【九一五学社】作文总帖

tannieUID: 2338758

81. "Patriotic(爱国的) reverence（尊崇）for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress."

position: concession’s view
1     It should be admitted that patriotic reverence for the history of a nation is a precondition of national cohesion.
2     However, irrational reverence for national history would result in social conservatism that rejects the introduction of any social reforms.
3     Blind reverence for national history would also cause fanatic nationalism, making impossible the communication between nations and cultures.

221. "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."

position: concession’s view
1     I agree with the statement insofar as through the earnest study of human history we learn that basic human nature—our desires and motives, as well as our fears and foibles(弱点)—has remained constant over recorded time.
2     However, beneficial it might be to appreciate the unchanging nature of humankind, it is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate significant differences between peoples of different time periods—in terms of cultural mores, customs, values and ideals.
3     Another problem with the statement is that it undervalues other, equally important benefits of studying history.

241. "An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time." （同36）

11. "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."

position: disagree
1    First, participant nations would need to overcome a myriad（大量） of administrative and political impediments(障碍).
2    A second problem inherent in establishing a global university involves the risk that certain intellectual and research avenues would become officially sanctioned while others of equal or greater potential value would be discouraged, or perhaps even proscribed.
3    A final problem with a global university is that the world’s preeminent intellectual talent might be drawn to the sorts of problems to which the university is charged with solving, while parochial(地方性的) social problem go unsolved.

13. "Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

position: agree
1    I agree insofar as a country’s indigenous and distinct languages should not be abandoned and forgotten altogether. At some point, however, I think cultural identity should yield to the more practical considerations of day-to-day life in a global society.
2    On the one hand, the indigenous(本地的) language of any geographical region is part and parcel（重要部分）of the cultural heritage of the region’s natives.
3    Another important reason to prevent the extinction of a language is to preserve the distinct ideas that only particular language can convey.
4    On the other hand, in today’s high-tech world of satellite communications, global mobility, ad especially the Internet, language barriers serve primarily to impede cross-cultural communication, which in turn impedes international commerce and trade.
5    Moreover, language barriers naturally breed misunderstanding, certain distrust and, as a result, discord and even war among nations.
6    Furthermore, in my view the extinction of all but a few major languages is inexorable(无法改变的)—as supported by the fact that the Internet has adopted English as its official language. Thus by intervening to preserve a dying language a government should might be deploying its resources to fight a losing battle, rather than to combat more pressing social problems—such as hunger, homelessness, disease, and ignorance—that plague(烦恼) nearly every society today.

116. "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society-including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences-will benefit greatly from international influences."

position: agree with concession
1    While those influences will no doubt benefit education and the sciences, the nature of those influences on the arts and on politics will probably be a mixed one-beneficial in some respects yet detrimental in others.
2    The clearest and most immediate beneficiaries of international influences are students.
3    The science clearly benefit from international influences as well.
4    With respect to the arts, however, the speaker’s claim is far less convincing.
5    The impact of global networking on political relations might turn out to be a mixed one as well.

197. "The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."

position: agree
1     Turning first to economic progress and well-being, the economic pursuits of any nation today are not merely connected to but actually interwoven with those of other nations.
2     In other cases the economic connection between nations is synergic(合作的)—either mutually beneficial or detrimental.
3     Nations have also become interconnected in the pursuit of scientific and technological progress.
4     The world’s nations have become especially interconnected in terms of their public health.

152. "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."

position: concession’s view
1     In several respects this position has considerable merit; yet it ignores certain compelling arguments for imposing on businesses additional obligations to the society in which they operate.
2     On the one hand, profit maximization within the bounds of the law should be a business executive’s sole responsibility. First imposing on businesses additional duties to society in which they operate can, paradoxically, harm that society.
3     Secondly, by affirming that profit maximization within legal bounds is the most ethical behavior possible for business, more private enterprises and individuals will be encouraged enter the marketplace in the quest of profits.
4     On the other hand, it is also certain responsibilities for business executives to profit maximization and to compliance with the letter of law.

224. "Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified."

position: concession’s view
1    Censorship can contribute to the interests of the public.
2    It is true that government officials often use censorship to protect their vested(授予的) interests.
3    What is also true is that the mass media tend to abuse their freedom of expression in order to maximize their commercial interests.
4    Government is responsible for preventing its people from potential harmful effects of the mass media.

115. "It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
  
position: concession’s view
1    In certain endeavors, quantitative measurements and logical analysis of data are essential for us to determine whether and to what extent we are progressing or regressing(逆行). However, in other realms, objective data provides little guidance for determining progress.
2    As for monitoring individual progress, the extent to which careful measurement and logical of data are required depends on the specific endeavor. In the area of personal finance, objective measurements are critical.
3    In the area of one’s physical well-being, however, quantitative measurement might be useful yet insufficient.
4    On a societal level, as on a personal level, the extent to which careful measurement and logic are needed to determine progress also depends on the endeavor. In macroeconomics, as in personal finance, objective measurements are critical.
5    In contrast, socio-political progress is less susceptible to objective measurement.

tannieUID: 2338758

159. "The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."
  
position: disagree
1    The statement is clearly accurate insofar as machines are tools of human minds.
2    As for the statement’s second claim, in certain respects machines are superior.
3    Up till now, the notion of human-made machine that develop the ability to think on their own, and to develop so-called “emotional intelligence”, has been pure fiction.

182. "It is dangerous to trust only intelligence."
  
position: concession’s view
1    Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.
2    In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.
3    However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts to solve problems.

240. "Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback."

position: concession’s view
1   Encouragement proves more valuable than negative feedback.
2   People may not be as good as we tell them they are, but they will try harder thereafter.
3   Encouragement can make people happy and confident.
4   Admittedly, honest negative feedback may help people see their weakness.       

21. "Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."

position: agree with concession
1    Reform means the redistribution of benefits of various levels; therefore, resist and dissatisfaction is inevitable.
2    Those who are not really in earnest about reform will retreat when facing difficulties in a reform.

171. "People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good."

position: agree
1    By human nature we are motivated to pursue activities in which we excel.
2    Secondly, it is unusual avenues of personal interest that most often lead to the greatest contributions to society.
3    Thirdly, to adopt a view that runs contrary to the speaker’s position would be to sanction (批准)certain intellectual pursuits while proscribing others—which smacks thought control and political oppression.

231. " 'Moderation in all things' is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, 'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus."

position: concession’s view
1    The virtues of moderation are undeniable. Moderation in all things affords us the time and energy to sample more of what life and world have to offer. In contrast, lack of moderation leads to a life out of balance.
2    Having acknowledged the wisdom of the old adage(谚语), I nevertheless agree that under some circumstances, and for some people, abandoning moderation might be well justified.

200. "The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."
  
position: concession’s view
1    Both solitude and interaction with others contributes to self-knowledge.
2    To lead a happy life, the first thing is to know ourselves. “An unexamined life is not worth living.”
3    One way to know ourselves is to examine ourselves alone.
4    However, interaction with others can also help us see more clearly who we are.

62. "The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient."

position: disagree
1    On the one hand, admitting that we are deficient is the first step towards progress.
2    On the other hand, smugness(自鸣得意) only leads to stagnancy(停滞不前).
3    A serious problem with modern society is that too many people fail to realize the need for self-improvement.

25. "Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction--in other words, to make things as simple as possible."

position: concession’s view
1    The statement brings immediately to mind the ever-growing and increasingly complex digital world.
2    Lending even more credence to the statement is the so-called “big government” phenomenon.
3    Adding further credibility to the statement is the tendency of most people to complicate their personal lives.

136. "The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."

position: agree
1    Our collective life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day—on a continual basis. Common sense dictates that humans have free will, and therefore the true absence of choice is very rare.
2    People often claim that life’s circumstances leave them with “no choice”. The fundamental problem with these sorts of claim is that the claimants(主张者) are only considering those choices that are not viable or attractive.
3    Besides, the contention that we are almost invariably free to choose is far more appealing from a socio-political standpoint than the opposite claim.

tannieUID: 2338758

156. "Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live."

position: concession’s view
1    Choice is a highly practical thing that everyone is confronted with all the time.
2    However, not every one can tackle choice properly with much easiness.
3    Society is also influenced and controlled by our way of living.

179. "What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open--but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."

position: concession’s view
1    Only after we have gained real knowledge can we be competent for a better comprehension of the world.
2    People’s unremitting(不松懈的) pursuit of knowledge is not for the sake of knowledge, but largely for the sake of their settled life goals and acquiring a degree of certainty about their goals.

205. "As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive."

position: concession’s view
1    The effects of the abundant information available through the electronic media on life-long learning are not always positive.
2    There is no doubt that the electronic media such as Internet can make great contributions to life-long learning by providing people with on-line education through their lives.
3    However, we should not equate information with education.
4    There are still many problems to be solved before people everywhere in the world can use the Internet for life-long learning.

239. "Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."

position: concession’s view
1    On the one hand, we should not passively accept whatever is passed off (消失) as fact; otherwise, human knowledge would never advance.
2    On the other hand, in certain cases undue skepticism can be counterproductive and ever harmful.

183. "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
  
position: concession’s view
1    As our knowledge of the world accumulates, we arrive at a higher stage of civilization although the world may appear more complex and more mysterious.
2    The world in the eyes of primitive tribes was much simpler and thus more “comprehensible” in a sense and certainly more backward.
3    If we compare the known part of the world to the space within a circle, the unknown part of the world around the circle grows as the circle of our knowledge expands.
4    There is no need to feel frustrated about the increasingly more complex and more mysterious world that we confront because our knowledge in total keeps growing and correspondingly we are becoming better equipped to cope with the problems that emerge.

184. "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."

position: concession’s view
1    A theory conjured up(出现) without the benefit of data amounts to little more than the theorist’s hopes and desires—what he or she wants to be true and not be true.
2    By theorizing before collecting data the theorist also runs that risk of interpreting that data in a manner which makes it appear to lend more credence to the theory than it actually does.

172. "Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time."

position: concession’s view
1    It is customary fate of new truth to begin as heresies(异端).
2    Copernicus’ heliocentric theory(哥白尼的日心说) in the 16th century was a direct attack upon the accepted wisdom of the time, a geocentric(地心说) view of the universe postulated（假设）by Aristotle and Ptolemy(托勒密).
3    In former socialist countries, it took a long and painful time for people to give up the old idea of state-owned and to accept the idea of market economy.

127. "Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."

position: agree
1    When it comes to certain aspect of our personal lives, and to historical events and scientific truths, no measure of desire or even passion can change external reality.
2    On an individual level, we all engage in futile attempts to alter facts—by pretending that certain things are not the way they are because they are inconsistent with our wishes or personal interests.
3    Nor can we alter facts by virtue of our inclinations or passions when it comes to history. Historical event is not rendered any less factual by either our ignorance or characterization of it.
4    Similarly, when it comes to science, our wishes and desires ultimately yield to the stubbornness of facts—by which I mean empirical scientific evidence and the laws and principles of the physical world.

157. "There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."

position: concession’s view
1    It would be tempting to afford the speaker’s claim greater merit than it deserve. After all, our everyday experience as humans informs us that we often disagree about what we observe around us.
2    However, these sorts of subjective “observations” are actually subjective “interpretations” of what we observe.

18. "Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."
  
position: agree
1    Different viewpoint interconnect with each other. Only after careful comparison can we reach the soul of the idea.
2    Doubts and contrasting views can provide valuable use for reverences to our learning.
3    History is replete with(充满) illustrative cases in which doubts and contrasting views contribute to the consummation（实现）of our knowledge.

68. "People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."
  
position: concession’s view
1    Expert’s opinions should be evaluated objectively.
2    Generally speaking, experts’ opinions are comparatively more trustworthy than ordinary people’s when it comes to solving problems that require special expertise.
3    The reality of our society is that people tend to take for granted whatever experts say.
4    It is possible that sometimes experts do make mistakes which ordinary people can correct.

tannieUID: 2338758

提纲很烂，都是一句话，而且还很大成分参考别人的。真是不好意思帖出来， 呵呵。
因为想抓紧赶出来，写全文。
时间不多了，要加油啊，不能松懈。

abstinentUID: 137004

无意中搜到的一个网站，没仔细看，但至少是全英文的，大家可以参考一下，我收藏了，提纲写完后慢慢参考

http://www.urch.com/forums/

abstinentUID: 137004

163"Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis."
(难写啊)
Position: Agree with reservation.
1        People are making choice and solving problems everyday.
2        Admittedly, everyone has his own habit of thinking and value system, and they usually live to their beliefs and habits. (1) Thinking habit, (思维定势) (2) People judge things on their long-established values system. (3) When they face crisis, they face difficulty, they may resort to other resources and reconsider their beliefs.
3        People live in fixed area, and have fixed living habits. People commute to workplace and do the same job everyday.
4        However, when people face special situation, such life adversity, unemployment, death, there may be a great change in their thought and habits.
5        In sum...

164"Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."

Position: Agree partially.
1        Admittedly, as the author asserts, imagination is important when performing a job. (1) Breaking constraints. (2) Creativity. (3) When performing job one has never encountered before, imagination is essential
2        Yet experience is also very important too.
3        In addition, imagination without experience is groundless, and is oftern meaningless.
4        In sum...

65"People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Society does encourage people to distinguish among different things.
2        However, knowing similarities among ideas and individuals is also very important.
3        In sum...

225"People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Looking for similarities is essential. (1) Learning (2) Collaboration (3) Enhance interpersonal skills, and cross-culture understanding.
2        Sometimes, it is unhelpful or even harmful to look for similarities. (1) (2)
3        Yet it is insufficient to consider things only on their own. Comparing to others is necessary, and helps us to understand it more thoroughly.
4        In fact, knowing difference among things is also very important.
5        In sum...

71"Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Human are sociable and gregarious species.
2        Working as a team and involving in a group is helpful and important for one’s development and growth both physically and spiritually.
3        However, one must notice that spending time alone makes one better companion to others
4        In addition, spending time alone has alternative merit.
5        In sum...

15"The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."

Position: Disagree with some reservation.
1        Stability is essential to the prosperity of a society and usually it involves many aspects and depends various factors.
2        Admittedly, how a society responds to its citizens’ extreme behaviors has some affect on a society’s stability.
3        However, a sound and healthy legal system is also very essential a factor and often determines the stability.
4        In sum...

58"The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves."
(可以参考下面 instant food, instant communication, faster transportation, 从这里入手找问题，更符合题意)
Position: Agree with reservation.
1        The pace of life is more and more rapid and why? (1) It is driven by technology. (2) People’s increasing desire for fortune, and the increasingly complicated world.
2        Technology solves many problems of our life.
3        Yet technology brings about otherwise new problems to society as well.
4        We should rely on technology to solve these problems
5        In sum…
（这个提纲有点跑题，重写）
Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Technology has made our life more and more rapid, instant food, instant communication, faster transportation.
2        The convenience the rapid pace of life brings us
3        While it also caused many social and personal problems. (1) The most significant one is HEALTH, such as obesity, depression, tension, mentally fragile. (2) Intellectually weak, rely much on calculator, computer, machine (3) Focus too much on practical pursuit, and ignore long term … (4) Focus too much on intellect and the ability of reasoning, while neglect/omit/ignore exploration of emotion
4        In sum…

124"Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Nobody feels free or idle now, people are always complaining about the ever increasingly busy life they are involved in.
2        Technology and social development do have made our life more efficient.
3        Yet we still do not have enough leisure because we fill the time we’ve saved to do other things and hence we’re still very busy. And the only condition we have long period of leisure time is when we lie in hospital as a result of disease.
4        The point is that it is not the increasing rapid pace of life who deprives our spare time, but the eager for quick success and instant benefit that puts us in that condition.
5        In sum….

149"The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        First, do wilderness areas need human protection?? (1) Wilderness areas are always remote and seldom accessible to human beings. (2) Ecosystem has its own way of maintaining balance. (3) Protection costs money which could be allocated for more impending issues.
2        Second, even protection is necessary, is protection by attracting tourists appropriate? (1) Bring pollution to wilderness areas.
3        However, on the other hand, (1) Raise public awareness of environment protection (2) Raise money through tourism, donation,
4        In sum…

185"Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could."
Position: Agree to certain extent.
1        It is helpful to certain degree. (1) In the education field, Professor hung (2) In the politics field such as Watergate, (3) In sports field, drug use
2        It sometimes distracts us from major issues (1) Bill Cliton’s sexual scandal (2) Many trivial news and cooked-up scandal stories in the entertaining world
3        In sum…

abstinentUID: 137004

190"As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        People’s welfare is government’s top priority, government should try its best to ensure this.
2        Admittedly, it is inappropriate to fund art when people are hungry.
3        However, art could create jobs and stimulate economy
4        In sum…

121"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."

Posistion: Agree with reservation.
1        Admittedly, some species in the history have become extinct as a result of natural process. (1) Suddent change of severe climate (2) Comet clash (3) Survival competition.
2        However, human activities have made many species extinct. (1) technology (2) Living space diminishes (3) Some subtle and indirect cause
3        Human should take actions to help save endangered species. (1) Responsiblities and redemption (2) Compassion and love for the weak (3)
4        However, how much efforts and money and jobs human should devote to save is a problem that we should carefully examine. (1) Consider cost, (2) Self susbtainence, possibility of breaking ecosystem balance, we cannot save certain species in the cost of harming the other.
5        In sum…

242"Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."
(类似12，可以加上12的观点，有些物种是自己灭绝的)
Position:

47"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills."
(一类话题，intellect or emotion? 在教育类里面也有的)
Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Emphasis on intellectual pursuit, such as reasoning, cognitive skills, comprehension is essential.
2        However, society has put enough emphasis on cognitive skills. And has done a lot to …
3        On the other hand, it is also very important to encourage people to explore their own emotion.
4        In sum…

61"High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition."
(Low-profile是低调的意思，所以High-profile…)

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        High-profile rewards is necessary. (1) Acknowledgement to those people who have made great contribution to the society. (2) Encourage people to make contribution. (3) It is human nature to be recognized as famous (4) Stimulate people to resolve immediate critical problems.
2        However, sometimes it does cause undesired problems. (1) Academic corruption , plagiarism(2) Ill or illegal competition. (3) Improvident, get too practical, focus areas that are most likely to get rewarded, and disregard those are long-term but critical.
3        In sum…

72"One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities.
(又是understand culture, 有一篇是观察 the trends of its youth )
这种类型的题目，要分为 modern culture 和 traditional culture, 因为culure 一直在 演变，develop, evolve)

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Admittedly, you can expect to meet the most modern characteristics of a society in its major cities.
2        However, some invisible characteristics, often traditional ones, are hidden in its minor cities which are often seldom visited or mentioned.
3        In addition, to fully understand a culture and its current characteristics, one has to take a close look at its history, and convention which is also often preserved in its minor, small cities.
4        And there are many other ways to understand a society’s characteristics such as reading books, learn its language, imitate its way of thinking.
5        In sum…

140"What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."

Position: Disagree with some reservation.
1        Our society has made great progress in the history in many fields
2        Admittedly, achievements those seemed good in those days now have caused mnay problems. (1) Social achievement, China’s violent revolution, and pursuit of Communism (2) European countries’ good welfare is blamed on supporting lazy people (3)
3        In fact, sometimes it is not the achievement itself that arouses discontent, but the misuse of it. (例子太多了，科技的应用都是的)
4        However, many of society’s attainments retains their meirts。 (1) The invention of electricity and its application. (2) The introduction of solar engergy. (3) The spirit of American Constitution, democracy, freedom.  
5        In sum…

244"Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them."
(thinkers可能有宗教偏见等，古代的thinker可能观点过时)
Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Society should show respect for great thinkers both in the history and nowadys.
2        Yet, some ideas of previous great thinkers are not feasible for current use. (1) Outdated (2) Racial/religious prejudice. (3) Not take a global view, narrow, society should take into account many circumstances. (4) Ristricted by academic specialization, or lack of experience. Their ideas may not be right.
3        And we should notice that, society may ignore their ideas for political reasons, such as stability, dominance, authority.
4        In sum…

139"Every new generation needs to redefine 'right' and 'wrong' in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        To define ‘right’ and wrong is important for everybody and a society.
2        Admittedly, the standard is evolving and some values are obsolete, and new challenge is always occurring.
3        However, there are some ideas and value system human being live on that should not be changed.
4        In sum…

203"The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."
(又是类似72的，understand culture, characteristics, 换成了研究英雄人物)
可以借鉴72啊，批驳一下是不是the best way, 然后提出其他的方法。

Position: Disagree with some reservation.

（小例子）
I have heard some comments that great music is normally composed under great stress. In other words, when the composer himself is in great trouble. For example: Mozart composed very well when he was very hungary and he was dying; Beethoven composed much of his greatest music after he was deaf--which is the greatest crime that could happen to a man personally as a composer. They have often stated, these same authorities, that this might be the reason why we don't get music coming out from Americans, solely because life is too good here. What do you think?

abstinentUID: 137004

208"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        It does show something about personal ideas or a society’s value. (1) Personal (2) Social change
2        But it is not a true predictor or indicator, and we should rely on a much wider range of variety to understand a society. (1) By its heros it chooses (2) Its major cities
3        In sum…

33"Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image."
(本质是presentation的重要性，本质重要还是presentation重要)
Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Admittedly, people are more likely to be attracted by appealing images regardless of its athenticity. A good image is helpful （1）Presidential campain (2) Product marketing, advertisement, to promote selling (3) Show respect for people (4) Appealing image comforts people
2        However, it is inappropriate to assert that an appealing image is more important than the reality. And over-emphasis on presentation without regard for reality is harmful (1) People needs to know the truth and hates to be cheated. (2) This trend and preference is harmful to society.
3        In sum…

133"The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We live in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Admittedly, there are many problems of our times that we never meet in any other time. (1) Social probles, juvenile delinquency, environment crisis, energy shortage, presure, stress, unemployment, wars, decrease of morality (2) Technology problems. Challenge against morality. And simply put, people are dissatisfied with our times.
2        However, our society actually has made great progress than ever before.
3        In fact, each time has its problems and people are always complaining about them. It is the people who are too critical of our time that makes them complain.
4        In addition, people would not prefer to live in any other time than current time because they have get so accustomed to it.
5        In sum…

137"What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        What is progress.? Improvement, temporary solution.
2        Admittedly, any solution is not perfect, and may inevitably bring about otherwise new problems.
3        As a matter of fact, society is developing in the cycle of alternation of creating problems and solving problems.
4        In sum..

211"Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an individual person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions."

Position: Balance.
(此题比较老套，又是在讲current needs 和 future development.只不过这里还包含了corporation, individual person.)

226"People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."
(其实这是一类题目，都是人们对社会的理解，比如说社会到底进步了没有啊)

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Admittedly, technology creates more problems than ever.
2        In fact, the reason why the problems are becoming complex today is that people are more educated and cultivated than ever, and they think more deeply and thoroughly than our predecessors. It is not the problems that we faces become challenging, but our way of thinking determines it.
3        However, no matter how difficult or complicated the problems, with the increased knowledge and experience people enventually will get over them.
4        In sum…

2、"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
(竞争利弊类的题目，写过多次了；略)

37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."
（竞争利弊类的题目）

26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Historical buildings are important to a society.
2        But when comtemporary needs are extremely urgent and impending, government should give current need precedence.
3        And there are alternate ways to satisfy modern purposes such annex, restoration, renovation.
4        In sum…

110"When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers."
(历史主观还是客观)

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Admittedly, people who study history to some extent are storytellers. (1) Intersting stories (2) History does not only deal with facts.
2        However, history stories must base on facts, and sometimes may involve some imagination, ratiocination because we cannot interpret them personally.
3        In sum…

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147"Traditionand modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them."

Position:Disagree with reservation.
1    Tradition and mondernization is relative toeach other, and modernization develops from tradition.
2       In most cases, they are compatible. (1) Laguange. (2) Wayof life, hibit (3) Research method. (4) (Brief description why they arecompatible) They exist on in their own realm, and do not conflict. (5)Buildings, houses
3       However, in certain conditions, traditions andmodernization do have conflict, and clashes. (1) Different views betweenconservative and progressive. (2) When modernization contradict traditionalmoral issues or standards.
4       In sum…

54"Historyteaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to makeimportant decisions today."
(历史研究对当今的意义与研究方法又是一类)

Position:Disagree with reservation.
1         History is relevant to today and knowing well about ourpast cannot greatly enhance our current performance.
2         However, we must notice the difference between history andtoday, and find out what to properly handle the situation we meet today.
3         In addition, learning history is of great fun.
4         In sum…

103"Thestudy of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our dailylives."

Position:Disagree with reservation.
1         Admittedly, the study of history enlightens us and helpsus make decisions today and gives us inspiration as well.
2         However, one must notice the disparity between history andtoday, and knowing the difference also helps us to not make wrong decisions.
3         In addition, learning history is of great fun.
4         In sum…

120"Somuch is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of thepast provides little guidance for living in the present."
(类似上两题)

125"Thepast is no predictor of the future."

Position:No predictor but guidance.
1         Knowing well about the past provides guidance for livingin the present.
2         Yet, we must notice the difference.
3         Thought sometimes, the past is obsolete and it cannotprovide guidance for current life. But it still great fun to know the past.
4         In sum…

189"Ifpeople disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works nolonger answer the needs of the present."

Position:Agree with reservation.
1         Admittedly, situations are different from the past, andsome great works cannot apply to current situations.
2         But sometimes, it is because of our limited understandingthat we cannot discover the hidden ideas of great works of the past.
3         In addition, in certain cases, people disregarddeliberately great works of the past for special purposes, such as politicalreasons, religious reasons.
4         In sum…

84"Inany field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contributionwithout first being strongly influenced by past achievements within thatfield."

Position:Agree with reservation.
1         Admittedly, previous achievements are essential forproviding us a solid ground in which we can develop new ideas.
2         But blind belief in the past achievement can be harmful,and limit our creativity. We must carry on a attitude of skepticism.
3         In additiion, certain areas are completely new and noprevious works people could refer to.
4         In sum…

81"Patrioticreverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than toencourage progress."

Position:Agree with reservation.
1         Admittedly, it is natural and necessary of people torevere their great achievemens in the past. And it is usually necessary.
2         However, blind patriotic reverence or adherence to thepast, may do harm. (1) Jiingoism. (2) Distord/misinterprete history, japan. (3)Cause conflict/clash because of lack of tolerance. (4) May be an obstruction ofmodernization.
3         In sum…

221"Thechief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that peoplein one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at anyother time in history."
Position:Disagree with some reservation.
1         Admittedly, by a good understanding history, we come toknow that we have a lot in common with people in the past. (1) Humanity,morality, emotion, desire, weakness. (2) Experience.
2         And knowing this similarities may contribute to currentlife.
3         Knowing the history of different cultures may alsocontribute diminish misunderstandings and clashes.
4         In addition, there are many other merits of study history.(1) Providing guidance and lessons. (2) Enriching our life and providing greatfun.
5         In sum…

241"Anindividual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or hercontemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness arepeople who belong to a later time."
(完全类似36  36"Thegreatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, notby their contemporaries.")

[ 本帖最后由 abstinent 于 2007-10-16 00:33 编辑 ]

abstinentUID: 137004

11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."

Position: Agree to some extent.
1        Admittedly, there are many global problems that need collaboration among countries. (1) Evironment (2) Health (3) Economy
2        But each countries have their own particular issues that should be considered first and money should be allocated for solving those impending problems.
3        Another drawback of global schools is the efficiency of cross-culture communication, there must be many communication problems and misunderstandings.
4        In sum…

13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        It is an unfortunate fact that many languages are dying out as a result of globalization.
2        Admittedly, government should take action to prevent it from being extinct.
3        However, government should consider how much should be set apart to save these endangered languages. Sometimes, priority should be given to those more urgent and impending issues.
4        In sum…

116"With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        The growth of globalization is more and more envident in such areas as economics and communication. (1) WTO, multi-national companies (2) Internet, world tourism, exhibition, show.
2        These trend of globalization is helpful in many aspects to society. (1) Education. (2) Medical treatment. (3) Arts. (4) Science. (5) Political
3        However, things always go solely one direction. There might be severe disaster when everything goes global. (1) Global economical crisis. (2) World wide pollution. (3) Culture clashes, political conflict.
4        And although many aspects of life have been affected by globalization, it is hasty and inappropriate to assert that all aspects have been influenced by it.
5        In sum…

197"The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        The world is more interconnected in such areas as economic and communication. So it is natural that one country’s prosperity connects to another one. (1) Material progress (2) Well-being including environment, education, arts.
2        However, it is inaapropriate to assert that all other countries have impact on a specific country. In fact, one country often has frequent or close commerical or political relationship with a limit range of countries. Some mid-east countries are controlled by only a few countries of super power whose policy affect them most.
3        And sometimes the affect of globalization is overestimated.
4        In sum…

152"The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        It is CEO’s top priority to make as much money as possible for the company. It is the reason they exist.
2        However, it is not the only responsibility. (1) Social responsibility. Environment, morality, affect on kids, donation to charitable organization. (2) Care for their staff, welfare, health both physically and mentally.
3        In fact, those cost of carrying out other responsibilities are good investment and may in turn benefit the company finally. (1) Fame (2) Advertisement. (3) Raising loyalty and responsibility of emplyers to the compay.
4        In sum…

224"Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified."

Position: Disagree.
1        Censorship is necessary. (1) Maintain social stability (2) Hide indecent information from children, such as porngraphy, violence image, indecent/erotic rap lyrics.
2        Sometimes censorship is abused and harms democracy. (1) Political reason, hide such scandals as corruption from the public. (2) Racial prejudice.
3        In sum…

115"It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
(参考大牛提纲)
Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Logic measurement tells how much we have advanced. But sometimes it might be misleading, and in some cases no quantitive tools we could use for measurement such as morality, humanity, and emotion, psychology.
2        On individual level (1) Students (2) Personal salary (3) Health.
3        On social level. (1) Technology progress. (2) Economic improvement, could be easily measured by logic and precise statistics. (3) Environment.
4        However, something could not be measured at all. (1) Emotion, (2) Humanity, Morality.
5        In sum…

159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Technology makes people rely much on machines and machines could help us a great deal.
2        However, machines are tools of human, and without operation of human, they are useless. Therefore human are inherently superior to machines.
3        But it is a wrong assertion human mind are superior to machines in all aspects. In some cases, machines are superior to human minds, and that’s why we need machines.
4        In sum…

182 "It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.” (很抽象)
(一个例子是，招聘的时候HR不能只看intelligence 而忽视了 personality and morality, and other emotional factors, interpersonal skills)
Position: Agree. ()
1        Intelligence plays an important part in the development of society.
2        However, emotion is also very important.
3        In sum…

240"Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        To give positive response is helpful. (1) Encouragement. (2) Promoting communication.
2        However, negative response is also indispensible and worthwhile. (1) Preventing people from being complacent. (2) Pointing out flaw is helpful to further improvement (3) Only positive feedback is irresponsible actually.
3        In addition, we should carefully consider the way we present our negative feedback and we need skills to communicate one’s drawback. (1) To children, to students…. (2) To adults, we may go directly. (3) To people who lack confidence. (4) In fact, many negative feedback could be presented in a positive way. (5) Praise first, then criticism.
4        But too much negative feedback is harmful.
5        In sum…

abstinentUID: 137004

21"Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Reform is always disturbing and sometimes may cause disdain.
2        So people who care much about their social standing and fame are not likely to take risk to carry out reform.
3        On the contrary, people who care little about their reputation are willing to take this risk and to be open to challenge.
4        However, in most cases, people who endeavor to reform something are always those who have not good social standing and are always ordinary, they do not have much to lose, so they dare to do so. Once their reform succeeds, and then they rise to fame, they probably become conservative and less likely to tolerate reform or take risk to change something.
5        In sum…

171"People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Public good are always brought about by people who aim to benefit the public. (1) They have clear goal. (2) Public good and necessity is their driving force and support. (3) They could often get government funding for their research (4) Many people are striving with him, and he won’t feel lonely.
2        However, sometimes, people who pursure pure personal interests may accidentaly benefit the public. (1) Their talent is not restricted, and more creative than those people. (2) The driving force is more powerful and enduring.
3        It is perfect of people who can bind their interest and personal pursuit with public good.
4        In sum…

231" 'Moderation in all things' is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, 'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus."

Position: Agree.
1        Moderation is important to some degree. (1) Going to extreme is not a good thing. Racism, jingoism  (2) Moderation allows one to listen humblely to other’s advice, and allows people to cooperate.  (3) Moderation in drinking is helpful to health. (4) Moderation in behavior is helpful to win acknowlegement, and affection. It is important inter-personal skill, give people an humble rather than an aggressive impression.
2        While moderation in all things is ill-considered as the author points out. (1) Thinking, people should think as frequent as possible. And so does practice. (2) And some critical and enduring social issues requires consistent concern, and moderation in these things is not appropriate, and people should make great efforts on thost.
3        In sum…

200"The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."

Position: Partially agree.
1        Self-knowledge is really vague and elusive.
2        On the one hand, people can get to know themselves by spending time alone.
3        And on the other hand, people can also get self-know through interaction with other people such as working in a group.
4        In sum…

62"The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient."

Position: Disagree.
1        According to the various standards, either intellectually or morally, people set for themselves, people are intrinsically deficient. (1) Intellect standard. (2) Morality, humanity.
2        In addition, there is no progress without self-improvement (Self-improvement is necessary). Individuals may set up goals for themselves, and they must work hard to improve thmselves to achieve the goal.
3        However, people should not push themselves too hard, and they must be aware of the limit of their ability in case of great pressure and stress.
4        In sum…

25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        It is human nature that people tend to make things bigger and complex. And it is not easy to complicte things. (The more convenience today’s vehicle has provided for us, the more destinations we want to get to; the more time-saving devices that come into being, the more tasks we want to finish in given time; the more information we could find, the more we have to assimilate each day)
2        As a matter of fact, sometimes things seem to become simpler because experts hide complex specifics from the users.
3        In sum…

136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."

Position: Agree with reservation.
1        People are making choice everyday.
2        Admittedly, there are something people cannot choose. (1) Gender, race, birth. (2) Parents.
3        However, apart from those before our life, people are free to make any choice. The fact is people are not willing make certain choice.
4        In sum….

156"Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live."
(类似156)

179"What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open—but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        It is true that men are looking for certainty which results from truth rather than deception or illusion. (1) Human society evolves in the process of pursing truth. (2) Certainty lies in the truth.
2        Admittedly, the road to truth is tough and difficult and always requires taking risks. (1) Fight. For example, Copernicus, Bruno. (2) Many old certainty has been replaced by new facts.
3        In addition, people also pursue uncertainty sometimes, for example, in the realm of art, many artists are expressionism, and super realism. Their works are pursuit of a vague concept rather than a certainty.
4        In sum…

205"As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive."

Position: Partially agree.
1        Life-long learning is great and necessary concept.
2        The convenience of access to information, whether new or old, is helpful to life-long learning.
3        However, the overwhelming information sometimes may distract us from being concentrating on that we are really interested in.
4        In sum…

abstinentUID: 137004

239"Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        Admittedly, some once widely believed facts turn out to be false afterwards. And it is a natural process of human cognition. Without mistakes there is no progress.
2        But we should notice that there are still many facts that remain unchallenged throughout history.
3        In addition, one cannot reject any facts because some facts are disproved. People should carry on a skeptical point of view towards once believed facts and think on their own.
4        In sum…

183"As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        As people get more knowledge, previous facts might either be substantiated or challenged. And in some cases, new facts have been discovered.
2        On the one hand, sometimes previous ideas might be challenged, and things may become complex and further knowledge is necessary to unravel this myth.
3        And on the other hand, new knowledge sometimes may also demystify certain illusions or problems that long confuses people or substantiate particular theory.
4        In sum…

184"It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."

Position: Partially agree.
1        In any field of endeavor, there is no fixed rule that one should first acquire first hand data or theorize. In fact, they are two different ways or habits of research.
2        For some people, they may like to acquire sufficient first hand data before he proposes a theory. For example, physics, chemistry, biology, pharmology and so on.
3        However, Sometimes scientists first come up with an idea and have a draft theory in his mind, and he carries out various experiments to verify it.
4        In sum…

172"Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time."

Position: Partially agree.
1        Admittedly, many new discoveries contradict long established ideas and may seem outrageous at first.
2        However, there are still many new ideas are strong proof of accepted wisdom.
3        In addtion, still there are many ideas that are totally new.
4        In sum…

127"Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."
(Once accepted facts may be changed by our passion and enduring efforts. 体育比赛的纪录一再被打破；以前认为做不到的事情最后还是做到了)
Position: Agree with reservation.
1        Human being are in consistent pursuit for facts and truth.
2        Admittedly, facts are stubborn things, and cannot be changed by human wished at least in one period of time.
3        However, because of the limit of our understanding and intellectual level, facts belongs to only one period of history time, and once accepted facts might be replaced by new facts. (1) In the sports field, records have always been refreshed. (2) Once believed facts may turn out to be false in the future.
4        In sum…

157"There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."

Position: Disagree with some reservation.
1        One must realize the complex of such issue as whether observation is objective or subjective.
2        Observations that are based on long established rules or deduction of wide accepted axioms are usually regarded as objective. (1) Color of things (2) Basic laws. (科学领域客观多见，历史，物理，数学等)
3        However, if there are no such ideas or widely accepted axioms to refer to, observations are often subjective. (1) New ideas (2) Critique of previous works.（社会科学领域，如文学，人类学）
4        In sum…

18"Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.
(注意审题，什么叫 the value of the idea? Right or wrong, meaningless or meaningful?)

Position: Partially agree.
1        On the one hand, by defending our ideas we can find out the values of our ideas. (1) In the field of politics, a new policy may incur various doubts or challenge . And by defending and listening to other’s opinions, we may get to know some drawbacks of our ideas. May this policy is a little improvident. (2) In academic realm, new ideas are likely to be questioned because of contraversy. Because people may think the research results may be contraversial or costly, or not worthwhile.
2        On the other, by discussion with people who share our ideas, we can also find merits of our ideas. (1) Ideas may be enhanced or improved. (2) Maybe we have a good idea, but we simply do not know how to make use of it. But by sharing ideas with others, we may get inspiration.
3        In sum…

68"People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."

Position: Disagree with reservation.
1        It is natural and right for people to carry certain skepticism towards so-called experts no matter how valuable their contribution might be. (1) Education encourages people develop their own idea (2) Experts may be wrong sometimes because many research are only valid in the laboratory. (3) There are too many trivial and meaningless discoveries such as music theropy
2        However, people should not become too obdurate, sometimes they do need expert’s advices.
3        In sum…

abstinentUID: 137004

好，提纲总算告一段落。用了一个月 9.15 --- 10.15
好像还漏掉了几个，我整理一下，发上来

abstinentUID: 137004

19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."

48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."

87"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."

168"Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field."

194"The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative."

236"Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful."

abstinentUID: 137004

19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."

Position: Partially agree.
1        The very meaning of a society’s existence and ultimate goal of a society is to ensure the well-being of all its citizens.
2        However, sometimes for sake of long term and the greater good of the society, we should give priority to a society’s overall success which in turn would benefit its citizens.
3        As a matter of fact, the overall prosperity and inidvidual well-being is closely connected.
4        In sum…

48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."

Position: Partially agree.
1.        famous few 很重要。1. leadership, 例子，拿破仑，丘吉尔，罗斯福（反垄断法），历史的转变往往是由famous few造成。不好的例子，纳粹分子头目，hitler ….2. 在科学史上，大多是个人发明影响历史，如爱迪生，福特的流水线技术，intel的CPU，IBM的PC机 3. 同样在艺术史，也是有少数人famous few引导的艺术变革和潮流
2.        大众也很重要。1. 法西斯的兴起是由少数人挑起，但是他的灭亡却是全世界人民, many of whose names have long been forgotten, 的努力。这是人民创造历史。2. 艺术史上的，如文艺复兴，都不是个人行为，是一批人…… 3. 实际上，科学史上，同一时代研究同一个问题的科学家很多，思想家也是，但是只有famous few被记住了，他们是历史转变的trigger, 但是离开了那一批无名的人历史页不可能推进，因为科学家也有互相交流，相互启发，一个人无法完成，某些成果很可能是一个人在别人基础上的灵感突现。
3.        study on famous few是客观现实所限制。资料太少。历史太浩瀚，too broad, too complicated, intricate, 研究最典型的，也即是famous few,能够最快的抓住时代特点。
总结，两者都重要。历史的进步离不开两者中任何一个。

87"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."

Position: Disagree.
1        Beginners have advantages. (1) Curiosity, creativity (2) Unrestrained by tradition or existing experience. (3) Usually young, energetic, and are less disturbed by the outside, such as fame, family.
2        However, experts are also likely to make great discoveries. (1) Experience, solid background knowledge. (2) Connection, contact in particular field.
3        In sum…
(摘录 Acute sense of the unknown and difference, the ability to view things from novel perspective as well as other characteristics such as perseverance and seriousness are the key factors that contribute to important discoveries. Equipped with these abilities, one is likely to make important discoveries, no matter he is a beginner or an expert. )

168"Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field."

Position: Disagree. Both beginner and experts could come up with valuable ideas.
1        How to determine whether a judgement has value or not? (1) By its  correctness or prediction? (2) By its popularity?
2        Admittedly, an expert’s judgement is often more comprehensive, more profound and even more in-depth. (1) In the field of
3        However, experts’ ideas are not authorative, and sometimes may be problematic, while some beginners may come up with judgement that has great value.
4        In sum…

194"The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative."
(老话题，合作与竞争的利弊)

236"Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful."

Position: Disagree.
1        It is necessary for young people to have great ambition.
2        Making young people believe they can achieve great things by working hard is largely helpful. (1) Life long impetus (2) Success comes from hardworking. (3) And school should also emphasize on tenacity as well.
3        However, young people may get into trouble when they push themselves too hard, and might become too pragmatic.
4        In sum…