问题求助：陈虎平《逻辑10套》中ex1中的问题

sxhqjflUID: 3138684

Exercise 1

9.The early universe contained only the lightest
elements, hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements,
such as carbon, form only in nuclear reactions in
stars and are dispersed when the stars explode. A
recently discovered gas cloud contained carbon
several billion years ago, when the universe was
no more than two billion years old.

If the statements above are true, which of the
following must, on the basis of them, also be true？

(A)The earliest stars contained only hydrogen.
(B)Some stars were formed before the universe was
two billion years old.
(C)The carbon in the gas cloud later formed part of
some stars.
(D)No stars identified to date are as old as the gas
cloud.
(E)The gas cloud also contained hydrogen and
helium.

答案是B。但是我看不懂这句话：

recently discovered gas cloud contained carbon
several billion years ago, when the universe was
no more than two billion years old.
难道gas cloud 在universe 诞生前就有了？？？这句话到底什么意思？





10.Sleep deprivation is a known cause of workplace
error, and many physicians frequently go without
sleep for periods of 24 hours or more. However, few
of these physicians have, in the course of a routine
examination by a peer, been diagnosed with sleep
deprivation.So there is little cause for concern that
habitual sleep deprivation will cause widespread
physician error.
The answer to which of the following questions
would be most helpful in evaluating the argument？
(A)Do physicians who have been diagnosed with
sleep disorders also show signs of other ills not
related to sleep deprivation？
(B)Is the ability to recognize the symptoms of sleep
deprivation in others significantly impaired by
habitual sleep deprivation？
(C)Do factors other than habitual sleep deprivation
ever lead to errors in the workplace on the part
of physicians？
(D)Of people who have recently been treated by
physicians, what percentage believe that many
physicians have occasionally suffered from sleep
deprivation？
(E)Is the incidence of sleep deprivation higher
among physicians than it is among other health
care workers？

答案是B。
但是，我看还是有问题：C为什么不对？我是这样想的：
（1）Sleep deprication 导致 workplace error
（2）24 小时不睡的physicians 没有被查出sleep deprication.
（3）所以，habitual sleep deprivation（这三个词跟physicians有什么关系？） 不会导致 error

我觉得C应该是质疑了（3），而B应该是质疑了（2）。哪个对？




11.A list of the fifteen operas most frequently performed
in recent times includes no works by the nineteenth-
century German composer Richard Wagner. Although
music producers tend to produce what audiences want,
relative infrequency of performance probably does
not indicate lack of popularity in Wagner's case, since
Wagner's operas are notoriously expensive to perform
on stage.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly
supports the conclusion of the argument above？
(A)The list of most frequently performed operas
does not include operas produced by small
amateur groups.
(B)Some opera companies are backed by patrons
who are willing to commit large sums of
money in order to enjoy lavish productions.
(C)All of the fifteen most frequently performed
operas of recent times are works that have
been popular for at least 75 years.
(D)More recordings have been produced recently of
the works of Wagner than of the works of any
other composer of opera.
(E)Operatic works of all kinds have been increasing
in popularity in recent years.

看不懂几个句子,求翻译
Although music producers tend to produce what audiences want,
relative infrequency of performance probably does
not indicate lack of popularity in Wagner's case, since
Wagner's operas are notoriously expensive to perform
on stage.

Some opera companies are backed by patrons
who are willing to commit large sums of
money in order to enjoy lavish productions.




12.The bodies of dwarf individuals of mammalian
species are generally smaller in relation to those of
nondwarf individuals than are the teeth of the dwarf
individuals in relation to those of the nondwarf indi-
viduals. Fragmentary skeletal remains of an adult
dwarf woolly mammoth were recently found. The teeth
are three-fourths the size of the teeth of an average
adult nondwarf woolly mammoth.
The statements above, if true, most strongly support
which of the following？
(A)The body of the dwarf woolly mammoth was
less than three-fourths the size of the body of
an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth.
(B)None of the teeth of the dwarf woolly mammoth
that were recently discovered was as large as
any of the teeth of nondwarf woolly mammoths
that have been discovered.
(C)The teeth of most adult dwarf individuals of
mammalian species are three- fourths the size of
the teeth of the adult nondwarf individuals of
the same species.
(D)Dwarf woolly mammoths had the same number
of teeth as did nondwarf woolly mammoths.
(E)Dwarf individuals of most mammalian species
are generally no more than three-fourths the
size of the adult nondwarf individuals of those
species.


我查了 in relation to 的意思是“有关”的意思。但是放在题目中怎么翻译？我怎么感觉翻译不通？ 我感觉翻译清楚这句话，答案就不难做对了。求大神啊。。。

yujing6633UID: 3232021

9.以前宇宙中只有很轻的h&h,没有很重的C,只有当stars explode才有，但是最近发现其实宇宙很早就有C
题目问的是：下面哪个答案是对的。B选项中阐述，宇宙很早就有Star，合乎逻辑，因为有Star,才会star explode,才会有大量的C,所以才证明最近的发现是正确的。

yujing6633UID: 3232021

10.physician很少受到sleep privation 的影响，所以经常性失眠的physician，很少因为缺觉而犯错。下面哪个选项有助于这个结论。如果选C的话就是challenge了，因为文中说习惯性失眠很少导致医生的失误，而C选项的意思是error很有可能是别的原因引起的，而非习惯性失眠。而B选项的意思是sleep privation的确会导致error，但是由于习惯性的问题，所以症状就不是那么明显，显然说的就是医生

yujing6633UID: 3232021

11.虽然音乐出版商更愿意出版人们想要的音乐，即使相对来说此类表演不是那么频繁，不表示Wagner的音乐作品不受欢迎，只是因为他的作品搬上舞台太贵了

be backed by支持
一些歌剧公司有赞助商支持，愿意投大量的钱来享受奢侈的表演。本来我也选这个选项，但是文中强调的是W的作品不常搬上舞台（infrequency）选项D因为太贵，所以为了证明他还是很popular的，所以他的recording就相当的火

yujing6633UID: 3232021

in relation to 我理解的意思是相对于
哺乳物种中的侏儒类的动物的身体相对于正常的哺乳动物来说要小，就如侏儒类动物的牙齿要比正常型的要小。

sxhqjflUID: 3138684

yujing6633 发表于 2012-7-10 12:24
10.physician很少受到sleep privation 的影响，所以经常性失眠的physician，很少因为缺觉而犯错。下面哪个选 ...

还是不理解您的回答。在原题中说是由被诊断的医生的同行在例行检查中诊断有没有睡眠剥夺。我的理解是同行可能也存在睡眠剥夺，他们的能力受到质疑。这个说法对吗？

sxhqjflUID: 3138684

yujing6633 发表于 2012-7-10 12:37
11.虽然音乐出版商更愿意出版人们想要的音乐，即使相对来说此类表演不是那么频繁，不表示Wagner的音乐作品不 ...

哦！有一个问题：11题B选项：(B)Some opera companies are backed by patrons
who are willing to commit large sums of
money in order to enjoy lavish productions.
其中的be backed by 是“缺乏”的意思？还是“被支持”的意思？

yujing6633UID: 3232021

sxhqjfl 发表于 2012-7-10 12:46
还是不理解您的回答。在原题中说是由被诊断的医生的同行在例行检查中诊断有没有睡眠剥夺。我的理解是同行 ...

医生很少犯错不是因为他们能力的问题，而是因为habitual（习惯性），在B选项中所说的，他们缺觉的症状可能被习惯性的缺觉所削弱，也就是说医生很少因为24小时工作而失误，不是因为别的，而是因为习惯

yujing6633UID: 3232021

sxhqjfl 发表于 2012-7-10 12:49
哦！有一个问题：11题B选项：(B)Some opera companies are backed by patrons
who are willing to comm ...

支持

luhana5UID: 3553924

yujing6633 发表于 2012-7-10 12:46
in relation to 我理解的意思是相对于
哺乳物种中的侏儒类的动物的身体相对于正常的哺乳动物来说要小，就如 ...

感谢