【TPO阅读精读】S酱的阅读考点与题目分析

dandan17UID: 2812933

你的精读做的超好的。不知道要花多少时间做一篇啊？

今天做了TPO12，跟你讨论下。
TPO12 第一篇
错2+最后一题1个
第5题我也不理解，我也是选3的

TPO12第二篇
错1+最后一题1个
5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?
○ The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.
○ The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.
○ Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer.
○ Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.
这题我选的是C，哪里不对了？
是不是以前也有合作，只是没有现场？
定位段
In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
从哪里推出是A呢？是不是最后一句话
柏林的放映电影的同时现场演奏音乐让这种电影形式有了国际影响力。

TPO12 第3篇
晕，这篇我错了5道，你全对。。
11，12 解释一下吧。
11题C哪里错了？
还有这种关于整篇文章的你是怎么定位的啊？
12 我觉得第5段并没有讲destructive啊，怎么可以放在这段的句首呢？

dandan17UID: 2812933

还有啊，我把你的精读跟jill的放一起吧。我觉得你做的真的好棒哪

S酱UID: 2883188

17# dandan17

好哦～呵呵～

咱已经把tpo12的第三篇文章分析和11，12的题目分析补上啦～你可以去看看哦～还在tpo12的那楼里～

ps：一般做3篇精读＋所有题目分析大约2.5小时哈～有时候我少写一篇或者不写题目分析会更快～

S酱UID: 2883188

8.27 TPO 10

我发现我阅读速度快点儿了，但是呢我一看表发现时间充裕了，反而会松懈掉，然后就开始错题，这个新缺点要克服！一般前面我会做的比较快，后面给插入题和多选题多留时间，因此最终我还是会每篇做满20分钟的～
今天我故意制造了点儿噪音～用另外的电脑放日本动画片＋qq提示一直响～2种混合来练习抗干扰，发现qq声音的确厉害，导致我第一篇严重受影响～

＃1 Chinese Pottery


China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery陶器 and porcelain瓷器 （这玩意不认识也没事）play a major role.前面都是废话就这个有用
第一段：本篇内容为中国的陶器瓷器

The function and status of ceramics制陶术（这玩意不认识也没事） in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, （考点：功能和重要性每朝代都变）so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain（考点：分类，很主要：土陶的，粗陶的，和瓷的）—for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.（考点：宗教用，土陶器）
第二段：ceramics的三个types以及use，以及religious use

The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed光滑的 surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality.考点 Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. （考点：宋的成就最高）The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated描绘 than that of stonewares or
porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.(考点：在旧的陪葬用瓷器上用了比较新的宗教纹样） Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, （考点：唐三彩和明三彩）in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip- as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic 内在的value.
第三段：中国各朝代瓷器简史

Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. （东西贸易往来对中国瓷器带来新形式和新技术 》后面举例）One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated鼓动 research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese锰. （新技术:我猜这里在说景泰蓝～这里说由于阿拉伯人葱白咱们瓷器，后来咱们从他们哪儿整了点新颜料回来）Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts（tips：就是那种瘦高的长嘴茶壶，咱中国的茶壶都是矮胖的）, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.（新形式:因为远销外海的缘故，中国瓷器也变成了洋形式以迎合欧洲市场）
第四段：贸易往来为中国瓷器带来的新变化

Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations.（tips：好吧＝ ＝鲤鱼跳龙门） Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.（新形式:中国生产了欧洲样式的陶瓷之后，这些老外不能理解的咱们的传统，样式就被遗弃掉了）
第五段：中国传统纹样的含义简介

From early times pots were used in both religious and secular世俗的 contexts. The imperial court（官方） commissioned授权 work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory （官窑）was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.（再次感叹下老外不懂行）
第六段：陶瓷一直以来都即用于宗教也用于民生，后来中国建立了官窑

总结：作为第一篇文章，难度还行，题不难，每段第一句都带出本段要点，但是某些题目选项比较有迷惑性，但是仔细想下可以选对；对于词汇题，我是完全没辙了…再次深受打击，做的时候感觉完全不会选……

题目分析： 用时19分 错3

1. 4>2 status＝importance 词汇题
咱又开门红了…
2. 4 本段最后一句话
3. 3 evoke＝develop 这个认识＝ ＝
4. 2 推荐使用排除法，1，3，4明显错误
5. 1 这个文中虽然说后来的high－quality，但是没说之前就是low了
6. 1>4 instigate=caused 词汇题

7. 3 找定位句或者排除法
8. whereas＝while 这个认识＝ ＝
9. 2 第一句话可知，先拿希腊举例再说咱们和他们一样的
10. 4>1问意思题 这个我失策了！刚开始选对了，后来又手欠回去改了，其实很简单的题…因为大致扫了眼后面blabla中国传统纹样我一看见鱼和水直接选4了，人家其实说鲤鱼跳龙门来着…我木细看以外鱼和水代表财运…（固有思想害死人，不仔细看文章害死人！以后要禁止脑补或者yy！）
11. 2 这个用排除法好使，1 3 4都太错了
12. 2 这个定位比之前遇到的高级点～因为要按照以往定位首先是选pot，但是，
如果读懂最后一句话，picture是壶上图案，因此应该是上面捣乱的应该是descriptions
13. 2 直接找颜料相关就行了
14. 1 2 3 ～ 4错在scholars date them；5在陶瓷没去西方之前西方人怎么能知道那上面是啥；6 imperial factories做的都是religious

问题：求解答1&6即使不认识单词还能选对的方法～比如什么句子imply这些词的


-----------------------------我是悲剧的分割线-------------------------------------------



＃2 Variations in the Climate


One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate（我们不能估计人类对自然的影响是因为大气的自然变迁很难测量和统计）. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.（前面都废话，就这个重要）考点：主题句－我们需要知道气候的自然变迁以给人类活动的影响形成参照
第一段：这文章想干嘛？答：测量气候咋自然变迁

Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. （考点：Instrumental records都是废柴）What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes政体，统治. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.（考点：proxy records才是正道）
第二段：关于测量方法

Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient周围的 climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data.（啥是proxy data）
Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale,（
考点：proxy records表明气候变化是一项全球范围的活动）there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.（考点：intriguing differences还表明同一个区域的气候变化也会有很大差距）
第三段：通过proxy data得出的两个重要结论

What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. （考点：proxy records可以明确表明的确在大于1000年前的时间里发生过重大自然改变）Equally同样的 striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10.000 years (the Holocene period).（但其实10000年内还相对稳定）
第四段：通过proxy data得出的其他两个重要结论

To the extent that the coverage覆盖的范围 of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.（考点：这种blabla的地方每次必考）
第五段：影响大气变化的因素

One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. （考点：计算机模型的作用）They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. （考点：计算机模型作用有限）Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.
第六段：计算机模型的作用，但是和proxy比还是smaller

In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity .There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate.（除了地球内部因素还有外部因素：火山爆发和太阳活动） Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century’s, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.
第七段：除了上面说的影响因素外还有外部因素

总结：这篇文章内容不难，主要是句子都挺长的看着纠结，但是我单词题又悲剧了…4词汇题就对了1个…看来我还得下很狠心把单词背了…

题目分析： 用时20分 错4

1. 2 定位题，第一段最后一句话
2. 3 定位题 这个2是一个迷惑项，但是定位的话是这句To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.
3. 4 其他都明显错
4. 1 > 2 定位题 这个有点难度，因为一般都在附近找，但是这次发现附近没有，那么就应该找最前或者最后，于是这次是在第一句substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties.
5. 3  striking＝noticeable 词汇题
6. 3 错太明显了，文中没有做这种比较
7. 2 > 3 词汇题 erratic＝unpredictable
8. 2 很明显～去blabla里找就行
9. 1 文中写了
10. 1 > 2 词汇题 deliberations＝discussions
11. 4 > 2 词汇题 invoked＝called upon
12. 2 主题句
13. 4 就能和4接上
14. 1 3 5 ～ 2错在consistent pattern，因为有变化；4，6文中没提过



-----------------------------我是悲剧的分割线-------------------------------------------


＃3 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth

In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.（农业与商业是促进经济增长的要点）

Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people考点. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands)考点. Dutch land reclamation in the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the most spectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than 36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.

Much of the potential for European economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to have been only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment.考点 They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.

Increased agricultural production in turn facilitated rural industry,考点
an intrinsic part of the expansion of industry. Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor.考点 In the German states, the ravages破坏的结果 of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant不足的 remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.

More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe's economy in this period. English and Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal.Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing考点, particularly of handicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain.Only iron smelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealth invested to create more wealth).考点


The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. 考点 By the middle of the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to third parties. In this way, they provided credit. At mid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water."考点Merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.

Bills of exchange contributed to the development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.考点


The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion注入 of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships - an English innovation考点(the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on鼓动利用 the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.考点



总结：文章不难，我3篇里读最快的一篇，题有点难，选项迷惑性强，不小心错出5个来～11题纠结半天，导致后面题有点不够时间了，结果做完回去继续纠结11还改错了～文章大意我都明白，但是选不对，看来还得加强细节阅读～

题目分析： 用时18分 错5

1. 3 > 2 含义题，一开始选对后来改错了，刚开始不选3因为纠结decline这词“The general level of prosperity declined”，嗯也许就是这个词因此这项不对；后来改了因为觉得文中没直接说明little economic growth；不过看来little economic growth就是relatively less prosperous medieval period
2. 4 > 3 词汇题 key＝important 这都错，我木救了～
3. 4 定位题 文中说了
4. 1
定位题 文中说了
5. 1
定位题 文中说了
6. 1 > 2 词汇题 meager＝ very low 词汇题再度悲剧，这个不认识的话就无法了…和1区分度不强
7. 2 嗯就是前面结论的举例说明
8. 3 就是这个意思，另外其他都太错了
9. 3 文中写了
10. 3 定位题 文中找
11. 3 > 1 此题不解，这题不知道从何来判断，虽然第一感觉我选对了后来又改错 不知道咋判断
12. 2 states在to后面是借贷方
13. 2 > 3 插入题 这题算是一个理论，然后把它插入相应例子前面～可能我读那段太马虎了，没仔细看，选错～
14. 1 3 6

S酱UID: 2883188

8.29 tpo09



＃1 Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast


It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age（主题：冰川时期的人类迁徙）. The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers（观点1：冰桥）. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble崩塌 when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon放射性炭 dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect考点. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat退却.
第一段：说人类在冰川时期登陆美洲，提出一个“冰桥”观点，即人类通过连接大陆的冰迁徙；但是这个观点被质疑了，放射性炭的检测说明那个时期没有冰桥

Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americans prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. （观点2：16，000年前，在冰川融化前人类就从美国南部登陆了）Until the early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americans because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice（直到1970年，地理学家才认可这个观点，因为他们认为上一个冰河期间，西北海岸覆盖着冰川）. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extend into the ocean. This would have created a barrier障碍 of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington. （解释1970年前的假设：冰川一直延伸到海里，成为迁徙的屏障）
第二段：承接上段反驳，提出一个观点2“coast migration”观点，即人类划着船登陆的；这个观点之前不被认可，因为砖家认为那个时候海岸上也都说冰川人上不去

The most influential proponent of the coastal migration（经历了漫长的2段，本篇真正要确立的理论终于出现了！） route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. （观点2的重申和完善）Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest. （例证-古老的语言）考点
第三段：承接上段反驳，为观点2提出例证

More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation冰川消融 and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. （观点2的重申和完善-现在大多数地理学家说冰川在13，000年前就开始化了 > 后面都说举数据举例子说明那个时期没冰了）Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago. 承上启下之句，后面通过研究这俩来说明问题
第四段：继续论证观点2，例如13000年前冰川消融了

The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans（错误观点-之前这段时间被认为不适宜人类生存的）. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. （论证-因为动物能活，因此人也能）考点Fladmark and others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago.考点（结论-人类于14000年前登陆了）The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between 13,000 and 14,000 ago. （结论-人类在13000-14000之间从浅海登陆了）考点
第五段：继续论证观点2，那个时候有动物，因此也适合人类生存

The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus促进推动 for people to move in a southerly direction.
第六段：废话段，没什么信息量

总结：本篇文章其实语言不难，但是和其他文章不一样的是，这篇文章没有在开头提出要确立的理论，而是运用深入论证的首发，一层一层剥茧抽丝，虽然论证让观点和可能性越来越具体化，这种和之前观点非常明确再做试验证明的总分机构不同，而是一条线的，并且在语言上没有给特别明显的提示，因此让人读的过程中迷惑又不安，做了n题还在迷糊哪个观点对；而且这些观点和地点有很大关系，因此各种south east north什么的也把人绕到晕～因此要加强空间定位和想象能力，或者就是完全的无视能力！读的时候完全无视掉这些地点就好了～

本次考试我再次使用播放动画片＋qq响声来作为干扰－ －发现第一段读了2遍还没读进去……最后只好关掉干扰了，唉……抗干扰训练失败


用时：19分 错误：3
题目分析

1. 2 第一段里有原话
2. 3 persuasively=convincingly
3. 3>4 问论述方式题 解释为何这理论一开始没有被接受
4. 1 prior to＝before
5. 1 排除法 其他都太错
6. 3 这种题就是变相语法题
7. 1 排除法 其他都没提到
8. 4 vast＝huge
9. 3 人类可能在海岸找到生活所需的东西
10. inhospitable＝not suitable
11. 2 本段最后一句话
12 3>4 词汇题 impetus＝incentive 一个都不认识，遂错，其实有技巧的，1和3很像，2又不是，因此该选4
13.3>4 插入题 先讲说冰桥不存在，即使存在那边大陆也缺乏人类生活条件；
14. 2 3 5

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＃2 REFLECTION IN TEACHING

Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.（反应力：观察和思考在课堂时和学生的互动）考点
Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with（成功应对） the paucity不足 of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching. 考点（反应力优点：让教师更融入角色并让他们掩盖掉科学知识和学科教学知识的不足）

Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be "drawn to these new, refreshing conceptions of teaching only to find that the void空隙 between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge.（考点：这些受试者担心被动接受这种新观念，会和实际的教学有很大差别） Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, 考点manner.

Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection." （教师动力不足，因为对感觉是被利用而不是参加培训）Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation. （而且教师不能客观的审视这些事件）


Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection. （要让教师把注意力放到课堂事件中，教师需要接受训练）

Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in （三个原则帮助教师提升反应力）a teaching situation.
（第一 来自教育系统的支持）The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students.（第二 充裕的时间和空间） The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. （第三 和其他教师交流的环境）The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: "Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling引人入胜的 idea."（好事多磨）


The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of others. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability.（但是反应力训练者要做的事情总是目标模糊并且奖励少还怕无用功）
Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. （有人直接问训练这干嘛）Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit. （因此要先让教师认为这些训练有必要）


总结：本文貌似和第一篇文章差不多的感觉～因为句子总是特别长～

用时：19分 错误：3
题目分析
1. 1 justified＝supported 从文中看是支持的意思
2. 2 属于句子改写或者总结题，这个就是考阅读第一段那个话
3. 2>3 词汇题 flourish＝succeed
4. 4
5. 2 文中说了 担心教师觉得理论太抽象不实用
6. 1 objective＝unbiased 不认识，不过其他都不对
7. 4 其他都不对 文中说了因为目标不明确
8. 1 论述方法题 本段为提出改进方法
9. 2 compelling＝persuasive
10. 4>2  4还比较迷惑～因为4好像是下一段说的＝ ＝
11. 3 语法题不解释
12. 3 5段后面都是插入句的支撑，因此放5段前面
13. 2 4 6>5 这个题选项都还挺迷惑～6就是说的太绝对了～呵呵；1文中没提过；3看起来像是对的，但貌似不只3条


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The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans（错误观点-之前这段时间被认为不适宜人类生存的）. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. （论证-因为动物能活，因此人也能）考点Fladmark and others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago.考点（结论-人类于14000年前登陆了）The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf

＃3 THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII


When the Hawaiian islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Winds brought a variety of life-forms.
散文啊～第一段都废话

Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.
第二段：孢子～以及地衣，菌类和藻类那不得不说的故事

Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spores are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.
第三段：地衣作为先驱者，为之后的蕨类和苔藓提供了生存的土壤，之后它们的孩子孢子的特征等

Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus, the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperm the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seeds to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.
第四段：蕨类后的几百万年后，种子类植物出现了～它们的特征

Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater. When they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats softer. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.
第五段：种子类植物举例－椰子

By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan. The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands. (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds on long stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filed many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been bare.
第六段：废话段

总结：本文文章很简单，不过再简单也做不全对－ －

用时：15分 错误：2
题目分析

1. 4 词汇题
2. 4>1 推论题 嗯只在文中找到菌类对藻类做了啥，但是没发现藻类对菌类做了啥，不过推理的话应该是相互满足的
3. 3 替换题 不解释
4. 2 abundantly＝plentifully
5. 1 propagate＝multiply 繁殖
6. 1 第一句话
7. 4 定位题 前面找
8. 2 3 文中一句话可推断
9. 4 举例有各种的coverings
10. 4>2 词汇题 dormant＝inactive
11. 2 本段说了
12  3 两段都提到风
13. 2 前一句是原因 插入句是结果
14. 2 3 6

shawn-jlUID: 2629673

第一篇1我和你错的一样。是取地位的意思吧，之前还被文章后面的翻译影响理解成形态了。
6，应是正面信息，排除C, AB代入原文，觉得提高了研究，分析了研究都不恰当。
第三篇11，我理解就是，英国发明的一个什么。所以选了A. B的only和D的English law 未提及，C翻译过来是用英语达成的协议吧。
你总结的真细，还能在20分钟内完成。向你学习啦~

S酱UID: 2883188

谢谢分析～～我想我单词题已经没救了呃，每次遇到不太认识都想反正选不对…
你的作业我也看了～不过貌似你没问题让我解答～呵呵

S酱UID: 2883188

831 TPO8

觉得tpo8整个都简单

＃1 THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN

这篇文章也很简单～因为我居然没错词汇……
用时：20分钟 错1

1.3 单词题
2.2 没说spread across the city
3.1 单词题
4.4 单词题
5.3 这个下一段也能看出来
6.3 这个在3和1中考虑了一下，虽然不能说3中是maior role但是1更错点
7.4 被火山灰影响到农业可知
8.3 单词题
9.4>1定位题，居然错了，4里scarce我理解为珍贵的了，其实这里想说很少的意思，～呵呵～
10.4 很明显 文中有
11.1 4 很明显 其他都太错
12.3 那啥要不是4里有个conflict那4比3对
13.4 插入题，定位的话是根据地理位置来定的
14.1 4 5


＃2 EXTINCTION OF THE DINOSAURS

用时：20分 错2
题目分析
1.4 文中说了 天气变化不大
2.3 文中说了 天气变化大
3.2 文中说了 和恐龙对比
4.1 词汇题 cope＝adapt
5.1文中说了 果断选1
6.2 >4 词汇题
7.2 >1 替换题 这句子比较纠结于是错了，亏我在这题上纠结了5分钟…
Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic. as就是引导一个从句，相当于when，意思是说，当你从A层岩石检查到B层岩石的时候，发现大量动物植物消失掉鸟～
8.1 本段没提 下段提了
9.2 词汇题 strike＝bombard
10.4 排除法 其他都不对 其实从13题也可以看出来
11.2 词汇题 disruption＝disturbance
12.3 酸雨很多
13.3 这题还稍微花时间 因为4是承上启下句遂选3
14.1 3 5

总结，这篇比较简单就是句子替换题纠结了



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＃3 RUNNING WATER ON MARS

Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity
on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems―sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length―of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.

Outflow channels are probably relics遗迹 of catastrophic灾难性的 flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial 赤道的regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature 小型的versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.

Some scientists speculate推测 that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned妆点 its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta―a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent面积 of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.

These ideas remain controversial富有争议. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers―layers containing compounds化合物 of carbon and oxygen―that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.

Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive非决定性的 astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor蒸发in the Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost永久冻土 layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.

因为很简单因此不分析结构了，因此文章的语言和用词可以多注意下～蓝色的表示平时可以用的词

用时：20分 错2
题目分析
1.4词汇题
2.2 文中最后一句话
3.1 词汇题
4.2 词汇题
5.1 其他太错
6.3 选不对的 3没有提到
7.3 文中没提到crater有多少
8.2 这个定位句不是很明显，因此可以用排除法，首先排除3和4，因为都没提到，1和2比较混淆，但是再看看没有说比现在还extensive因此选择2
9.4>2 替换题 4逻辑关系有点问题，不是因为北半球因此那个地形不是水形成的，是地质运动形成而不是水形成；
10.2 文中有定位句
11.1 词汇题
12.2>1 插入句子题，这个我没仔细看1后面句和2后面句其实俩句是一句话汗，不该错， 插入句后面接不同的原因
13.1 2 5

总结，这篇也很简单就是句子替换题纠结了

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estopUID: 2864494

楼主做的太好了。请问TPO 12的第二篇，就是有声电影的那个
第6题，overshadowed，请问你比较落后是怎么感觉出来的呢？文章中怎么推断出来。我是觉得这里是有声电影引领着有关声音的一系列的发展，所以选的conduct。之后导致了我第7题。求分析思路谢谢

S酱UID: 2883188

第6题，overshadowed，请问你比较落后是怎么感觉出来的呢？（overshadow也不知道啥确切含义了，但是看这词应该知道是罩上一层影子，也就是遮住的意思吧～因此可以觉得声音的研究压制住了其他科技的发展）文章中怎么推断出来。我是觉得这里是有声电影引领着有关声音的一系列的发展（其实你这么理解没错，的确是声音好了，其他行业才好的意思，你这个是正面说法；但是文中的说法消极说法，因为声音技术落后，因此其他行业都白搭了被拖后腿了），所以选的conduct。（其实正确选项我也不认识，我就觉得那个from像是落后的感觉） ...
estop 发表于 2010-9-2 13:30

estopUID: 2864494

你一般最后一题怎么做呢？先看选项然后对照原文？还是？对于Minor idea的标准是什么？

S酱UID: 2883188

28# estop

最后一道题一般直接选，因为大致会记得文章内容啊，如果有不清楚的当然回去找啦～～话说啥是minor idea？

DaisyTwinsUID: 2797670

点评来了哈
恐龙灭绝这一片
Q6：retreat是退却的意思，fluctuation和variation意思更相近指的是波动变动，再从句中看意思指这种天气的波动对恐龙的影响
Q7: 句子分析你已经自己写出来了，还有一处可以判断A是正确的B是错误的，句中“rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic”

后一篇你好像没什么问题

S酱UID: 2883188

30# DaisyTwins
哈哈谢谢·～q6这样滴呀，话说q7我当年纠结了5分钟在上面－ －之前还想这文章真简单啊结果这句死活没懂，后来问了学校bbs上的人才懂了～

LuYZhUID: 2684421

:) I really apreciate of this~