issue36 义无返顾小组第20次作业

yuviUID: 2169411

原帖由 coxlee 于 2006-6-9 22:07 发表
从提纲看，说艺术，科学现今人们就不能评价了？个人感觉分学科说不太好。第三点我提供几个例子，看合不合适
1. darwin 进化论，哥白尼日心说，和当时主流思潮相背
2. 希特勒，当时德国的英雄，其他国家的魔鬼

提出艺术和科学的领域算是举例子吧(因为我认为这两个领域是比较明显的,时间越久越能证明其价值的领域,)但是我也觉得比较不太好掌握,说浅了又怕文章没深度,说多了又怕走题,度数挺难把握的~:(

恩!!第三点的例子很好~~!先收藏了!!谢谢coxlee~~:)

ylwangUID: 2191211

原帖由 jiqixueyuan 于 2006-6-9 23:30 发表
Jiqixueyuan -------ylwang
TOPIC: ISSUE36 - "The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries."
WORDS: 556          TIME: 0:45:0 ...

谢谢jiqixueyuan的修改~

susan8940UID: 160449

谢谢芹菜JJ的鼓励：）
大概要改上瘾来了，什么时候有作业我再来阿

lionprinceUID: 2217595

issue 207,BT+ 高频

Issue207: 558 words  45 minutes
Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are.

The issue about whether rituals and ceremonies help define a culture is complex and controversial. The speaker asserts so, for the reason that without rituals and ceremonies, societies or groups of people have less sense of identification. In my view, I agree with the speaker insofar as that rituals and ceremonies indeed help define a culture, and however, there are still other ways helping to define a culture. Here, I will present several important reasons.

To begin with, the major reason for my agreement with the speaker is that rituals and ceremonies give people a sense of identity. Human actions and words are reflection of their underling beliefs and ideas, and therefore, by observing certain rituals and ceremonies, people can see their underling beliefs and ideas, which cannot be observed from appearance. On the societal level, for supporting examples, one only needs to make a comparison between western countries and eastern countries. In western countries, people go to church daily, and when there are important events in their lives such as wedding and funeral, they perform such ceremonies at church. The paramount role of church in daily lives of western people is a reflection of their religious beliefs, and attending church strengthens their identities as westerners. On the other hand, in eastern countries, such as China, people observe Spring Festival, which is memory of agricultural harvest, instead of Christmas Day to celebrate new years. When considering that China is a agricultural nation, we have good reasons to claim that Spring Festival help define identity of Chinese.

Moreover, without daily rituals and ceremonies or diminishing attendance of such activities, sense of individual identity is declining. Minorities in the United States serve as apt examples to illustrate the point. Working, studying and living in alien countries, those minorities find it is hard to maintain their cultural traditions and their sense of cultural identification is gradually diminishing. For example, American Africans, who were brought to America by Europeans, now give up their rituals and religious ceremonies that their African ancestors observed for thousands of years. In order to earn their lives, most of them choose English as their major language and they lose the ability of speaking and using traditional African languages. Since language is obsolete in their lives, then all the cultural legacy and rituals are all lost.

However, we should not be frustrated by such loss of old rituals and ceremonies. Firstly, when old ones perish, new ones emerge, and in some cases there are progresses. Still take the foregoing African Americans as examples. Although they lost their traditional rituals and ceremonies originated from Africa, they are fortunately enough to live in one of the most democratic and free nation in the world, and they enjoy wide human rights and civil liberties. Moreover, there are still other ways to identify their origin. For example, American Africans can refer to their history of migration to America; they can easily recall their identities as an African.

To sum up, based on the foregoing analyses and discussions, I can safely draw a conclusion that rituals and ceremonies help to define a culture and diminishing rituals and ceremonies means diminishing sense of identity. However, we should not be frustrated by such fact, because loss of rituals and ceremonies does not necessarily mean significant losses, and other ways such as history can still remind us our identities.

lionprinceUID: 2217595

issue127

Issue127: 590 words  45 minutes
Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.

The issue about whether stubborn facts can be altered by subjective wishes, inclinations, or dictates is complex and controversial. While the speaker asserts that facts are stubborn and cannot be altered by human beings, in my view I agree with the speaker insofar as material world is stubborn and cannot be altered. However, we need not be frustrated by stubborn facts. Here, I will present several important explanations.

To begin with, the major reason for my agreement with the speaker is that historical facts and material world around us are stubborn. First of all, for the reason that history records the past historical events, influential figures and social lives of our ancestors, all these things cannot be changed. Faced with past, no one can alter it. For example, there are two world wars in the past centuries, and they brought human beings great economic losses, life losses, mental agony and technology advancements, which are stimulated by development of formidable weapons. No matter whether current people take a positive attitude to the two world wars, they just cannot change the past. In this sense, history is stubborn. Further, material world around us is another apt example to bolster my position. Scientific laws and principles cannot be altered by will or speculation of human beings. They are stubborn things. The progress of astronomy may shed some light on this point. Although there are many controversies in astronomical fields, such as the shape of the Earth and center of the universe, truth remains unchanged and in a sense fails to be ultimately perceived by human beings. In short, from perspectives of truth and history facts are indeed stubborn.

However, although facts are unfortunately stubborn, human beings have devised various equipment and adopted various methods to approximate facts. In certain sense, progress of human civilization and scientific advancements are the progresses of human's abilities in perceiving stubborn facts. For example, in spite of the stubbornness of history facts, historians have adopted various advanced equipments to justly evaluate historical events and figures. To accurately estimate creation date of certain artifacts, historians with the help of engineers majoring radioactivity use radioactive property of certain substance to date the creation time of certain important artifacts. Further, although natural laws and underling principles of the material world are stubborn and hard to perceive, scientists also appeal to various equipments and instruments to approximate such facts. In the field of astronomy, astronomers use sophisticated astronomical telescopes to study stars, planets, back holes and other astronomical phenomena. Compared with our ancestors who use nuke eyes to study universe, contemporary astronomy has made great advancements.

In the final analysis, although facts are stubborn, human beings should not be frustrated by facts. After all, we are making continuous progresses toward perceiving stubborn facts. It is true that current works of scientists and other researchers may not be right, our endeavor to perceive facts help us perceive facts justly. Moreover, if without such works, then societies and human civilization will die in stagnation. If there were no generations of endeavor to exploring the universe despite of the stubbornness of facts, then it is quite possible that human beings may still be trapped in religious cognition of the universe. Understandably, stubbornness of facts should not become one pretext of stopping research and exploration.

To sum up, based on the foregoing analyses and discussions, I can draw a safe conclusion that although facts are stubborn, we can still cognize and perceive them. Moreover, human beings should not be frustrated by stubbornness of facts.

lionprinceUID: 2217595

issue157 歇了很久了，重新开始写。

Issue157: 542 words  40 minutes
There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.

The issue about whether there is no such thing as purely objective observation is complex and controversial. While the speaker asserts that all things are subjective for the reason that all observation is always guided by expectations or desires of observer, as far as I am concerned observation is certainly a subjective activity. Here, I will explicate several important reasons.

To begin with, observations in scientific and technological research field are all means subjective. Scientific research is aiming at approximating the objective truth and revealing the underlying principles and laws of the material world; however due the limited of perceptive abilities of human beings and the limits of scientific equipments and instruments observations conducted in the scientific research are subjective. The development of astronomy serves as an apt example to illustrate the point. In ancient times, due the limits of our ancestors' perceptive ability and narrow coverage of human activities, the speculative and subjective notion that the world where we live is consisted of square land like a chess board and a round sky like a lid prevailed. With the development of science and technology, especially after the invention of telescope, human beings can more objectively observe the universe and nowadays scientists have observed the existence of sun, planets, solar system and the milk galaxy. In short, due to the limits of human perception and equipments scientific observations are subjective.

Moreover, in fields of arts and humanities human observations are also subjective. Human beings are creatures with emotion and passion, and their personalities and attitudes often pose significant influence over their observation results. For supporting examples, one only needs to look into the critiques from artistic critics. Equipped with artistic knowledge of both ancient arts and contemporary arts, acquainted with various artistic schools in current society, critics are expected to give objective critiques to artistic works. However, in fact, critiques and commentaries from critics are a mixture of subjective and objective views and in some extreme case they are only bias and prejudice. Although works of Vincent Van Gogh are all regarded as masterpieces and some of his works are worthy of millions of dollars, those critiques who lived with Van Gogh fails to see the value of his works and in reality Van Gogh only sold one painting at rather low price during his life time. Understandably, observations in art fields are subjective due to subjective reasons such as emotional factors.

In the final analysis, although observations are inevitably subjective, it is unwise for us to feel frustrated. Facts and material world is stubborn things, if we take a passive attitude toward the world around us and conduct no observation, thus it is likely that we will never make any progress. For example, if our predecessors were frustrated by the fact that they cannot absolutely observe the universe and gave up their research work, then there would not be modern astronomy. The correct attitude to the subjectivity of observation should be positive participation and minimizing the discrepancies between facts and observation results. Only by this means, human beings can make progress and approximate truth continuously.

To sum up, due to the above analyses and discussions, a safe conclusion that all observation is subjective because of either objective reasons or subjective reasons can be drawn.

lazyfishUID: 2220033

谢谢小蜗牛帮我做的修改！确实段落衔接得不好，学中文的，习惯饶来绕去了@_@本来我心里是完全同意题目论点的，但新东方老师说不能一边倒，所以只好硬凑上一段说伟大也能被同代人评价，结果思路就显得乱其八糟的了……

lionprinceUID: 2217595

issue170

Issue170: 577 words  45 minutes
The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people.

What should be regarded as indicator of a great nation? It is a complex and controversial issue. While the speaker asserts that the indicator of a nation is the welfare of all its people, I agree with the speaker insofar as general welfare of all the people is surely indicator of a great nation. However, achievements of the so-called rulers, artists or scientists are also reflection of greatness of a nation. Here, I will present several important explanations.

To begin with, the major reason that I agree with the speaker is that in scientific fields achievements of those famous scientists certainly represent prosperity and comprehensive power of one nation. For the reason that scientific work imposes great influence over the welfare of all the people, and improve the prestige and influence of certain nation, it should be regarded as indicators of greatness of one nation. For supporting example, one only needs to look to those old civilizations in human history. Ancient China, for example, mastered sophisticated knowledge of astronomy, mechanics, medicine and agriculture and at same time other civilizations in European still be dominated by religions and superstition. Advancements in science and technology in ancient China significantly improved the productivity and comprehensive power of China. During that times, contagious nations around China all regarded China as one of the most powerful nation in the world. Another example shedding some light on this point is contemporary America. In this era of rapid science and technology advancements, America lead scientific and technological progresses in various fields and advances in science and technology significantly bring prosperity to economy, culture and education, finally leading to overall prosperity of the whole nation and position of America as a super power. In short, science and technology advancements are certainly indicators of greatness of nations.

Moreover, endeavor of the artists and so-called rulers should not be precluded out of account when determining greatness of certain nation. Firstly, artistic work provides us spiritual motivation and represents achievements of certain nation in artistic fields. For example high-quality arts, such as high-quality literature, music and paintings cultivate minds and souls of ordinary citizens. Healthy spiritual states and high civilization level of the whole nation are certainly indicators of greatness of one nation. More specifically, in the most difficult situations, such as economic depressions, breakout of contagious diseases and wars, the works of artists give us great courage and incentive to overcome the hardships. Secondly, politician leaders or the so-called rulers of our society, bring out civil rights and freedom. Gandhi serves as an apt example to prop the point. As we all know, Gandhi leads the nonviolent and non-cooperative movement in India and finally wins the Indian independence from the Great Britain, rendering it possible to establish an independent nation. Without independence, how can one nation be regarded as a great one? Consequently, works of artists and rulers also contribute to greatness of a nation.

However, I must admit that the ultimate criterion judging the power of a nation is the welfare of all its people. Society consists of Individuals and therefore greatness of one nation is consists of the economic welfare of its each citizen. Also, purpose of government should be to bring economic well-being to all its citizens, and therefore great nations are inevitably characterized as bringing benefits to all its citizens. If most of the people cannot feed themselves, cannot find shelters and cannot afford the education fee for their children, how can the nation be regarded as a great nation, even when the minority of the nation accomplishes great achievements? Further, if most of people are suppressed by the government, or they are deprived of their basic civil rights, how can the government allege that it has constructed a great nation, even when most of the people enjoy the achievements of the rulers, and artists, or scientists? In all, any government seeking methods to construct a great nation should concentrate on the welfare of all its people.

To sum up, based on the above analyses and discussions, I can safely draw the conclusion that when considering whether a nation is prosperous and rich, both the welfare of all its people and the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists should be taken into consideration

lionprinceUID: 2217595

issue51

Issue51: 547 words  45 minutes
Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.

The issue about whether education should be specifically designed to meet needs and interests of each student is complex and controversial. While the speaker asserts so, in my view I agree with the speaker insofar as that education should take into account different needs and interests of each student. However, specifically designed education may also have drawbacks and traditional formal education still has its merits. In this essay, I will present several important reasons.

To begin with, there is no doubt that specifically designed education which takes into consideration different individual needs and interests of each student will benefit students to some extent. As common sense and scientific research work informs us, because of various reasons, such as genetic reasons, and family background, different students are of different talents and needs. Therefore, a specifically designed education aiming at differences among students will benefit each student. More specially, in such a education system gifted students who study more quickly and easily can be gathered together to skip grades, and learn more recondite courses than what their peers learn. Such special education for gifted young has been proved to be successful. For example, in China there is a famous SCGY (Special Class for the Gifted Young) in which gifted students from all parts of China receives special education, and since the beginning of the program this class has cultivated many outstanding students, including the youngest IEEE fellow, and the first PhD in cognition science. In short, specifically designed education will benefit students, especially those gifted ones.

However, traditional education which is aiming at providing overall education to all students still has its merits. After all, most of students are of ordinary talents, and their interest and needs are similar. Therefore, it is a wise choice for governments to establish a education system which provide general education to all students. One important reason for this choice is that it saves large sum of money. If interest and needs of every student are incorporated into the design of education system, then the system will be enormously complex and costly and it is quite possible that there is no one government can afford such an education system. Further, some curricula such as education of morality and patriotism are indispensable to all students for the reason that they are the preconditions of becoming an eligible citizen. For such course, traditional education is adequate.

In the last analysis, specifically designed education for those gifted young still has its drawbacks. First of all, gifted students who are gathered together to receive special training are likely to be isolated from their peers. They will find it is hard for them to communicate with others and lack of friendship will lead to some special psychological problems to them. Secondly, those gifted students will lose the precious opportunities to cooperate with other ordinary students, which will bring them more obstacles to their future life and career. In all, specifically designed education still has its drawbacks.

To sum up, based on the foregoing analyses and discussions, I can draw the following conclusion that while specifically designed education will benefit students to some extent, however it will also bring harmful consequences and traditional education still have its merits. Therefore, government should design education on a case-by-case basis.

susan8940UID: 160449

多谢lionprince的范文！收藏了：）

lionprinceUID: 2217595

还有A， 如果大家想看我可以穿，穿，
他说他有朋友，字数没上500但是很透彻，也得了5分，所以说建议大家不要凑字数，能用5个字别用6个字，   要不很不好，                   我从他的文章中看到了模版的痕迹，
最后感谢我的朋友，（我私自把他的文章贴出来了）不厚道了

lionprinceUID: 2217595

好像就我没改大家的作文，惭愧，一定补上，（下次在不敢了）呵呵
rp value降低了，

[ 本帖最后由 lionprince 于 2006-6-10 13:38 编辑 ]

yuviUID: 2169411

原帖由 lionprince 于 2006-6-10 13:37 发表
好像就我没改大家的作文，惭愧，一定补上，（下次在不敢了）呵呵
rp value降低了，

呵呵,不会的,还要特别感谢你给我们这么宝贵的原创资料~~
非常感谢~~~:)

yuviUID: 2169411

呵呵，我把ylwang的文章再拿出来拜读了一下,学习中~~:)

The speaker asserts in the title statement that great works are recognized by people who live after the first emergence of those contributions rather than the contemporaries. Nevertheless, after detailed analysis, we can find the assertion is too arbitrary, and instead, the real situations are varied from realm to realm. In the area of science, it is true that great outcomes are often accepted by successors; yet in the area of art, excellent artistic works are often appreciated by the contemporaries; and in politics, both delayed effectiveness and immediate effectiveness exist.（呵呵开头写的不错.但是我有个疑问一个就是文中说伟大是不是就是专门指他的作品呢?你的开头好象还特意强调了works哦）        

恩,同意Jiqixueyuan,伟大除了作品和成果,还可以指人格上的伟大.这里改写原题好象不必要特别强调works~

Moreover, unfortunately, Bruno was convicted to death by religious leaders.

Moreover和 unfortunately连用感觉有点奇怪,可以把 unfortunately加在后面句子里的.

For another example, when famous computer scientist E. Dijstra advocated his programming methodology in which "goto" sentences should be eliminated by being replaced with other sentences in computer programming languages, the mainstream programming language community thought it a joke via rejecting his papers. However, years later, Dijstra's methodology began to be recognized by some researchers, and then was widely accepted by both research community and industrial companies. The reason hidden behind the phenomena are that laws, truths or theories in scientific researches should be validated in a rigorous procedure which may last for a rather long time.(这段举的例子也很不错,后面哪个例子值得收藏哦,第一次见到呢)   

这个例子真的是很专业了,而且最后一句算是点睛之笔,赞~~
PS:The reason hidden behind the phenomena are ..这句话好象很好用,呵呵~在你这次作业里也看到了类似的.
   

Mark Twain became a best-selling author and a house-hold name even during his life time; Mozart was immediately recognized by European monarchs when he was very young; Yong Jin is soon a well-known writer after he published his novels of emprise, which are widely loved by numerous contemporary Chinese; Picasso’s masterpieces Les Demoiselles d’Avignon and Guernica, with cubism launched by him, were full of influential power both during and after his life time.(称赞一个)  

      

例证真的是很丰富~~:)
如果有个结尾句就更好了~~

A case in point to support delayed effectiveness, the ancient Chinese reformer Yang Shang who reconstructed the law, economic, and army systems of his nation Qin, a sub-nation in China of the day, was convicted to death under an accusal of harming the nation’s security. No one in Shang’s era anticipated that Qin would become the most developed Chinese sub-country, conquer lots of sub-countries, and unify China, due to Shang’s significant reformation.

商鞅变法,恩,很翔实,很有说服力~~

Contrarily, in modern America, the policy to encourage internet’s propagation established by President Clinton brought in a driving economic accretion immediately which continued for eight years and benefited most Americans. Therefore, although President Clinton had personal sexy scandals, people still respect him as a great president.(呵呵我实在是太佩服你了.想找点错都找不到)   

  

这里可以不用提C的scandal了吧?因为和题目关联不大~~
:)正反论证,学习~~!
  

总结:
1.        结构逻辑方面是绝对的没什么问题的,感觉表现的很优秀.
2.        语法错误没有发现,语言比较流畅.
3.        举的例子的衔接也很好，但是感觉中国的例子举的太多了,怕老米不好理解哦,呵呵.

感觉同上,不过我觉得中国的例子多了没有什么太大的问题,ylwang都展开运用的挺好的~而且给读者提供了充分的理解空间.
如果能在45分钟内完成这样的习作,我觉得上场基本上能够水到渠成~~学习~~!^_^