【九一五学社】作文总帖

tannieUID: 2338758

是那个表格的，我跟abstinent的进度一样，每天十个，你可以参照我们的进度。

tannieUID: 2338758

201. "The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas--not to prepare them for a specific job."

position: agree
1    By helping students develop a thoughtful, principled value system educators actually help prepare students for hobs. I think school should give knowledge of preparing for the future jobs as well.
2    The primary purpose of education is to cultivate qualified citizens and builders of a democratic society.  1) including: tell life skills to students, such as logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving… 2) make students open their mind and eyes 3) in this way students can make good preparation for future job
3    Technology-driven industries account for an ever-increasing portion of our jobs. Besides helping students develop their own thoughtful value systems, educators should instill in students certain basic values upon which any democratic society depends; otherwise, our freedom to choose our own jobs and careers might not survive in the long term.
4    Admittedly, a lot of people go to college for a good job, which means a good payment and comfortable working conditions. College education should let their students make a good preparation for future jobs.

222. "Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals." (神似201)

position: balanced view
1    Education should serve clear purpose, while learning for learning’s sake is not necessarily out-dated.
2    The primary purpose of education is to cultivate qualified citizens and builders of a democratic society.  1) including: tell life skills to students, such as logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving… 2) make students open their mind and eyes 3) in this way students can make good preparation for future job
3    Another purpose of education is to train creative workers who can fill in all the occupations of society.
4    The idea of “learning for learning’s sake” does not necessarily conflict with education’s pursuit of the above purposes.

52. "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."

position: balanced view
1   Encouraging students to question and criticize does not necessarily harm social harmony.
2   The primary purpose of education is to cultivate qualified citizens and builders of a democratic society.  1) Including: tell life skills to students, such as logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving… 2) make students open their mind and eyes 3) in this way students can make good preparation for future job
3   Social harmony hinges on mutual understanding among members of the society, which is achieved through active communication rather than passive conformity.
4   The ability to challenge existing authorities and paradigms requires intensive training through education.
5   Encouraging students to question and criticize helps students not only to learn more productively but also become qualified citizens that will be able to actively participate in social affairs.

67. "Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education."

position: agree
1    The primary purpose of education is to cultivate qualified citizens and builders of a democratic society.  1) Including: tell life skills to students, such as logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving… 2) make students open their mind and eyes 3) in this way students can make good preparation for future job
2    Colleges today tend to isolate students from society.
3    We should realize that participating in some social activities may actually contribute to their academic work.
4    To train qualified citizens for society, colleges should arrange for public-service activities to increase student’s sense of social responsibility.

78. "Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict."

position: reservation view
1    The primary purpose of education is to cultivate qualified citizens and builders of a democratic society.  1) Including: tell life skills to students, such as logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving… 2) make students open their mind and eyes 3) in this way students can make good preparation for future job
2    Human beings share many common interests and values, the awareness of which would contribute to intercultural understanding and cooperation.
3    Realizing the differences between different cultures would help different peoples of the world communicate with each other more effectively.
4    Considering the growing threat of cultural imperialism in this information age, it might be more urgent for schools to give more emphasis on cultural differences.

154. "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."

position: balanced view
1     Educators, parents and communities can and should join efforts to create a healthy learning environment for children.
2     First of all, we should never look down upon the key role that professional educators play in fostering the younger generation.
3     Meanwhile, both parents and communities can make significant contribution to school education.
4     Without a constructive family and community environment, it would be almost impossible for school education to fulfill its noble mission.

198. "Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."
  
position: agree
1    There is no doubt that society should encourage individuals to stand out to show their unique character and qualities.
2    Conformists find enhanced energy in certain corner of the business world as well, particularly in traditional service industries such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care.
3    In sharp contrast, conformity ca lead to the death of creativity.
3    A society that encourages individual differences will benefit from the creations and vitality of its people.

238. "Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy." (同198)

59. "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
  
position: disagree
1    Learning from role models and thinking independently does not conflict with each other, but be compatible to each other.
2    Children need role models to help them develop their personality and character.
3    However, it will bring many problems if people merely imitate role model rather than think and act independently by himself.
4    In other words, people should learn to think and act independently when they grow up. It is advisable that individuals learn from role models’ good qualities but unwise to simply copy them without a moment’s thought.
5    Learning from role models and learning to think independently does not naturally conflict with each other.

141. "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity."

position: agree with concession
1    Admittedly, individuality benefits the personal economic success, especially in creative area.
2    On the other hand, conformity could offer a healthy, proper sphere for personal success in any field, especially in economy. In fact, we cannot have one without the other. 1) Although conformity might mean a loss of freedom, society would come into chaos without it. In this way, anyone could hardly get greatly economic success. 2) No engineer, no matter how excellent he is, can produce an airplane solely by himself. 3) So does the computer, without cooperation how can a computer be produced?
3    The individuality and conformity are not mutually exclusive. Actually, we can not have conformity unless there are individuals to conform and we can not have individuality without the conformity. These two can promote to each other. 1) In factories, most of the worker should work together, which can improve work efficiency and gain more profits. 2) In NBA game, all the players in a team should cooperate with each other in order to win the game. 3) In today’s world, works are divided so specifically that it requires more conformity.

abstinentUID: 137004

201"The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas—not to prepare them for a specific job."
(这题比较简单，简略写一下)

Position: Disagree. Admit that passing down value system to the students is essential to perpetuate the values a culture favors. But the purpose of education should not be to restrain students within this value system but rather to provide them an atmosphere in which they could judge on their own and develop their own ideas. In addition, prepraring students for future job is also very important.
1        Admittedly, passing down values a society favors is essential.
2        Although passing down values is important, but it cannot be set as the sole purpose of education. Education should aim to provide an environment of free thinking.
3        In addition, preparing students for future job is also the responsibility of education.
4        In sum.

222"Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals."
(不能为了学习而学习，需要有目标。观点：任何事情需要目标，教育也不例外；例如，教育需要传递社会价值给下一代；教育需要为未来工作准备；教育需要提供自由的思想空间；但是，教育需要是全方位的，人格培养，技能，领导力，知识等等，所以为了学习而学习，多掌握些也许现在看起来与目标无关的知识也是有好处的，毕竟没有人知道将来会用到什么知识；)

Position: Agree with reservation. Education should be directed to a clear goal no matter what is. However, being too pragmatic in the process of learning may do harm to the students. After all the concept that learning for learning’s sake has some merit to certain degree.
1        Introduction, nothing would be achieved if no clear goal is set. (Brief explanation). And so does education.
2        On one hand, Education should aim to provide students with an atmosphere of free thinking and enable them to develop their own ideas.
3        And on the other hand, education should also be directed to preprare students with future job and train them to be productive workers.
4        In addition, education should pass down the values a sociey/culture favors.
5        However, one cannot deny the fact that, over-emphasis on certain goals may prevent the students from developing well-rounded educated and receiving a balanced education. (1) The increasingly complicated society and bombastic infomation require students to be versatile and erudite. (2) Over-emphasis on on one goal, such as preparing them for future job, may make the students care only about the courses with their field of study. One cannot imagine what will happen in the future, and what kind of knowledge one would take into practice in various situation, and hence one has to absorb as much knowledge as possible. Therefore, learning for learning’s sake does have merit to some extent.
6        In sum...

52"Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."

(观点有三层：1. 质疑是对的，只有质疑才有进步；2. 其实大多数时候，学生的质疑局限于学术领域与社会和谐无关；3. 就算学生的确质疑社会，其实最终是有益于社会和谐的,如果这种质疑是合理的。 4. 当然，确实存在学生挑战传统观念而导致社会不和谐的情况。)
Position: Only through question and criticize can society develop and be truly harmonious, so it is good. As a matter of fact, in many cases, what the students ctiticize and question has nothing to do with the society and their ideas are within academic areas and related to their majors. Even though they question the society or challenge the authority, it is ultimately helpful to social harmony.
1        To question is good. (1) The education’s purpose is to encourage independent thinking which usually involves question and criticizing. (2) Progress comes out of consistent question and criticizing. (3) If education goes without question and critique, it is meaningless at all.
2        As a matter of fact, most students raise their questions and critique within their academic filed of study which have nothing to do with the society’s harmony. The students face great competition and work under pressure, and therefore their questoin ..
3        Admittedly, students do challenge society form time to time. But in my opinion, it actually promotes social harmony instead of diminishing it if the challenge is reasonable. (1) A democratic society entitles its citizens to express themselves freely, and through which can the society progress. (2) If the question point out to the flaw of a society, it is helpful in achieving harmony ultimately.
4        Finally, in some cases, students question society radically with kind of rap music, it should not be encouraged.
5        In sum...

67"Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education."
(可以google一下，有哪些public service;如hurricane relief volunteers; law school students legal assitance to society; )

Position: Agree. By engaging in public –service, students gain a lot of practical and first-hand experience. But over-emphasis on these activities would distract students from their major study and invoving in public-service alone does not assure a balanced, well-rounded education, and there are still many other aspects to consider, such as learning art, courses in other fields.
1        Admittedly, engaging in public-service would do good to students. (1) To enhance the understanding of society. Humanity, poverty, weakness, economic. (2) To increase morality level. For example, as a hurricane relief volunteer (3) To raise sense of social responsibility.
2        However, over-emphasis on public-service would distract students from what they should focus on.
3        Involving in public-service is only one aspect of those could be done to assure students receive balanced education, and many other things could be done. For example, (1) Learning art, such as music, painting, sculpture, .etc (2) Attending courses of outside one’s own field of study. (3) Physically healthy is important too, students today spend too much time before the computers, and become physically weak.
4        In sum...

78"Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict." (小难)

Position: Partially agree. Knowing the interconnectedness of all human beings does help students have a better and fair understanding of the world and human beings, and therefore is very important to the students. However, knowing this is not enough to eliminate wars, cultural clashes, there are other factors that lead to conflict among different races, cultures. In addition, we should never forget the purpose of education, and should not place too much of our precious energy on it.
1        I agree with the author to the extent that it is important for schools to teach students the inner relation among human beings. (1) Human love peace intrinsically and appreciate life. And knowing this, we would avoid wars that kill many. (2)People are gregarious and equal inherently, and knowing this, we won’t segregate some people from the others, like what has been done in the States when black people were segregated from the white.
2        Secondly, in addtition to this, we should also notice the difference among different people. (1)Reduce cultural clash. For example, chinese avoid speaking of death in their daily life especially during spring festival in case of bad luck（ominousness）. Eastern people are more introverted than western people, and will avoid eye contact when talking to someone.  (2) Reduce religion conflict.
3        However, knowing this is not enough. (1) Sometimes, it is not the unawareness of the interconnectedness of human kind that leads to conflict, but the evil rooted in humanity, such averice, greedy, and even trade conflict.
4        Finally, we should not never forget the purpose of education.(简要论述) (1) Prepare student for future job. (2) Passing down values.
5        In sum..

154"Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."
(较简单，简单写写提纲)

Position: Agree. Schools, parents, commnunities all must involved in the education.
1        Education is important.
2        School experts are essential in the education career because their professions.
3        Parents should involve in it too. Students spend the half of their time in school and half of their at home, so parents play a vital role in education.
4        Commnities should involve in too. Because students have long vacation during summer and winter, their parents may not have too much time to take care of them.
5        In sum...

198"Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."

Position: Partially agree. Individuality is very important. But conformity should not be deemphasized.
1        Individuality is important. (1) Education’s purpose is to providing an environment of free thinking and to set mind free. (2) Creativity, for example ... (3)Confidence. Students who is individualistic always have a good self image than those who always tend to yield to others. (4) MUST NOTE that being individualistic means being an independent thinker, not an eccentric whose behaviors others may find peculiar.
2        Sometimes conformity is required. (1) In class, conformity is required. The teacher rather than the students should be at command, otherwise the class would be out of control. (2) Conformity, such as wearing uniform is necessary. Because it helps raise a sense of equality among students, and students from poor family that cannot afford expensive clothes won’t feel embarrassed. (3) Students should be also taught to cooperation. Being too individualistic fails to understand the merit of collaboration. (4) Conformity to long established values and social morality; conformity to school rules, laws.
3        In sum...

238"Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."
同198

59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."(似乎应该在学习类；属于榜样的作用)

Position: Parially agree. Role models are indispensable. But relying too much on and immitating role models without consideration for one’s real situations is not appropriate.
1        Role models are important. (1) Guidance, adversity they have faced. The way in which they succeeded. (2) Enduring impetus.  People are lazy inherently, setting up a role model would offer continuous driving force for oneself. For example, Bill Clinton, who was born in an ordinary family, once view president Kennedy as his model when he was young and wanted to be as a successful president as him.
2        However, models and their careers belong to the past, and people should take into account current situation when immitating their models. (1) Time is different, one should reevaluate current situation. (2) Immitating blindly may lead to lose onself. (3) Setting too many role models may get confused.
3        In sum...

141"Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity."(conformity 怎么和 economic success扯上关系呢？)

Position: Partially agree. Individuality is important for economic success. And conformity is also important. Both are key features of economic success, and one should find balance between them.
1        Individuality. (1) Creativity leads to new idears, and may find ways others don’t notice or produce things others may not have imagined. (2) For common workmen, individuality gives them chance to express themselves and more likely to be promoted. (3) For leaders, like CEO, individuality enables to have charisma. (4) For salesmen, individuality may have attraction to clients and help get an order. After all. people like people that are different and uniquely interesting.
2        Conformity. (1) Underling should conform to boss to get promoted. (2) Conform to laws to gain profit. Cheating may get profitable rewards temporarily, but in the long run....(3) Sometimes conformity may seem to harm interest, but may contribute to the overall prosperity and in return benefit oneself in the long run.
3        In sum...

abstinentUID: 137004

大家好，个人原因耽误了点进度
今天一定会把9-28，和9-29的都补上来
十一到了，但是不能松劲，一放松就前功尽弃了。与大家共勉！

tannieUID: 2338758

是啊，但我明天也要回家，估计要耽误两天了，但一定会补回来的，呵呵。
按照我们的进度，十月中旬就可以把所有提纲完成了。
之后就可以写全文了，加油！

tannieUID: 2338758

173. "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."

position: agree with concession
1   The statement oversimplifies the meaning of creativity.
2   To begin with, it can not deny that originality means thinking something that was never thought before since one characteristic of originality is novelty. 1) Every idea has its first time being thought out. 2) Thomas Edison always sharpened his own free wheeling style of clear thinking and had many kinds of originalities that were never thought before.
3   However, originality requires knowledge or fact already existed, therefore, originality would have nowhere to be cultivated without the source of old ideas. 1) The notion that so-called “originality” is actually variation or synthesis of existing ideas finds its greatest support in linguistics and in law.  2) Even in the arts—where one might think that true originality must surely reside—so called “new” ideas almost always embrace, apply, or synthesize what came earlier.
4    Originality can be expressed as the ability to make connections and associations among old ideas or theories, and then express them in new ways. 1) Even in the ancient Greece, there were so many interesting and meaningful folk tales and poems widely spreading among individuals.
2) Sometimes when old ideas are put together it can excite something new.
5    However, in other instances great advances in science are made by putting together current theories or other ideas in new ways.

187. "It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."

position: agree with concession
1    In areas of politics and law, new ideas are not often easily accepted.
2    Yet once society grows to accept these new ideas, it seems that it has an easier time accepting how they are put into practice.
3    In contrast, consider innovations in the natural sciences. It seems that we universally embrace any new technology in the name of progress. Of course there are always informed dissenters with legitimate concerns.
4    Yet the reasons why these dissenters oppose certain innovations have to do with their potential applications and uses, not with the innovations themselves.

75. "The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."

position: agree
1   Generally speaking, the progress of society depends more on the contributions of leaders rather than the ordinary masses.
2   It should be admitted that individual thinkers and scientist make important contributions to society.可以举几个科学家
3   However, history is filled with examples that indicate the dramatic contributions of society made by the people who are capable of leading others toward a common goal.
4   Today, progress in every field if impossible without the joined efforts of individuals—through the coordination of the leaders.

233. "Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning."

position: balanced view
1    Computer Assisted Instruction has several advantages over traditional ways of teaching. However, it does bring out disadvantages sometimes.
2    First of all, these innovations have the ability to accommodate individual differences in learning speed.
3    In addition, the computer provides students with a stress-free learning environment.
4    A third advantage of CAI is that the computer can give a student immediate feedback.
5    The possibility of students being distracted from learning by new teaching equipment should not be used as an excuse to prevent teachers and students from benefiting from technological progress.

228. "The best way to teach--whether as an educator, employer, or parent--is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."
  
position: disagree
1   The statement overlooks circumstances under which praise might be inappropriate, as well as ignoring the beneficial value of constructive criticism, and sometimes even punishment.
2   The recommendation that parents, teachers and employers praise positive actions is generally good advice.
3   While recommending praise for positive actions is fundamentally sound advice this advice, this advice should carry with it certain caveats.
4   As for ignoring negative actions, I agree that minor peccadilloes can, and in many cases should, be overlooked.
5   At the same time, some measure of constructive criticism and critique, and sometimes even punishment, is appropriate.

230. "College students--and people in general--prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."
position: disagree
1    Under certain circumstances some people prefer to take direction from others. However, not all people are favored of that. Usually, there are a large amount of people who prefer to make decisions for themselves. It would be unfair to these people if the college made all decisions for them.
2    Admittedly, under certain circumstances people prefer to take direction from others. 1) college professors are more experienced and knowledgeable, following their directions is to be preferred, for failing to do so can result in costly mistakes. 2) education of value system
3    However, for a lot of things, most part students themselves—not college administrators—should be the final decision-makers. 1) the decision about major and minor fields of study, 2) curriculum choices, 3) other broad decision

223. "Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."
position: disagree
1   Education is not a personal matter in a large sense, and it certainly has a lot to do with school or college.
2   It is not difficult to understand that education directly benefits the individual receiver of education.
3   Furthermore, the education of an individual concerns the interests of the whole society.
4   With the dramatic increase in knowledge today, it is impossible to educate oneself without the involvement of school or college.

214. "Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."
  
position: recession view
1   At first blush the statement appears compelling. I agree with that any society that values its own future well-being must be attentive to its children’s talents. However, I find troubling about the statement that it seems to recommend that certain children receive special attention at the expense of other children.
2   Early training is helpful to develop one’s talents. If offered no chance for the talent to show, the special talent can be unnoticed and miss the right period for development and become dormant forever. That is a great loss for the children and for the society. e.g. Beethoven,
3   However, concerning too much about imparting knowledge and the development of one’s intelligence will cause overlooking of other aspects. So serious problems will come out as a result.
4   Society and family should not pay much attention on those talent children by ignoring the ordinary ones.

51. "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
position: recession’s view
1   Student-oriented education is the most effective way to help students learn. However, it is too hard for education to satisfy all needs and interests of each student.
2   The traditional teacher-oriented education often neglects the individual needs and interests of each student, which proves counterproductive.
3   Student-oriented education can most effectively involve individual students in the learning process.
4   Nonetheless, it is impossible for education to satisfy all needs of the students. Winking at students’ unreasonable desires would only result in chaos in education.

46. "While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."
position: agree
1   Both sense of competition and cooperation are important for the success of a person.
2   First of all, cooperation is essential to result in great success. 1) as tomorrow’s leaders, young people will face pressing societal problems that simply cannot be solved apart from cooperative international efforts. 2) by instilling a sense of cooperation in young people, they will absorb different opinions easily and be more willing to realize different culture and knowledge, which better prepare them for leadership in today’s globalizing society.
3   Competition is helpful to individual to improve their ability as well as to make one more eminent and increase work efficiency. e.g. memory chip created by Intel, NBA
4    The sense of competition and cooperation are indispensable for a leader no matter what areas one belongs to. What’s more, competition and cooperation do not conflict but complementary with each other.

tannieUID: 2338758

我记得28号的上午发了，但却没找到，不知道是怎么搞的，呵呵。
可能最近思维太混乱了吧，汗！

tannieUID: 2338758

213. "Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others--that is, the ability to achieve social harmony--should be a major goal in every school."
position: disagree
1    Encouraging students to think critically does not necessarily conflict with our pursuit of social harmony.
2    Critical thinking is key to students both academically and politically.
3    It is necessary for students to criticize the views of each other in their studies, which does not necessarily lead to conflicts among them.
4    Compromising is harmful in academic pursuit.

210. "Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work."
position: disagree
1    Although practical considerations often play a significant role in occupational trends, ultimately the driving forces behind people’s career decisions are individual interest and ability.
2    At first glance the balance of empirical evidence would seem to lend considerable credence to the speaker’s claim.
3    However, upon further reflection it become clear that the relationship between career seekers and the supply of careers is an interdependent one, and therefore it is unfair to generalize about which one drives the other. e.g. NBA,
4    Another compelling argument against the speaker’s claim has to do with the myriad of ways in which people earn their living.

111. "The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures."
  
position: recession’s view
1    Television should not be blamed for causing the diminishing of cultural differences.
2    A common misconception is that television, with its programs and advertisements, has damaged the cultural diversity of the world.
3    What should be blamed is the domination of television programs by one culture, say the Western culture, which would surely lead to cultural homogeneity throughout the world.

151. "High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."

position: agree with concession
1   Although ample empirical evidence suggests so with respect to television, the answer is far less clear when it comes to communication via computer.
2   Few would argue that since its inception broadcast television has greatly enhanced communication to the masses.
3    Media such as email and the Web are interactive by design, yet email is often used to avoid face-to-face encounters, and in practice is used as a means of distributing quick memos.
4    With respect to Web-based communication, the myriad of educational sites, interactive and otherwise, is strong evidence that the Web tends to enhance rather than prevent, meaningful communication.

161. "In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."

position: concession’s view
1    The absolute conclusion of the statement over-emphasized the negative effect of mass media.
2    In order to maximize profits the media are simply giving the public what they demand—scrutiny of heroic public figures that serves to diminish their reputation. What’s more, someone even was killed due to media scrutiny.
3     Intense media scrutiny raises a presumption, at least in public’s collective mind, that their hero is guilty of some sort of character flaw or misdeed.
4     On the other hand, in his age of intensive media coverage, it might be easier for a society to regard someone as a hero. Media coverage might conversely increase one’s reputation. Besides, gold is still gold despite of its impurities.
5     In addition, it overstated that “anyone” who is subjected to media scrutiny his reputation will eventually be diminished. Someone’s reputation cannot be diminished only due to media.
6     The behavior of distorting someone’s reputation with malice purpose should be prohibited. Government should establish a series of laws to protect the private life of public figures and build a healthy environment of media.

109. "The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves."

position: balanced view
1   Selling product by advertisements is an effective and better way for companies. However, I can not agree the assertion that consumers who succumb to this technique actually feel better about themselves as a result.
2   As for whether the many, many ads portraying models are effective in selling products, I am not privy to the sort of statistical information required to answer this question with complete certainty. However, my intuition is that this technique does help sell products; otherwise, advertisers would not use it so persistently.
3   Consumers lured by the hope of “being like” the person in an ad might experience some initial measure of satisfaction in the form of the ego boost. However, this sense of optimism is ephemeral, invariably giving way to disappointment that the purchase did not live up to its implicit promise.

215. "The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time."

position: agree
1   With the bombardment of visual images through mass media in contemporary society, it is possible that people will become more and more passive audience rather than creative thinker.
2   Throughout history, artists have skillfully used images to make people think.
3   Today, with the introduction of CAI into the classroom, teachers can make their course more vivid, more attractive and more effective.
4   Unfortunately, however, electronic media such as TV and the Internet tend to bombardment people with images, stimulating their senses rather than their thinking.

107. "Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view."
  
position: agree
1   Instant communication systems tend to discourage thoughtful and well-reasoned points of view.
2   Instant communication systems usually require quick replies, MSN, Yahoo Messenger, Skype. The pressure of time and space—a key feature of instant communication—forces people to form hasty opinions rather than thoughtful and well-reasoned points of view.
3   On the contrary, traditional ways of communication such as hand-written letters of face-to-face discussion are more likely to induce in-depth thinking.


74. "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."

position: balanced view
1   Both the use of images and language are the effective ways to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people, and they are not conflict with each other.
2   On the one hand, language can be divided into speaking, listening, reading, writing and most of the information in the world is communicated by those four manners. Words are so powerful that they can bring either the greatest happiness of deepest despair to the receiver. They can sway the audience by arousing their strongest emotions. They can also transfer knowledge from teacher to students, from forefather to descendant.
3   On the other hand, images are more vivid and easier for the largest audience to some abstract ideological ideas or values, or to the necessity to attain further understanding, language is indispensable.
4    Thus the most effective way of communication is combing the use of images and language.

150. "Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."

position: balanced view
1   It is true that these technologies make the world smaller and smaller. As for the claim that television will render tourism obsolete, we already have sufficient empirical evidence that this will simply not happen.
2   In fact, computer connectivity might actually provide a boon for tourism. First of all, numerous pictures and information about beautiful places often appear in television and worldwide computer connections. They allure people to travel to those attractive places.
3   On the other hand, one can increase knowledge of a place he/her is interested in by the television and Internet. It will make a visit to that place easier.
4   Admittedly, travel for purposes other than tourism might eventually decline, as the business world becomes increasingly dependent on Internet.

Emily0817UID: 2310463

9月28日

173"Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."
Agree:
1 any new ideas and discoveries are based on the former knowledge no matter the former ones right or wrong
2 nowadays bring out some new ideas that nobody has thought about is difficult
        1) education developed a lot
        2) information communicate easy
3 put old things together in new way or make some changes in old methods can be seen as a creation, if it can get new achievement, make new discovery and benefits the world.

187"It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."
disagree:
1 new ideas is not always easy accepted when against the authority usually whether the new ideas are right or wrong cannot be revealed immediately
Science: Copernicus;
Arts: Van Gogh
Politics: Gay and lesbian rights
2 put new ideas into practice is not always difficult when the new ideas accepted by the masses and the benefits from them is obvious it is easy put them into practice and people are willing to overcome the obstructions  
         

75"The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."
Partly agree:
1 actually in any fields, most of the great achievement were required by coordinating the talents and skills of others
1) science: no matter which subject the new progress or discovery are based on the accumulation of the formers knowledge and make some changes or creations ( Einstein, Pasteur)
2)art: even someone have the distinguished thought or creative skill but more or less they must have some basis of the skill and principle   
3)politics: the great leaders who make new decision or reform policy is base on the former err or not proper ones and absorb the successful experiences

233"Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning."
Partly agree
1 really offer improvement
        1)more information, different understanding and ideas to one subject, inspiratoin
        2)more vivid, so more close to the real learning(in astrology, biology)
2 use it properly will not distract
        1) some subject (maths, literature) need
        2) not indicted in it and regard them as a learning ancillary nor an entertainment.
228"The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."
Partly agree
1 praise the positive actions is necessary(the scholars in school, the award money to the good performance stuff Noble prize)
1) set an example, let the masses know their contributions and know how wide the gap between them and what should be improved.  
2) encourage the good performance person they deserve the honors, and have the ability to make more great progression
2 negative ones must be criticized or be warned of
        1) good the for the person’s development
        2) avoid more loss to the company or school
        3) be a alarm bell to others , prevent the same accidents take place again

230"College students—and people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."
Disagree
1 I concede that offer some direction is necessary
1) the effective way to get new knowledge and good ideas (the greatest scientist, leaders are all educated and directed by some famous teachers)
        2) the experience can prevent students make mistake and go astray
2 but the the ability to make own decision is more important.
1) most of those successful persons get the achievements by their creative ideas or discovery  independent thinking and making decision.(Einstein )
2) the students should have this ability to make more progressions to the world
3 eliminate choices also harmful to the development of the students interests and find their potential

223"Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."
Disagree:
1 concede that whether have a good education is depend on personal primarily
1) will, and determination are important (in adverse situation can success Lincoln, Helen Keller )
        2) interests and talent also important
2 but school and college play a significant role and offer something that cannot be get only by oneself
        1) more wide and new information (from the most eminent scholars, library)
2) learn some virtue from different people know what I’ve done is wrong and which aspects need to be improved

214"Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped.
Partly agree:
1 the special talent need to be paid attention to and develop it timely (Mozart)
2 but the in the phase of basic education, the child should be educated more widely
have basic knowledge in different subject is significant
1)        broaden view get more ideas
2)        deal with the problems in daily life
3)        find more suitable interests

51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
Disagree
1 meet the students needs is important
        Play one’s talent fully
2 but meet every students’ interests is impossible any harmful to the society.
1) the purpose of the society is culture the different kind professional person who can propel the progression of the society. Meet every students need will cause the unbalance of the jobs requirement and the lack of human resource in some field
2) no enough teachers, equipment, locations
3) lacking the primary knowledge and skill of live. Narrow mind, not know how to deal with the problem in real life,

46"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."
Disagree:
1 Every kind of person are needed in society not only leaders (scientist, common but professionnal workers)
2 competition is not the only way to become a successful leader (cooperation, listen to the citizen's view...)

[ 本帖最后由 Emily0817 于 2007-9-29 22:37 编辑 ]

abstinentUID: 137004

173"Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."

Position: Partially agree. Somtimes originallity just puts together old ideas in new ways; but still are there many cases when originality break old and long established ideas and set up new ones.
1        Originality sometimes comes out of rearranging ideas of the past. (1) (Describe why it is the case.) Each era has a great quantity of good ideas, but people just simply don’t how fully utilize them, and cannot think of new ways in which they may be put into use. As a matter of fact, most new inventions and new ideas are able to find their initial precedents in the history. For example (2) People have long invented television, but for long time, few people have thought of embedded a televsion in a car. (3) Examples are abundant in the computer networking areas. A) Now the popular VoIP technique, that is Voice over IP network, is not a real invention at all. It just put together voice communication technique which has long been put into practice in our telepcom system and the IP network through which we surf the internet everyday. By combining these two together, people get a sharp cut down of their communication cost. B) The new P2P technique is not new inherently neither. It bases on a large distributed system which have already been in good use in many computer workstation. Engineers brough the idea to the file transfer in the internet. (4) Chemistry and biology were once separate subjects, and had their own particular ideas and focuses, but not until somebody brought chemistry ideas into the research of biology did many new discoveries float to the surface and bring the biologist to a completely new world of microscope.
2        However, one may wonder how the ideas on which new ideas base come about? In fact, there are always many ideas that are truly original come into being by breaking false old ideas and establish their own dominance. (1) (又来俗的了)Copernicus’s theory that sun is the center of the universe (hiliocentricism 日心说) in contrast to the long established belief that earth is the center.（地心说geocentrism） (2) Einstein’s Theory of Relativity (3) Newton’s Three law of mechanics. All these ideas are those have opened the history or broken established beliefs.
3        In sum...

187"It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."
(这个idea可以是很多方面的，政治决策，科学技术，道德)

Position: Agree with reservation. People generally welcome new ideas and innovation, and like them to be put into practice if they find them beneficial. However, when these new ideas are controvsical and likely to cause undesired consequence, they usually tend not to accept them easily. In addition, in some cases, some seemingly beneficial innovation people once favored turn to do harm afterwards, and therefore it is reasonable of people to feel anxious about new innovations and ideas.
1        People welcome new ideas and innovations when they find them beneficial and would like them to be put into practice. For example, (1) Lower tax (2) The Civil Disobeydence (3) (青霉素的发明) penicillin is what people welcom because it help people of suffering from serious infection. (4)
2        However, they may resist ideas that may cause controversy or undesired consequences. (1) Nuclear power plant (2) (中国上海 沪杭磁悬浮列车的修建)magatrain may cause radiation pollution (3) Clone, may save life by transfer man made organs but cause ethical controversy.
3        In addition, some seemingly good innovation turns out to be controversial and therefore people nowadays feel anxious about new innovations because they have no idea what side effect they may bring to the society and their life. (1) Television (2) Computer network, internet, addictive to internet. (3) Cars are good invention, but cause pollution.
4        In sum...

75"The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."
(有点类似173)
Position: Disagree. Those who make significant contributions to the society generally develop their own new ideas. But we should admit that no new ideas can go without a good understanding and perception of old ones. In addition, there are also many innovations that come directly from adaptation of old ideas.
1        Significant contributions always come from ideas that are totally different from the old ones and often open a new world with fresh ideas.
2        But no new ideas can go without a good understanding of old ideas, that is any contribution and new ideas are more or less based on the established knowledge pool.
3        In addition, there are still many contributions that come directly from adaptation of old inventions or ideas.
4        In sum...

233"Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning."

Position: Disagree with some reservation. What is a real learning ?? Those advanced learning tools and methods greatly help students learn. But sometimes they do distract them from concentrating. Therefore, students should be guided when using these tools.
1        What is real learning? In my opinion, a real learning involves memorizing facts, comprehension, and first hand practice. There is limit of human comprehension and memorizing ability, need tools and methods to help them improve it.
2        Those learning tools help the students a great deal. (1) Video (television) (2) Internet, abundant information (3) Good computer software
3        Admittedly, sometimes these tools are so heavily decorated (giddy 令人眼花的)that it may distract students from concentrate on their work. (1) Exploding information out there on line, one may waste time search for it. School should guide students to use Internet appropriately (2) Television acts more as something relaxing as a learning tool and could distract their concentration. (3) Distract by PC game, or internet game.  
4        In sum...

228"The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."

Position: Disagree with reservation. Praising positive actions is as important as pointing out the negative ones. But when pointing out the students’ flaw, we should insinuate it in an indirect way or even by praising it.
1        Praising good behavior is essential in teaching process.
2        However we should point out inadequacy in an indirect way rather ignore it. (1) Point out inadequacy is important. A)Let students know where to improve. B) Preventing them from repeating the same mistake. (3) Preventing students from being pretentious/fatuous if they think they’er perfect. And pointing out their weakness help to build up teacher’s authority (4) Criticizing helps students become tough-minded, after all, when they step to the society, their boss would not tolerate their incompetence.
3        Finally, criticizing should go in an implicit/implied way.
4        In sum...

230"College students—and people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."

Position: Disagree with some reservation. Admit that the students and people in general are so lazy inherently that they prefer to follow instructions rather than make their own decision; but schools should not pander to their inertia. Providiing choices does good to students, while eliminating choices harms them. However, shools should offer too many choices about which students may feel confused and schools should provide guidance on good choices. In addition, schools should not leave the students decide what to learn or what not to learn; some courses must be required for the students’ good.
1        People are lazy and passive in nature.
2        It is inappropriate for the school not to provide reasonable choices to the students. (1) Preventing them from developing into their ideas (2) Students feel responsible for themselves when they are left to make their own decision (3) Students are more likely to find their own interest when they are provided choices to make for themselves. (4) Leads to more active learning and as a result, a more effective learning.
3        Students should avoid providoing too many choices about which the student may confused. And should guide the students to choose courses that most suit them. (1) Basic class, advanced class. Some students may overestimate themselves and prefer to choose advanced classes, and in this case, schools are responsible providing suggestion. (2) Too many choices is not helpful.
4        Schools should not leave the students to decide all the courses.
5        In sum...

223"Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."

Position: Education is by no means a personal matter, it determines the future of a society and a culture, and involves in not only schools, but also parents, and  communities. However, from a personal point of view, education determines the future of an individual, and as a result is a private matter.
1        Education is essentially important to a society and a culture. (1) Passing down values and culure heritage. (2) Particularly, in this era of information explosion, knowledge has become the main impetus of economy, and many economists call it an ear of knowledge economy. And even in the past, the great British thinker Baccon said, “Knowledge is power.” And where does knowledge come from? Of course formal school education primarily. (3) Education determines the destiny of a society. Invention, social problems are resolved by technology.
2        Education is so important that it should not leave solely to schools or colleges. It should include all helpful resources in the society, such as parents, communities, and the society on the whole.
3        However, to an individual, education is indeed a personal matter. (1) Determines individual future development. A good education largely gurantees a bright future. (2) And we cannot deny that a twenty-year education cannot teach everything you need in your future life. And therefore one has to learn one’s own and should not be too dependent on school education. After all, education in schools are designed to suit an average level, so one may adjust to suit oneself.
4        In sum...

51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."

观点：部分赞同，折衷观点。既要照顾个性，也要照顾共性。要考虑教育的最终目的才能衡量是否effective
1.        照顾个性有好处。A. 每个人兴趣天赋可能不同，specific designed education helps to bring their talents to success. 举例兴趣对学习的重要性， 爱迪生 ……随便举 B. 接受能力，理解能力不同 C. 个人目的，有些学生以就业为目的，有些以学术研究为目的，有不同教学方法。D, 某些极端的情况下，一些disabled/handicapped students, they need special education, 比如聋哑……智障……
2.        照顾个性的不利。A 不利于培养合作精神。合作精神的好处，举例：jack welch说过一个人成功要有出色的人际交往能力(interpersonal skills)。B 学生往往对社会了解不多，往往做出错误的判断和定位。C 容易造成偏科，艺术造诣极好，但是却是个生活白痴。
3.        照顾每个人个性的可行性？教育资源有限，不可能照顾每个人
4.        总结，有利有弊。而且为每个人定制教育不现实。教育应在大众基础教育的基础上，适当考虑个人差异。

214"Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Education does have the ability and responsibility to identify talented kids and to promote their development.
2        But this training does not necessarily need to start at an early age. And without this special training, children are not necessarily undermined. (1) Education’s purpose is to nurture nature interest. It may well be the case that the kid talent lies in one area while his interest lies in the other. In this case, an early training main prevent a natural grow-up. (2) Training at an early age may isolate talents kid from his friends. (3) May add extra burden or pressure to kids.
3        In addition, academic ability or professional talents are not the only factors that determine a great achievement. (1) Interpersonal skills. (2) Psychological health. (3) A balanced and well-rounded education.
4        In sum...

46"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."

Position: A good sense of competitoin and cooperaton are equally vital for a leader to gurantee a successful career.
1        The merits and positive effect of competition. (1) A clear goal, and lasting driven force. People who have a good sense of competition always set up a goal, usually a role model in his area, for themselves, and try their best to emulate or even excel him. (2) For example, for a sports man, he can never go without a clear goal, usually someone who have better record than him. He must try his best to defeat his target by practicing harder. (3) Working with a sense of competition makes people under pressure, and usually people do better under moderate pressure.
2        But over-emphasis on competition would do harm to one’s career. (1) Arouse hostility or jealousy, or depression, great pressure. (2) Lead to illegal competition, such as comercial corruption, deception, bribe, circumvention. (可以举例水门事件--欺诈), ; or in the sport field, drug abuse, stimulant.
3        (简单对上两点小结) Consenquently, ...
4        However, we should never forget the importance and significance of cooperation, and one would achieve nothing if he has no idea of how to collaborate with others, both his companion and opponent. (过度段)
5        On the one hand, one has to cooperate well with his fellows or companions. (1) Cooperation is needed
6        On the oher hand, one also has to cooperate even with his opponents sometimes for sake of profit.
7        In sum...

abstinentUID: 137004

补作业了
最近家里发生了点事，实在没有心思写；
大家加油，我会尽力补上来的

tannieUID: 2338758

29. "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."

position: disagree with concession
1    People are always curious about the private lives of public figures. Yet, it cannot be said that these people should expect to lose their privacy, for these people are human as the same as us. They deserve to enjoy all the rights that we take for granted.
2   It is nature for the public to curious about the private lives of public figures.
3   Medias are interested it for the monetary reason.
4   The reputation of public figures is always diminished by the invasion of their private lives. They also have the right that we take for granted. It is unfair to say that they should expect to sacrifice their privacy.
.

14. "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature."

position: agree
1   Reading imaginative literature is beneficial for everyone.
2   Imagination is a precondition of any creative work, e.g. music, paint,
3   Reading imaginative literature enriches one’s imagination.
4   Reading imaginative literature is also a pleasant way of relaxation.


49. "Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance."

position: concession’s view
1    Imaginative works may have a more lasting endurance than factual accounts. However, I don’t believe that imaginative accounts are more truthful than factual stories.
2   Admittedly, most fictional works rely on historical settings for plot, thematic, and character development.
3   Imaginative works can bring an historical period alive—by way of creative tools such as imaginary point of view. Imaginative works can provide meaning to historical events—through the use of devices such as symbolism and metaphors.


96. "Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence of any objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsibility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged."

position: disagree
1   Works of art are created for people to appreciate rather than for critics to judge.
2   Setting standards for woks of art tends to hinder artists’ creations.
3   Unfortunately, the reality is that too often critics have turned the public into passive audience of arts.

143. "Artists should pay little attention to their critics.* Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity."

position: agree with concession
1   Although the critic can help us understand and appreciate art, more often than not, critique is either counterproductive to achieving the objective of art or altogether irrelevant to that objective.
2   To support the statement the speaker might point out the ostensible functions of the art critic.
3   The values of these functions are in especially suspect.

144. "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value."

position: concession’s view
1   Artists and critics are supplement to each other.
2   It is the creative minds of artists that add hue to our quotidian life.
3   However, a constructive criticism could help artists promote their working level and tell people how to be a good connoisseur.
4   All of the greatest feats in history, which gave society something of lasting value, are those created by artists and evaluated by critics. Appropriate critical evaluation might entice the people’s attention towards those works.

76. "Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."

position: agree
1    To be more exact, great thinkers and artists are generally out of step with their time and society.
2    Many great artists remained obscure all their lives.
3    There are countless examples of original thinkers who were either ignore or misunderstood by their time and their society.
4    However, there are cases of greater thinkers or artists who were recognized and rocketed to instant fame in their own time and their own society.

131. "The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."
  
position: agree with concession
1   While this assertion has merit, I think it unfairly generalizes about art.
2   In more important architecture, one consistently sees a reflection of society’s ideas and urges.
3   However, in more important paintings of the most recent century one sees instead the artists’ personal and idiosyncratic vision of an aesthetic ideal.

218. "In order for any work of art--whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song--to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."

position; concession’s view

1   First consider musical art form, it would be absurd to assert that objective of music is to challenge the listener’s knowledge of music theory. In fact, listening to music is simply an encounter—an experience to be accepted at face value for its aural impact on our spirit and our emotions.
2   Next consider the art forms of painting and sculpture. If the rest for meritorious art were its ability to be clearly understood by every observer, them our most valuable art would simply imitate the mundane physical world around us.
3   Finally, consider art forms such as poetry, song, and prose, in certain cases stanzas and verses need not be “understood” to have merit, as much as they need be experienced for the images and emotions they evoke.

88. "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."
  
position: disagree with concession
1   Technologies have radically changed the way we spend holidays.
2   The new ways of communication brought about by electronic technology have transformed the way we associate with each other in our daily lives.
3   However, we should not let technologies determine our ethics.

tannieUID: 2338758

这两天都在补进度，累啊。
顶一下，免得沉下去。

abstinentUID: 137004

213"Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others—that is, the ability to achieve social harmony—should be a major goal in every school."

Position: Disagree with reservation. 类似52，都是说challenge还是 compromise.  The purpose of education should be to encourage independent thoughts which requires frequent challenge and criticizing. However, it is also the schools responsibility to passdown values and teach the students to obey laws and traditions which are helpful to social harmony. And in addition, we cannot disregard the flaws of the society for sake of harmony because it will finally harm society itself in return.
1        The merit of challenge. (1) Reasonable challenge enables students to develop into real independent thinkers. (2) A society cannot progress without being criticized or challenged. For example, outdated tradition, or unjust laws (3) It is the essence of democracy to entitle its people to question authority
2        However, unreasonable challenge may lead to commotion or quarrel. (1) To challenge is not to find fault with somebody (2) Challenge should have good reason, and should not come out from personal prejudice or something like that.
3        On the other hand, a sense of collaboration is essential to gurantee a successful career. (理由很多)
4        In sum...

210"Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work."

Position: Agree with reservation. There is no problem of choosing career on a pragmatic basis, and the market trend reflects the priority of a society’s need and thus should be paid more attention to. As a matter of fact, many people do choose a career on their talents.
1        There’s no problem of choosing career on a pragmatic basis, and sometimes pragmatic consideration can bring success as well. (1) Providing basic living materials, we need well paid job. This is human nature. (2) Talents and interest could be discovered in pratical job, and could be cultivated and fostered because some people have no idea of what they are good at or they are not good at. By practicing certain specific work, they may find their bent. (3) Pragmatic pursuit is beneficial to satisfy society’s need because market trend reflects the priority a society concerns. (4) Sometimes personal interest may cost a lot of money which most people may not afford, so they have to find jobs that are in large demand. And they could pursue their interest with their salary. For example, Albert Einstein was once a technician in a small company, but he never gave up his personal interest and pursuit. He read a lot in his spare time.
2        However, unlike what the speaker asserts, many people do discover their talents at an early age, and pursue a career in the area they are good at. (1) Mnay sport stars, like Michel Jordon, start training at an early age. (2) And if people do better than others in an area, and probably he may feel better, and this feeling may in turn drives them to do even better.
3        As a matter of fact, interest in a particular area is the essence of success in that field. But unfortunately, seldom do people discover their talents timely, and when they suddenly discover their natual interest or talents, it is too late, they have worked for many years and would ponder the loss and unpredictable gain carefully.
4        In sum...

111"The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures."

Position: Partially agree. The wide spread coverage of television programs and advertisements do have done something in promoting the understanding of different culture. However, the differences among cultures are still there, and do not change much on the whole.
1        Television and ad do have some effect in enhance understanding of different cultures. (1) Many travel programs on television take us to various countries to experience their life and in this way we may know much about people of different cultures. (2) Televison as a tool teaches us language. For example, there are many language teaching programs on TV, and mastering foreign languages is the first step of understanding a culture. (3) Advertisements are always artistically created, and often involve elements of different culture. For example, an airline company’s advertisement may include people of different colors who are dressed up on their traditional clothes. On seeing this ad, we may have a glimpse of their culture. And another example is, a mutinational food company may propmt advertisement involving food from different nation, and by knowing what people from other culture background eat, we may also have a glance at their culture.
2        However, culture differences won’t diminish because of understanding of each other. Each culture tends to remain on its own, but sometimes they do absorb other culture. (1) Culture is something long established, and won’t be influenced or changed easily (2) And programs on television or advertisements are usually artistically exagerated, or created to convey certain idea which may not reflect the true condition. (3) People may know well about other cultures but they prefer to remain their life style to which they have been so accustomed. For example, western people still believe in god and celebrate their traditional days without being influenced by other cultures. (4) But some eastern contries, such as China, they introduce Christamas day and valentine’ s day from western world, although many of them are not christaints.
3        In sum...

151"High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."

Position: Disagree with reservation. High-speed electronic communication media in most cases convey accurate and vivid infomation and act as tools of meaningful and thoughtful communication. However, there are still some cases when high-speed electronic commnunication does contribute to meaningless and insensible communication.
1        On the one hand, it provides convenient communication tools, and provides possibility of meaningful and rapid communication. (1) Email rapid transfer, and instant communication. If we want to send some files to somebody, traditionally we will write or type a letter. But now ... (2) Television, news, surely convey meaningful information. And many other examples.
2        And on the other hand, in some cases it does block meaningful communication. (1) Spam emails, and hasty, vague description for sake of saving time. (2) Television, entatainment program always meaningless, and waste our time.
3        The problem is not the invention and emergence of these new technology itself that intervene our life, but people’s attitude and how people use these invention.
4        In sum...

161"In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."

Position: Partially agree.
1        This is an era of information, and almost no events could escape the coverage of media.
2        When people are constantly exposed to the media scrutiny, many problems, either personal, or non-personal, may appear no matter whether or not it is the case. (1) Bill Clinton. (2) Sports star use drugs (3) Entataining star immoral relationship.
3        Sometimes, these problems may harm their reputation.
4        But sometimes these scandals are helpful and are utilized to win fame or popularity.
5        In sum...

109"The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves."

Position: Agree with some reservation.
1        Admittedly, ad has the purpose of pursuading people buy their products so that they would be like the person in the ad. (1) For example, men want to be mascular, and when they see ads that recommend food that helps build up muscles, they probably will buy the food in the hope of becoming the mascular person in the ad. (2) For women, they want to be slimer, and ... (3) And for parents, who’re expecting babies, probably will be influenced by ads that include cute and smart looking babies no matter what it sells as long as it claims to gurantee a similarly cute baby.
2        But, the essence of ad is to make people know their products and know what the products can do for them.
3        As a matter of fact, many people do not believe the effect claimed in the ad because they think that effect has been exagerated. As a result they think they are always rational and reasonable customers who are not influenced by ads. In fact, ads always have a subtle effect on people’s consuming habit.a
4        In addition, some ads aim not to sell products but to raise people awareness of something, such public ad such environment protection.
5        In sum...

215"The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time."

Position: Disagree with some reservation.
1        Admittedly, the visual images nowadays are indeed overwhelming, and they do in certain degree distract us. (1) Everyone has the ability to distribute information in the Internet now, it is called the era of Web 2.0 which means everybody could put information whether personal or non-personal, compared to Web 1.0 when informations are distrubted by only a few people. (2) People like visual image, because it is more direct and more life like. Pictures, videos, and so on. (3) There are so abundant trivial, redundant and meaningless inforamation online that it may usually distract us. (4)
2        However, people won’t be disturbed by these flooding images if they feel like something is more important. (1) Election (2) War issue (3) Olympic Games (4) At first, people may feel confused with so many visual information, but they now get so used to it, and develop their own way filter information they do not need, and are not distracted by these seemingly appealing images.
3        In sum...

107"Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view."

Position: Disagree with some reservation.
1        Instant communication sometimes does not permit long time consideration. (1) If a company encounters a serious product quality deficiency and when questioned by the press, the person in charge has to respond immediately, and take immediate actions. Otherwise, the bad news would go globally within a few minutes. This is the power of instant communication of this unprecedented era.
2        However, instant decision does not mean it is hasty or it is not well-reasoned. On the one hand, living in this rapid era, people have long got used to the rapid pace and developed the ability to decide in a very short time. This is may be explained by the adpatation; And on the other hand, even when people cannot form an opinion or get to a decision, they often choose to delay the decision.
3        As a matter of fact, it is the world that gets more and more intricate everyday rather than the instant communication system that forces people to make quick and hasty decisions.
4        In sum...

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
(这好像类似哪一题，也是说image和文字的作用，好像是电视和书本)
Position: Disagree with some reservation.
1        When communication an idea, our purpose is to make people understand what we are want them to know. And language and images, whether they are pictures or videos, both have the effect.
2        The basic way is through language.
3        Image is used as a supplementary to help people understand.
4        In sum...

150"Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Admittedly, we do know a lot place without going there personally because of television.
2        However, being somewhere in person is different from seeing it from television.
3        On the other hand, the purpose of tourism is not only to have been to somewhere, sometimes it may be a trip during which people could get together with friends and relax their body and mind.
4        In sum...

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偶回来了
大家快但补作业啊，提纲可以写得简略点