17. “We own almost all our knowledge not to people who have atreed, but to people who have disagreed. ”
I.
Position: We benefit more from people who disagreed than from people who agreed.
A. People who agree either blindly or rationally with us hardly bring anything new to us.
B. By contrast, people who disagree with us may challenge us to rethink our ideas and hence improve then.
C. Even when people wrongly disagree with us, they help strengthen our beliefs.
II.两方面来考虑。
反对的意见:修正观点。
Improve judgement. 孔子:三人行必有我师。When three people walk together, there is surely one from whom I can learn.
反对的人即使错了也会使自己更全面思考问题。
赞同的意见:
不会产生建设性意见, offer instructive insights.
认真思考之后赞同的的人,志同道合,外国的“艺术家俱乐部”。
18. “The university community consists of three different worlds—the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. ”
I.
Position: The statement oversimplifies the relationship of academic disciplines.
A. Humanities provide values for both the social sciences and the natural sciences.
B. The quantitative research methods in the sciences and the social sciences are now widely used in humanities.
C. The findings in each field also contribute to the development of each other.
II.
人文科学:指文史哲、艺术、人类学etc。
社会科学:人文和自然之外的。
人文为社会提供values,伦理:clone
自然科学的method such as quantitative analysis.
不同科学的findings of each field can benefit the studies of other fields.(弗洛伊德自然科学在人文科学中的应用、心理学在管理学中的应用、CS用于art比如CG)
差异:人文价值观念 values, subjective, reflection(反思)
自然 objective experiment observe
19. “Every new generation needs to redefine ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time. ”
I.
Position: As conditions change, our concepts of “right” and “wrong” should change accordingly.
A. What was right for previous generations may prove wrong for the present generation.
B. On the other hand, what was wrong for previous generations may prove right for the present generation.
C. Some traditional values may still apply today but may need redefining in new terms.
II.
Advance with the time
What was right for previous generations may prove wrong for the present generation. (女子也能够学习。)
On the other hand, what was wrong for previous generations may prove right for the present generation. (大学生的感情问题、贷款消费etc)
Some traditional values may still apply today but may need redefining in new terms. (过去:nature、现在:the balance of the ecosystem. 过去:以人为本、现在:人权。)
20. “Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important. ”
I.
Position: It is still too early to predict that reading books is no longer very important.
A. Granted, contemporary technology has provided us with an easy access to information.
B. Multimedia also facilitates our learning process.
C. Yet until today reading books has remained to be the most effective way of accumulating knowledge.
II.
Contemporary technology provides us with easy access to knowledge.
Multimedia facilities learning process.
Systematic, dependable.