Argument写作入门-开头段第一步：梳理结论、论据

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The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.

"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。

The students housing director of Buckingham College recommended building more new dormitories in order to meet the expected increasing housing need of the students. To support this recommendation, the director pointed it out that the students’ number will double in the next 50 years, the rent for off campus apartments has the trend of risen, and new dormitories will be an attraction for prospective students.

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Argument1
抄写完整原题
Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a 'Palean' basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
Woven basket were not uniquely made by Palean people.
列出论据
1 A basket was found in Lithos aceoss the Brim.
2 People need boats to go across the river, however, no boat has been found.
写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。

According to the new discovery, the woven baskets once believed specialty of Palean people also appeared in Lithos, which is across the river from Palea. Given the river is broad and deep and no boat has been found, the author thinks Palean baskets were not uniquely made by Palean people.

Argument3:
完整原题：
The following appeared as a letter to the editor from a Central Plaza store owner.
"Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.”
  

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
列出结论
Prohibiting skateboarding will help Central Plaza back to normal
列出论据
1.        The shop owners hold the belief.
2.        The skateboarding leads to the increase of litter and vandalism.
写出第一段
According to the shop owners’ claims, the decline of the shopper attributes to skateboarding in shoppers in Central Plaza. Besides, the author states that skateboarding litter and vandalizes which drive shoppers away. So the author suggests prohibiting skateboarding. In some extent, it is reasonable, while the evident cannot stand further investigation and needs more evident to support the conclusion.

老师以上是我自己写的提纲和开头，看了您的范文，还有一些小疑问，开头第一段是要对结论和论据的总结么？还是要列出其中的漏洞呢？

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试了三个题目， 个人认为开头的第一部分不必详细列出论据，所以基本都在三句话以内，请大家轻拍~

练习一
7. The following is a recommendation from the Board of Directors of Monarch Books.
"We recommend that Monarch Books open a café in its store. Monarch, having been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer base because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Clearly, opening the café would attract more customers. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section, which will probably become less popular given that the most recent national census indicated a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten. Opening a café will allow Monarch to attract more customers and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened its own café."

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.


结论：The Board of Directors recommend that Monarch Books open a café in its store.

论据:1. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section, which will probably become less popular given that the most recent national census indicated a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten.
       2. Opening a café will allow Monarch to attract more customers and better compete with Regal Books.

开头段的第一部分
The Board of Directors of Monarch Books recommend that its bookstore open a cafe by replacing the children's books section that will probably be less popular due to population change. The speaker further argues that  an in-store cafe will attract more customers and thus gain an edge in the competition with Regal Books which owns a cafe as well.

练习二
55. The following appeared in an editorial in a business magazine.
"Although the sales of Whirlwind video games have declined over the past two years, a recent survey of video-game players suggests that this sales trend is about to be reversed. The survey asked video-game players what features they thought were most important in a video game. According to the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which require the most up-to-date computers. Whirlwind has just introduced several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at people ten to twenty-five years old, the age-group most likely to play video games. It follows, then, that the sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to increase dramatically in the next few months."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

结论：The sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to increase dramatically in the next few months.

论据：1 A recent survey of video-game players suggests that vedio-game players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which require the most up-to-date computers.
         2 Whirlwind has just introduced several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at people ten to twenty-five years old, the age-group most likely to play video games.

开头第一部分
An editorial predicts a rapid boom in Whirlwind newly launched vedeo games based on a survey indicating customers' preference which Whirlwind's products suit well, and Whirlwind's well-targeted advertising campaign.

练习三(博客里找不到78题的示范了，所以没能参考修改)
78.  The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food distribution company with food storage warehouses in several cities.
"Recently, we signed a contract with the Fly-Away Pest Control Company to provide pest control services at our fast-food warehouse in Palm City, but last month we discovered that over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. Meanwhile, the Buzzoff Pest Control Company, which we have used for many years, continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage. Even though the price charged by Fly-Away is considerably lower, our best means of saving money is to return to Buzzoff for all our pest control services."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

结论：The best means of saving money is to return to Buzzoff for all our pest control services

论据：1. last month over $20,000 worth of food at the warehouse serviced by Fly-Away Pest Control Company had been destroyed by pest damage.
         2. the Buzzoff Pest Control Company continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage.

开头第一部分
The vice president argues that their food distribution company return to Buzzoff Pest Control Company, which is the best means of saving money. To support his or her assertion, the speaker adduces evidence referring to financial loss the previous month at two food warehouse serviced respectively by Fly-Away and Buzzoff, which indicated the latter performed better.