Argument 63 discontinued youth-league sports due to injuries, psychological pres

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1 抄题

63．The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily newspaper.

"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league sports, over 40,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league soccer players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure exerted by coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

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63．The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily newspaper.

"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league sports, over 40,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league soccer players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure exerted by coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.


2 列出argument的结论和主要证据
claim或结论：Since the disadvantages outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine.

证据01 Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league sports, over 40,000 of these young players suffered injuries.   
证据02 When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league soccer players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure exerted by coaches and parents to win games.
证据03 Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities.



3 写第一段
TS (pt1, pt2, pt3): In this letter, the author suggests that Parkville should cease the youth-league sports involving the children under nine because its demerits dwarf its merits. To buttress her argument and advice, she mainly cites the report of the injuries in the competition, the outcomes of an interview and the education experts’ words. Nevertheless, the citizens of Parkville still need to examine the explicit and implicit suppositions of the argument in order to decide whether they should believe the conclusion and accept the advice.

5完全同意-4同意-3-中立-2-不同意-1-完全不同意
开头段准确复述题目的结论。2 （题目说的是终止organzed competition)
开头段概述了题目的主要论据。4
开头段没有使用老G的表达，如flawed/loopholes等等。5


4. 写出中间段的主题句（英语）用汉语解释主要讨论的点

中间第一段
ts (pt1): To begin with, the author assume that the number of children who are injured in the sports occupy a large proportion of the total number of those participants under nine. 40,000个九岁以下小孩负伤乍一看的确骇人听闻，如果参加运动的九岁小孩一共才50,000个，那么80%的受伤率真的应该让Parkville的居民们考虑中止该运动项目了。可是倘若全国参加运动的九岁小孩一共多达5,000,000个，那么40,000个孩子受伤只是导致了0.8%的受伤率。因此作者的结论就大惊小怪，建议多此一举。

本段讨论了题目论证中的关键问题。2
（关于这个全国性的调查，核心问题应该是全国的调查结果是否适用于当地，这是一个很经典的问题，你竟然没有提-你提的比例问题其实可以和是否适应本地一起讨论；另外，还有injuries是否因为参加比赛造成的，同时发生不代表因果；也许是训练不当造成的，那么就应该加强师资培训而不是停止比赛）


中间第二段
ts (pt2): The next postulation is that the major-city youth-league soccer players can represent all the young sportsmen throughout the nation and the pressure they are experience is too heavy to be tolerated. 要是大城市少年足球队的人真的能代表全国所有运动项目的运动员，而且压力的确大到孩子们无法承受，那么作者的推断合理，建议可行。可是有可能大城市少年足球队员的压力很大，而小城市少年足球队员的压力很小，或者说全国少年足球队员的压力很大，而全国少年yoga 练习者觉得他们的运动减轻了压力，那么作者的话就靠不住了。还有，人活在世上，任何时候都有压力，小孩学习生活中都面临压力，这不是运动比赛的专利。如果孩子们尚可调节体育比赛带来的压力，那么这压力就有利无害，作者的结论和建议就不对了。

本段讨论了题目论证中的关键问题。2
（这里的关键不是受访者能否代表全国，而是能否代表Parkville；关于压力的后果，你需要指出这里的假设是压力一定会带来负面的后果比如健康问题、睡眠问题、心理问题等等；这里最好另外分一段来讨论；你的讨论没有指出相关的假设）


中间第三段
ts (pt3): Lastly, the writer presupposes that the children under nine spend a large amount of time and energy training for the athletic competition.专家说长时间训练占用了本该花在学习上的时间。如果孩子们真的耗费太多时间在运动上，以致影响了学习，那么作者的结论和建议是正确的。然而要是大多数孩子只花了一点时间在运动训练上，而且这种训练还使因为长期坐着学习而导致的僵化身躯得到舒展，更有益于后来的学习，那么作者的预测不对，建议不可采纳。


本段讨论了题目论证中的关键问题。2
Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. 这里的假设是学生在学习方面投入的时间不够。 运动肯定会消耗时间，但是只有在学生在学习方面投入不够的情况下才算是disadvantage 另外这里你讨论到运动可能带来对学习的好处是合适的

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王老师好，我已经按照您的建议修改了大纲，还请过目，并作进一步指示，比如准许我写全文。谢谢啦！

2 列出argument的结论和主要证据
claim或结论：Since the disadvantages outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine.

证据01 Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league sports, over 40,000 of these young players suffered injuries.   
证据02 When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league soccer players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure exerted by coaches and parents to win games.
证据03 Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities.

3 写第一段
TS (pt1, pt2, pt3): In this letter, the author suggests that Parkville should cease the youth-league sports competition involving the children under nine because its demerits dwarf its merits. To buttress her argument and advice, she mainly cites the report of the injuries in the competition, the outcomes of an interview and the education experts’ words. Nevertheless, the citizens of Parkville still need to examine the explicit and implicit suppositions of the argument in order to decide whether they should believe the conclusion and accept the advice.

4. 写出中间段的主题句（英语）用汉语解释主要讨论的点

中间第一段
ts (pt1): To begin with, the author assume that the number of children who are injured in the sports competition occupy a large proportion of the total number of those participants under nine and this is applicable to the situation of Parkville . 作者的第一个假设有三重意思。首先，作者认为所有的小孩受伤都是由参加比赛造成的。而研究报告只是说参加运动项目的小孩受伤，他们也许是在训练过程中受的伤，那么就应该加强教练的师资培训或是训练时的安全保护，而非终止比赛。其次，哪怕真的有40,000个九岁以下小孩在比赛中负伤，这乍一看的确骇人听闻，如果参加运动会的九岁小孩一共才50,000个，那么80%的受伤率真的应该让Parkville的居民们考虑中止该运动比赛了。可是倘若全国参加运动的九岁小孩一共多达5,000,000个，那么40,000个孩子受伤只是导致了0.8%的受伤率。因此作者的结论就大惊小怪，建议多此一举。最后，就算全国真有很高比例的小孩因比赛受伤，全国的情况不一定适用于当地。也许40000个受伤的孩子都在其它地区，Parkville连一个孩子都没受伤，那么作者的建议更是牛头不对马嘴了。

中间第二段
ts (pt2): The next postulation is that the major-city youth-league soccer players can represent all the young sportsmen in Parkville. 要是大城市少年足球队的人真的能代表Parkville所有运动项目的运动员，那么作者的推断合理，建议可行。可是有可能大城市少年足球队员的压力很大，而Parkville是个小城市，其少年足球队员的压力很小，或者说Parkville少年足球队员的压力很大，而当地其他少年运动项目选手，例如yoga 赛参与者，却觉得他们的运动赛减轻了压力，那么作者的话就靠不住了。


中间第三段
ts (pt3): Thirdly, the author implies that the pressure from the organized athletic competition for children under nine is too heavy to be tolerated and must exert negative impact on the participants.人活在世上，任何时候都有压力，小孩学习生活中都面临压力，这不是运动比赛的专利。如果孩子们尚可调节体育比赛带来的压力，此压力还促进了他们在生活中的成长，例如使之更勇敢、坚强，那么这压力就有利无害，作者的结论和建议就不对了。唯有当比赛的压力超出了正常的范围，让孩子们不能容忍，还给他们带来负面影响，例如致使孩子们身上出现失眠、生理失调、心理障碍等，那么比赛才是有害的，应当终止。

中间第四段
ts (pt4): Lastly, the writer presupposes that the children under nine spend a large amount of time training for the athletic competition, which causes the time spent on their study to be not enough.专家说长时间训练占用了本该花在学习上的时间，如果孩子们真的耗费太多时间在运动上，以致花在学习上的时间不够而影响了学习，那么作者的结论和建议是正确的。然而要是大多数孩子只花了一点时间在运动训练上，给正常学习留了充分的时间，而且这种训练还使因为长期坐着学习而导致的僵化身躯得到舒展，更有益于后来的学习，那么作者的预测不对，建议不可采纳。