句话，对于阅读，没看懂反倒比看懂做题正确，但是为了训练阅读，我先使用这个笨方法吧。

我做的答案是：EABBA
不知道有没有其他同学做过这道题呢？
Architecture: plane of weakness  
Of a structure under stress, that plane along which fracture is most likely to take place, as a result of design or accident or the properties of the structure and its loading.

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

Issue 31 "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."

我的翻译：花在研究上的钱几乎总是一种好的投资，即使当研究结果具有争议的时候。

标准的：花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使当研究结果是有争议的时候。

Keyword: Money, Research, good investment, controversial.

这里有一个疑问，结果具有争议意味着什么呢？是和常理不合，还是结果支持坏的方面呢？也就是说是研究本身存在争议还是结果存在争议，比如像克隆人研究本身就具有争议，但研究结果具有争议的例子是脸大男人不可信。所以应该抛开研究本身的争议性，算了，看看范文，找找思路吧。

果然范文针对研究的目的性进行了驳斥。
但范文中还驳斥了题目的论述方式，研究的结果一开始是不确定的。

Outline:

1. 不同意题目观点，并不是所有花在研究上的钱基本上都是不错的投资，不管研究结果有争议与否，更重要的是我们要考虑到研究出发点，目的和手段。

2. 什么样的研究容易导致有争议的结果出现？

根据作者的说法，研究结果有两种一种是具有争议的，另外一种是没有争议的，不管这些，花在研究上的钱基本上都是好的投资，那我花钱作出来一个有争议的结果，研究是干吗用的呢？研究本身就是排除争议，得出一个问题在特定情况下的特解，为什么到这里即使结果不好，花的钱也值呢？等于说作者眼里，只要做研究就是有价值的，这类似作者找到了一条放之四海而皆准的真理，一遇到问题，就研究，反正不会错的。这样作者的目的完全是模糊的，似乎做了研究就像吃了定心丸。这样做对事情的解决是毫无益处的。

如果研究研究结果不足以令人信服，那么研究本身也就是没意义的。

此外即使研究结果令人信服，但研究本身目标错误的话也不是一个好的投资。

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

Outiine:

Should Charles Darwin abandon his reseach on the origin of species, if he predicted the controversy after his publishing of his theory?  Or should we commence to study subjects without any doubts or questions? Obviously, the answer is no. Research in essence is a kind of exploration to seek solutions to critical issues, or principles of the nature and human society with the result unknown. Consequently, once the research is justified in its goals and means, what the outcome would be should not be an obstacle to the investors and policy-makers.

In the first place, without considering whether the funding of research is profitable or not, systematic investigation before getting down to solve the issues at hand is necessary to help us gain a global picture to settle the problems we confront. The right bronze door at main entrance of the Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building descirbes a scene with theme of research helping the torch of knowledge, which emphasizes the significant role research plays in the process of learning and exploring. The scientific research enables human beings to land on the moon, discover the ancient civilization and, most importantly, improve the quality of people's lives by providing sufficent survival necessities and high-tech appliances. While artistic research explains a number of phenomena in the human society, explores the direction mankind would head to and promotes people's acknowlegement in ethics, morals and regulations. Figuratively, research, no matter applied or basic, could be taken as a passport to the truth, essential and reliable.

Nonetheless, research needs financial support, and this gives birth to the saying that it is almost always a successful investment to spend money on research, which equates more money with profitable research result. It's right if we consider failure as lessons and fruitful, but from the viewpoint of investment, spending amounts of money in purchasing failure is not what investors are wiling to see. For instance, the design of perpetual motion machine was so promising, and lots of inventors and investors had devoted a large amount of money in it. However, since the theory behind this was wrong, which we know subsequently, the research was declared to fail. There are numerous unsuccessful cases of research, and because they are worthless and so many, people seldom mention about that. Like all the other investment, financing research undertakes risks and uncertainty, which should be deeply understood by researchers and businessmen who draw up financial plans to their companies.

Since research takes risks, there must be something we could do to guarantee the probability of success. To start with, goals and means of the study should be scientifically verified, and this could eliminate a terrible investment at the first place. Then, the attitude toward research should be objective and stolid without too many considerations of the results. In other word, even when the presumed result is controversial, the research should not be affected. Lastly, research is not everything, and we should not anticipate research is omnipotent.


Finally, research is necessary when problems occur, even when the outcomes are controversial. Financing research is not guaranteed to be lucrative, which requires investors and decision-makers to cautious in their investment adopting correct methods to achieve their qualified goals without laying all their stakes on research.

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

看来昨天写的已不复存在。
从3开始：
好吧，看到几个省次查了一下，下面的部分主要讲星球大战研究失败的例子。
-----
4. 第三四个分论点。First, ..... Secondly, ... For example,
-----
5. 总结，In sum,分论点1，分论点2（Nevertheless）,分论点3，4。
我的评价：
从三点出发表达自己的观点，采用预抑先扬的方法，语言很翔实，结构统一。

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

从第一篇文章中学到的：
论证过程：结论型
why(作者的结论)+if（这个原因不成立)+then+(出题者的上层建筑自然也就不成立了)+position.
why "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the result of that research are controversial"
1. reseach provides us solutions to our problems;
2. also means to understand us;
if (both of the reasons are invalidate
1. research can't always solve our problems; it depends.
then ...
2. means ? It's vague.
then...
3. enforcement.)
position=conclusion.

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

实验结论型写作：
Issue 190
As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skill needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate-- and, perhaps, even cruel-- when one considers all the potential uses of such money.
--------------------
Why?
1. Lives of human beings are more important than art; 杜甫有诗云：朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。艺术不能当饭吃，生存是最重要的，同时和社会稳定也有关系；
2. Limited public resources, we could only support one aspect : art or poverty.
原因1 不成立
1. what do we live for? live to eat, or eat to live? 生存的意义；
2. art 有自己的作用，这些作用可以促进社会问题的解决；利用反证法。
end
原因二 不成立
有限的资源仍然需要分配，物质文明和精神文明是需要同步发展的，不是要牺牲一方而促进另一方，这样做的结果是两者都做不好。
end
position : main point is 保障尽可能多的人生存，因为这是前提条件，但考虑到生存的意义，艺术的作用同时需要对艺术进行资助。我们应当合理分配资源，做到统筹兼顾。

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

自由联想：
如果生存是最重要的，那么发动战争来掠夺食物和资源就有很好的借口了；限制艺术的发展只是第一步，这种极端的做法最终将犯更大的错误；（有点反证的感觉）。当考虑到对公共资源所有可能的使用方法，发动战争，一本万利阿，但这根本上就是错的。why didn't the speaker say that as long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the launch of a war is appropriate-- and , perhaps, even brilliant-- when one considers all the potential uses of such money.

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

Limited resources的问题不是限制艺术就可以解决的，而是需要通过寻找其他有效的途径。

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

今天8月17日，慨叹一下自己的学习效率。mourning for the precious time.
主要学习Argument中间段写法。
结构：
1. 直接否定或先肯定，再否定: 如
*. The author unfairly assumed that .../ the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit./ ~~is not ~~ to determine that ~~ / ~~ is a one-sided argument about ~~/ ~~ is not the same thing as ~~ / The author's conclusion that "~~ " is arguable./ In evaluating the evidence of the survey, one must consider how the survey was conducted. / Even if one accepts the survey result, the argument remains questionable. / the argument's author fails to rule out alternative explanations. / The argument above is weakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent difference between ~~. / there is absolutely no evidence./  This evaluation of ~~ is too brief, and too general.

*.  The assumption is that  ~~ Unfortunately, this is often not the case.
看来用第一种还是比较多，第二种有点ORZ. 其实这个应该不是重要的，重要的你找到的逻辑错误。
2. 分析&举反例。这个是大头。
分析：此处没有什么固定的格式，应当根据所犯的错误来选择写法。
比如
* The author must show that ~~. Otherwise, ~~
* Perhaps ... Also, perhaps ..

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

In this letter, the committee advocates homeowners in Deerhaven Acres(DA) to restrain their landscaping and housepainting in order to increase their property values considering the successful instance of Brookville community. At first glance, the argument might be reasonable to some extent, but the arguer’s unconvincing assumptions, unpersuasive reasoning and doubtful conclusions are exposed thoroughly through close scrutiny.

To start with, the author presents the evidence that realty in Brookville community tripled after a set of restrictions on landscape and housepainting were adopted, and automatically assuming that the average property values are high in Brookville. However, this might not be the case, for the author obviously neglect the initial price of the realty value, which might be such a bargain that triple of it is still under the average level of the country. Undeniably, it is completely possible that houses in DA are far more expensive than that in Brookville, which easily leads to real estate in Brookville to bump up on the basis of such a low price. Without providing the historical average property values, the argument is deficient in proving values of property in Brookville are high, and resultantly the community’s restraints are effective.
(有种感觉这种错误应该归结于false causes.)
Besides, even conceding that the realty in Brookville is high firstly and subsequently, the author unfairly indicates a casual relation between high realty prices and restrictions on landscapes and the way houses are painted. There are other possible factors resulting in up-rises of the estate values, such as reforms of policy aiming at attracting inhabitants, advertisement in Medias propagating Brookville’s property and thriving economic situations, which will also bring about the increase in prices of estate. Without accounting for all the other explanations, the author can’t reasonably conclude that series of restrictions on landscaping and housepainting are responsible for up-rising of property in Brookville.

Furthermore, the argument fails to tell differences between DA and Brookville and unfairly assumes that what could be effective in Brookville would certainly work in DA. Unfortunately, this is not the case frequently. For example, Brookville perhaps locates in an arid area, while DA is humid and rainy; consequently, specially landscaped yards and painted houses might be beautiful in Brookville but not in DA, for the rain in DA would easily destroy well-decorated houses and make them uncomfortable to reside. Also, potential home-buyers in DA perhaps are less interested in home’s exterior appearances than Brookville homeowners. For that matter, DA home-buyers would find consistent exterior appearance a distasteful feature in which case adopting these restrictions might actually tend to decrease DA property values. Without accounting for these and other possible dissimilarities, the committee cannot assume that what resulted rising property values in Brookville would lead to the same result in DA.

Finally, regulating the community’s yards and coloring the exteriors of houses are actions seven years ago, which might not work under new period, for fashions are probably changing rapidly and newly-emerged awareness of environmentalism might also prohibit people from choosing to purchase homes which are over-decorated; and all of these will decrease the property values in DA and bring about unfavorable results to these homeowners.

Overall, the committee’s proposal to adopt their own set of regulations on landscaping and housepainting is not well-supported, for the evidence is ambiguous and there are several defects in reasoning, such as the adaption of restrictions not necessarily amounting to the up-rising of property values, the model of Brookville impossibly completely suited to DA without any modifications and everything transforming as time goes by. Consequently, the author must account for all these facets to argue for the proposition.

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

分析范文1
The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products.
"Previous experience has show that our stores are most profitable in area where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. "

蒲若苇UID: 2669670

LZ加油~~

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

13# 蒲若苇
谢谢！好珍贵的鼓励！:)

chrysoidineUID: 2731906

Green View: Could temperature be less intemperate? (intemperate)

~ is a hugely exaggerated problem~
put a lot of weight on ~
perseived shortcomings in
~ be treated as such a big deal.
~ is not unique to climate sceptics.
~ fully signed up to the view ~
at an alarming rate ~
a proposition for which there is a great deal of evidence other than the surface tempreture record
both by broadening and shoring up the base on which ~ and by widening the capabilities and expertise of the community that undertakes them
roll up their sleeves
extra muros reserves of critical intellect
what with the distracting flocks of pigs arcing through the sky on their way to the new ski resorts in hell.

Any happy outcome along these lines might prove hard to see, what with the distracting flocks of pigs arcing through the sky on their way to the new ski resort in hell.(不知道如何翻译)
outside the normal run of climate studies.
account in part for their coarse spatial resolution.
The end results are good enough for showing long-term trends to the satisfaction of most of the scientific community.
allow researchers--nor, more importantly, planning departments, health-care providers and the like

amass records from 6.000 stations
a far more fine grained assessment of what the climate is doing than the current monthly trends.

commercial purposes

amalgamated

It may require the application of pressure at a government-to-government level, not to mention financial compensation, as well as some public shaming and convincing argument.

encroach on 侵犯

how the situation of a given weather station has changed or been encroached on, and so on.

Records made by weather services but not as yet available in digital form will also be required, as might records in private hands that would have to be sought out piecemeal through "search and rescue" missions.

To be of real use
which might conceivably be outsourced to volunteers.

With a bigger databank and a wider range of data sets assumptions about what difference in processing make a big difference to the results could be checked against each other.

both the use of high-powered computing with large data sets and the state of the art in terms of access to data were very different.

hotbed of activity
tout his wares directly to bloggers

polarise the issue unhelpfully

apprised of it