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发表于 2007-9-24 01:42:17
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9.23学习类（4）
39"The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."
Position: Disagree. For most ordinary students, it is more beneficial for them to be enrolled in a university to have formal and systematic education. But there does exist a few geniuses who could do better by studying on their own. And my opinion is the intellectual benefit is not overstated and society should not encourage students to quit school and study all on their own.
1 It is beneficial for most ordinary students to receive university education. (1) School education is systematic and the curriculums are carefully designed by educational experts and have long been testified as effective. (2) Teacher provides face-to-face guidance and oral explanation is much more efficient than study on one’s own reading books. And teachers may offer experience and warn of common pitfalls. (3) Intellectual benefit comes not only from books, but also from group work which requires collaboration and which teaches students how to function well in a group. And leadership is emphasized and trained in school if students actively involved in student union and school affairs. Simply put, intellectual benefit is not only knowledge or facts printed in our text books but a much larger range of aspects which may cover personality, morality, leadership and so on.
2 Admittedly, every era has some talents and nonconformists who succeed without a regular four year school education. (1) Albert Einstein for example, he quit school in an early age, and he didn’t get into a college or university because he lacked a high school diploma. And Helen Keller didn’t get into a college because of disability and achieve a lot more than those who finished their university education. The other example is Bill Gates, and he quit Harvard when he was a sophomore, and initiated one of the most lucrative companies in the world. (2) Because these extraordinary people do know what exactly know what they want in their life and make it into practice. They believe practice and experience is the best way to get intellectually educated.
3 There are many drawbacks for ordinary people quit school. (1) They don’t have a life goal as clear as those school dropout. (2) They don’t usually have a tough mind as those dropouts. (3) And there are numerous dropouts who are not successful.
4 In sum…
55"Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education."
Position: Competition for high grades will not limit the quality of learning if well controlled and guided, but right to the contrary it promotes learning.
1 Competition is the thing modern people could not avoid. So whether you like it or not, you have to confront it.
2 Competition promotes the quality of learning. (1) In order to get higher marks, one has to understand more deeply, and know more than his or her peers. And this enables the students to consult a great number of bibliographies. (2) People are lazy by nature, so competition for higher grades reminds them seize the time and don’t play much, because a good learning requires certain time spent on it. (3) Apart from grade, there is not proper measure to evaluate the students’ performance. Grade is a quantitative measure on students’ academic performance. (4) Like the Olympic Game, athletes compete for better records than others or than themselves, and the total level of sports is enhanced.
3 However, one cannot deny uncontrolled competition for marks actually do harm to the quality of learning. (1) Lead to cheating, rig, or plagiarism. (2) Students may focus on how to improve marks not to improve learning skill. And they may become a good test machine. They may generalize a theory on how the problems would be put. They focus on how to get the right answer, and give no regard to why it is so. (3) The high pressure to achieve high grades may make student under long term depressed.
4 As a matter of fact, different level of students have different purpose of study.
5 It is the incompleteness and weakness of regulation that actually limit the quality of learning when students compete for higher marks. (1) Consider the Olympic Games. No one would blame the Olympic Game for bringing so much trouble of sport morality, justice because of severe competition for good record. It is the weak regulation that enables undermines the quality of sport.
6 In sum…
100"The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development."
同55
57"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."
Position: Disagree.
117"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."
晕，雷同的题目
204"We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all."
Position: Partially agree. We learn from both experience and theories on books. It is right to accept a theory by experiencing it, but some theories are too abstract and cannot be justified or verified by experiment because they based on strictly reasoning and ratiocination.
1 We learn through both direct experience and books. (1) Give a brief definition of learning. Learning is a process during which we form our own understanding of the nature, people and the world around us. To do this, we can either read it from the books or feel it in direct experience. (2) Give examples when we learn from direct experience. Consider language learning process for instance, young children, usually under three years old in my observation, learn speaking not by attending language schools or read news paper, they just imitate the sound they hear. Language to them is not language at all, it just a sound to communicate. By directly involved in speaking the language, children quickly master the language with accurate pronunciation. (2) Give example for learning from books and theories. For example, when we learn arithmetic, we start by memorizing simple and basic addition, multiplication, and we learn the law of multiplication. Then we try it out by solving arithmetic problems either in our homework or our daily life when doing shopping.
2 And accepting a theory without thinking whether it might be wrong or without experiencing it sometime may cause problems. (1) Give examples of Copernicus. Practice is the sole criterion of testing truth.
3 However, in many cases, we simply cannot test the theories out at all. (1) Some pure theories are based on ratiocination and cannot be experienced in real life. For example, The Theory of Relativity. And another example is Animal Cognition, the theory is deduced from long term observation and people cannot experience it as an animal. (2) It takes too much time to experience long established theory, for example, it may not be a good idea to experience the earth is round by sailing around the world like Magellan. But we do learn a lot from that theory. And similarly, most theories in micro physics such as quantum mechanics, we have no way to experience it, but it just tested fine in practical world.
4 In sum…
232"The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns."
Position: Disagree. The purpose is to create an environment in which students could think freely and develop their judgment but not to cut students from the outside world.
1 The purpose of education the author presents is problematic. (1) In my observation, there is almost no such school that separates itself from the outside world. So this suggestion is misleading (2) Cutting up from the outside world does no good to students. Students need not only academic knowledge, but also direct social experience. (3) Separating school from the outside does no good to school because school may need funding from the society. (4) Practical concern does not necessarily hold back student, it may act as a impetus to them because when they sense the fierce competition in the job market, they may work harder to make themselves more competent. (5) Only through challenging other’s ideas and defending their own ideas can students develop their own ideas and would be firmly committed to it.
2 However, it may be an unfortunate truth that students are actually confused with various ideas from the outside world. (1) Some morality issue (2) Some indecent events in the society.
3. The purpose of education should be to create an environment in which students could think freely and develop their judgment. (1) It is the educator’s responsibility to let the students feel the world and judge the world on their own. They should not hide the other part of the world from students. (2) What they should provide is the freedom to think and speak.
4 In sum
1、"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."
Position: Disagree. We can learn more from people we disagree than from people we agree…And in another case we can learn new stuff that we don’t know from any people.
1 We can learn from people we agree. (1) Agreement makes people feel cheerful and therefore people are willing to learn
2 But we learn much more from people we disagree. (1) It is true disagreement may cause depression, but this our eagerness for truth makes us ignore it and are curious why people hold different views. In this sense, disagreement does not inhibit learning but facilitate people to go deep into to subject and reexamine their own idea which is also a learning process. (2) Bu exchanging thoughts, we get others thoughts that may excel ours (3) By defending our idea we may come across new findings. And by listening to others, we may find out our fallacy. (4) It is commonsense disagreement exist. And the incidence we come across disagreement is much more likely than we get agreed. So we learn most of the time from the people we hold different views from ours.
3 However, the author ignores there is still another case that sometimes we are totally unaware of some subjects, and have to learn from people who are good at it. In this case we don’t not learn neither from people we agree or people we disagree. And sometimes we learn a lot from books as well.
4 In sum…
122"We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed."
类似1
227"To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."
Position: Partially agree. To think independently is a crucial character for an academic leader. However, leaders who are too independent may become obdurate and fail to listen to other’s advice. After all, collaboration is needed in academic research. In addition, independent leader alone does not make much sense to keep the academic field vigorous, and my opinion is the leader should try to create an academic atmosphere of independent thinking. And it is not the only way to keep academic field vigorous.
1 Think independent is important for an academic leader. (1) Discovery may come from reexamination of long-established assumption. For example, people thought Newton’s three laws of mechanics applied to both macro-scope and micro-scope, however, when people reexamined it, they found Newton’s law applied only to macro-scope, and when it comes to micro-scope, quantum mechanic should replace it. (2) Enfettered in the established assumption people are hard to find new things, because they rely too much on previous findings and are unwilling to think on their own. They falsely consider that academic achievement is the recombination of all previous discoveries. In this case, they may fail to achieve anything because the prerequisite might be fallacious itself.
2 However, getting too independent as to be obdurately independent may bring harm to academic field. (1) It cost time to verify all pre-established theories. If one questions everything in the past, it might go to the other side of polar, although this case is rare. (2) Being independent thinkers may cause people to rely only on their own judgment and are unwilling to listen to others or yield to others. Since academic activities required think independently but act in collaboration.
3 In order to make academic field more vigorous, independently thinking leaders alone cannot change the situation. What is needed is an atmosphere of thinking on one’s own and many other factors have to be taken into account.
4 In sum… |
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GO
发表于 2007-9-21 10:34:56
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