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朱棣文在哈佛大学毕业典礼上的演讲


【演讲人介绍】
朱棣文（Steven Chu，1948年2月28日－），
美国物理学家，生于美国圣路易斯；华人血统，祖籍中国江苏太仓，曾获得诺贝尔物理学奖（1997年）。现任美国能源部部长。
1970年，获罗彻斯特大学数学学士和物理学学士。
1976年，获加州大学伯克利分校物理学博士。
1987年，任斯坦福大学物理学教授，是该校第一位华裔教授。
1993年，当选美国国家科学院院士。
1997年，获诺贝尔物理学奖。
2004年，任劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室主任，是首位掌管这个美国能源部下属国家实验室的亚裔人士。
2009年，出任奥巴马政府能源部长。
【正文】
Madam President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, faculty, family, friends, and, most importantly, today’s graduates,
尊敬的Faust校长，哈佛集团的各位成员，监管理事会的各位理事，各位老师，各位家长，各位朋友，以及最重要的各位毕业生同学，
Thank you for letting me share this wonderful day with you.
感谢你们，让我有机会同你们一起分享这个美妙的日子。
I am not sure I can live up to the high standards of Harvard Commencement speakers. Last year, J.K. Rowling, the billionaire novelist, who started as a classics student, graced this podium. The year before, Bill Gates, the mega-billionaire philanthropist and computer nerd stood here. Today, sadly, you have me. I am not wealthy, but at least I am a nerd.
我不太肯定，自己够得上哈佛大学毕业典礼演讲人这样的殊荣。去年登上这个讲台的是，英国亿万身家的小说家J.K. Rowling女士，她最早是一个
古典文学的学生。前年站在这里的是比尔•盖茨先生，他是一个超级富翁、一个慈善家和电脑高手。今年很遗憾，你们的演讲人是我，虽然我不是很有钱，但是至少我也算一个高手。
I am grateful to receive an honorary degree from Harvard, an honor that means more to me than you might care to imagine. You see, I was the academic black sheep of my family. My older brother has an M.D./Ph.D. from MIT and Harvard while my younger brother has a law degree from Harvard. When I was awarded a Nobel Prize, I thought my mother would be pleased. Not so. When I called her on the morning of the announcement, she replied, “That’s nice, but when are you going to visit me next.” Now, as the last brother with a degree from Harvard, maybe, at last, she will be satisfied.
我很感激哈佛大学给我荣誉学位，这对我很重要，也许比你们会想到的还要重要。要知道，在学术上，我是我们家的不肖之子。我的哥哥在麻省理工学院得到医学博士，在哈佛大学得到哲学博士；我的弟弟在哈佛大学得到一个法律学位。我本人得到诺贝尔奖的时候，我想我的妈妈会高兴。但是，我错了。消息公布的那天早上，我给她打电话，她听了只说：“这是好消息，不过我想知道，你下次什么时候来看我？”如今在我们兄弟当中，我最终也拿到了哈佛学位，我想这一次，她会感到满意。
Another difficulty with giving a Harvard commencement address is that some of you may disapprove of the fact that I have borrowed material from previous speeches. I ask that you forgive me for two reasons.
在哈佛大学毕业典礼上发表演讲，还有一个难处，那就是你们中有些人可能有意见，不喜欢我重复前人演讲中说过的话。我要求你们谅解我，因为两个理由。
First, in order to have impact, it is important to deliver the same message more than once. In science, it is important to be the first person to make a discovery, but it is even more important to be the last person to make that discovery.
首先，为了产生影响力，很重要的方法就是重复传递同样的信息。在科学中，第一个发现者是重要的，但是在得到公认前，最后一个将这个发现重复做出来的人也许更重要。
Second, authors who borrow from others are following in the footsteps of the best. Ralph Waldo Emerson, who graduated from Harvard at the age of 18, noted “All my best thoughts were stolen by the ancients.” Picasso declared “Good artists borrow. Great artists steal.” Why should commencement speakers be held to a higher standard?
其次，一个借鉴他人的作者，正走在一条前人开辟的最佳道路上。哈佛大学毕业生、诗人爱默生曾经写下：“古人把我最好的一些思想都偷走了。”画家毕加索宣称“优秀的艺术家借鉴，伟大的艺术家偷窃。”那么为什么毕业典礼的演说者，就不适用同样的标准呢？
I also want to point out the irony of speaking to graduates of an institution that would have rejected me, had I the chutzpah to apply. I am married to “Dean Jean,” the former dean of admissions at Stanford. She assures me that she would have rejected me, if given the chance. When I showed her a draft of this speech, she objected strongly to my use of the word “rejected.” She never rejected applicants; her letters stated that “we are unable to offer you admission.” I have difficulty understanding the difference. After all, deans of admissions of highly selective schools are in reality, “deans of rejection.” Clearly, I have a lot to learn about marketing.
我还要指出一点，向哈佛毕业生发表演说，对我来说是有讽刺意味的，因为如果当年我斗胆向哈佛大学递交入学申请，一定会被拒绝。我的妻子Jean当过斯坦福大学的招生主任，她向我保证，如果当年我申请斯坦福大学，她会拒绝我。我把这篇演讲的草稿给她过目，她强烈反对我使用“拒绝”这个词，她从来不拒绝任何申请者。在拒绝信中，她总是写：“我们无法提供你入学机会。”我分不清两者到底有何差别。在我看来，那些大热门学校的招生主任与其称为“准许你入学的主任”，还不如称为“拒绝你入学的主任”。很显然，我需要好好学学怎么来推销自己。
My address will follow the classical sonata form of commencement addresses. The first movement, just presented, were light-hearted remarks. This next movement consists of unsolicited advice, which is rarely valued, seldom remembered, never followed. As Oscar Wilde said, “The only thing to do with good advice is to pass it on. It is never of any use to oneself.” So, here comes the advice. First, every time you celebrate an achievement, be thankful to those who made it possible. Thank your parents and friends who supported you, thank your professors who were inspirational, and especially thank the other professors whose less-than-brilliant lectures forced you to teach yourself. Going forward, the ability to teach yourself is the hallmark of a great liberal arts education and will be the key to your success. To your fellow students who have added immeasurably to your education during those late night discussions, hug them. Also, of course, thank Harvard. Should you forget, there’s an alumni association to remind you. Second, in your future life, cultivate a generous spirit. In all negotiations, don’t bargain for the last, little advantage. Leave the change on the table. In your collaborations, always remember that “credit” is not a conserved quantity. In a successful collaboration, everybody gets 90 percent of the credit.
毕业典礼演讲都遵循古典奏鸣曲的结构，我的演讲也不例外。刚才是第一乐章——轻快的闲谈。接下来的第二乐章是送上门的忠告。这样的忠告很少被重视，几乎注定被忘记，永远不会被实践。但是，就像王尔德说的：“对于忠告，你所能做的，就是把它送给别人，因为它对你没有任何用处。”所以，下面就是我的忠告。第一，取得成就的时候，不要忘记前人。要感谢你的父母和支持你的朋友，要感谢那些启发过你的教授，尤其要感谢那些上不好课的教授，因为他们迫使你自学。从长远看，自学能力是优秀的文理教育中必不可少的，将成为你成功的关键。你还要去拥抱你的同学，感谢他们同你进行过的许多次彻夜长谈，这为你的教育带来了无法衡量的价值。当然，你还要感谢哈佛大学。不过即使你忘了这一点，校友会也会来提醒你。第二，在你们未来的人生中，做一个慷慨大方的人。在任何谈判中，都把最后一点点利益留给对方。不要把桌上的钱都拿走。在合作中，要牢记荣誉不是一个守恒的量。成功合作的任何一方，都应获得全部荣誉的90%。
Jimmy Stewart, as Elwood P. Dowd in the movie “Harvey” got it exactly right. He said: “Years ago my mother used to say to me, ‘In this world, Elwood, you must be … she always used to call me Elwood … in this world, Elwood, you must be oh so smart or oh so pleasant.’” Well, for years I was smart. … I recommend pleasant. You may quote me on that.
电影《Harvey》中，Jimmy Stewart扮演的角色Elwood P. Dowd，就完全理解这一点。他说：“多年前，母亲曾经对我说，‘Elwood，活在这个世界上，你要么做一个聪明人，要么做一个好人。’”我做聪明人，已经做了好多年了。……但是，我推荐你们做好人。你们可以引用我这句话。
My third piece of advice is as follows: As you begin this new stage of your lives, follow your passion. If you don’t have a passion, don’t be satisfied until you find one. Life is too short to go through it without caring deeply about something. When I was your age, I was incredibly single-minded in my goal to be a physicist. After college, I spent eight years as a graduate student and postdoc at Berkeley, and then nine years at Bell Labs. During that my time, my central focus and professional joy was physics.
我的第三个忠告是，当你开始生活的新阶段时，请跟随你的爱好。如果你没有爱好，就去找，找不到就不罢休。生命太短暂，如果想有所成，你必须对某样东西倾注你的深情。我在你们这个年龄，是超级的一根筋，我的目标就是非成为物理学家不可。本科毕业后，我在加州大学伯克利分校又待了8年，读完了研究生，做完了博士后，然后去贝尔实验室待了9年。在这些年中，我关注的中心和职业上的全部乐趣，都来自物理学。
Here is my final piece of advice. Pursuing a personal passion is important, but it should not be your only goal. When you are old and gray, and look back on your life, you will want to be proud of what you have done. The source of that pride won’t be the things you have acquired or the recognition you have received. It will be the lives you have touched and the difference you have made.
我还有最后一个忠告，就是说兴趣爱好固然重要，但是你不应该只考虑兴趣爱好。当你白发苍苍、垂垂老矣、回首人生时，你需要为自己做过的事感到自豪。你的物质生活和得到的承认，都不会产生自豪。只有那些你出手相助、被你改变过的人和事，才会让你产生自豪。
After nine years at Bell labs, I decided to leave that warm, cozy ivory tower for what I considered to be the “real world,” a university. Bell Labs, to quote what was said about Mary Poppins, was “practically perfect in every way,” but I wanted to leave behind something more than scientific articles. I wanted to teach and give birth to my own set of scientific children.
在贝尔实验室待了9年后，我决定离开这个温暖舒适的象牙塔，走进我眼中的“真实世界”——大学。我对贝尔实验室的看法，就像别人形容电影Mary Poppins的话，“实际上完美无缺”。但是，我想为世界留下更多的东西，不只是科学论文。我要去教书，培育我自己在科学上的后代。
Ted Geballe, a friend and distinguished colleague of mine at Stanford, who also went from Berkeley to Bell Labs to Stanford years earlier, described our motives best:
我在斯坦福大学有一个好友兼杰出同事Ted Geballe。他也是从伯克利分校去了贝尔实验室，几年前又离开贝尔实验室去了斯坦福大学。他对我们的动机做出了最佳描述：
“The best part of working at a university is the students. They come in fresh, enthusiastic, open to ideas, unscarred by the battles of life. They don’t realize it, but they’re the recipients of the best our society can offer. If a mind is ever free to be creative, that’s the time. They come in believing textbooks are authoritative, but eventually they figure out that textbooks and professors don’t know everything, and then they start to think on their own. Then, I begin learning from them.”
“在大学工作，最大的优点就是学生。他们生机勃勃，充满热情，思想自由，还没被生活的重压改变。虽然他们自己没有意识到，但是他们是这个社会中你能找到的最佳受众。如果生命中曾经有过思想自由和充满创造力的时期，那么那个时期就是你在读大学。进校时，学生们对课本上的一字一句毫不怀疑，渐渐地，他们发现课本和教授并不是无所不知的，于是他们开始独立思考。从那时起，就是我开始向他们学习了。”
My students, post doctoral fellows, and the young researchers who worked with me at Bell Labs, Stanford, and Berkeley have been extraordinary. Over 30 former group members are now professors, many at the best research institutions in the world, including Harvard. I have learned much from them. Even now, in rare moments on weekends, the remaining members of my biophysics group meet with me in the ether world of cyberspace.
我教过的学生、带过的博士后、合作过的年轻同事，都非常优秀。他们中有30多人，现在已经是教授了。他们所在的研究机构有不少是全世界第一流的，其中就包括哈佛大学。我从他们身上学到了很多东西。即使现在，我偶尔还会周末上网，向现在还从事生物物理学研究的学生请教。
I began teaching with the idea of giving back; I received more than I gave. This brings me to the final movement of this speech. It begins with a story about an extraordinary scientific discovery and a new dilemma that it poses. It’s a call to arms and about making a difference.
我怀着回报社会的想法，开始了教学生涯。我的一生中，得到的多于我付出的，所以我要回报社会。这就引出了这次演讲的最后一个乐章。首先我要讲一个了不起的科学发现，以及由此带来的新挑战。它是一个战斗的号令，到了做出改变的时候了。
In the last several decades, our climate has been changing. Climate change is not new: the Earth went through six ice ages in the past 600,000 years. However, recent measurements show that the climate has begun to change rapidly. The size of the North Polar Ice Cap in the month of September is only half the size it was a mere 50 years ago. The sea level which been rising since direct measurements began in 1870 at a rate that is now five times faster than it was at the beginning of recorded measurements. Here’s the remarkable scientific discovery. For the first time in human history, science is now making predictions of how our actions will affect the world 50 and 100 years from now. These changes are due to an increase in carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The Earth has warmed up by roughly 0.8 degrees Celsius since the beginning of the Revolution. There is already approximately a 1 degree rise built into the system, even if we stop all greenhouse gas emissions today. Why? It will take decades to warm up the deep oceans before the temperature reaches a new equilibrium.
过去几十年中，我们的气候一直在发生变化。气候变化并不是现在才有的，过去60万年中就发生了6次冰河期。但是，现在的测量表明气候变化加速了。北极冰盖在9月份的大小，只相当于50年前的一半。1870年起，人们开始测量海平面上升的速度，现在的速度是那时的5倍。一个重大的科学发现就这样产生了。科学第一次在人类历史上，预测出我们的行为对50~100年后的世界有何影响。这些变化的原因是，从工业革命开始，人类排放到大气中的二氧化碳增加 了。这使得地球的平均气温上升了0.8摄氏度。即使我们立刻停止所有温室气体的排放，气温仍然将比过去上升大约1度。因为在气温达到均衡前，海水温度的上升将持续几十年。
If the world continues on a business-as-usual path, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that there is a fifty-fifty chance the temperature will exceed 5 degrees by the end of this century. This increase may not sound like much, but let me remind you that during the last ice age, the world was only 6 degrees colder. During this time, most of Canada and the United States down to Ohio and Pennsylvania were covered year round by a glacier. A world 5 degrees warmer will be very different. The change will be so rapid that many species, including Humans, will have a hard time adapting. I’ve been told for example, that, in a much warmer world, insects were bigger. I wonder if this thing buzzing around is a precursor.
如果全世界保持现在的经济模式不变，联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）预测，本世纪末将有50%的可能，气温至少上升5度。这听起来好像不多，但是让我来提醒你，上一次的冰河期，地球的气温也仅仅只下降了6度。那时，俄亥俄州和宾夕法尼亚州以北的大部分美国和加拿大的土地，都终年被冰川覆盖。气温上升5度的地球，将是一个非常不同的地球。由于变化来得太快，包括人类在内的许多生物，都将很难适应。比如，有人告诉我，在更温暖的环境中，昆虫的个头将变大。我不知道现在身旁嗡嗡叫的这只大苍蝇，是不是就是前兆。
We also face the specter of nonlinear “tipping points” that may cause much more severe changes. An example of a tipping point is the thawing of the permafrost. The permafrost contains immense amounts of frozen organic matter that have been accumulating for millennia. If the soil melts, microbes will spring to life and cause this debris to rot. The difference in biological activity below freezing and above freezing is something we are all familiar with. Frozen food remains edible for a very long time in the freezer, but once thawed, it spoils quickly. How much methane and carbon dioxide might be released from the rotting permafrost? If even a fraction of the carbon is released, it could be greater than all the greenhouse gases we have released to since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Once started, a runaway effect could occur.
我们还面临另一个幽灵，那就是非线性的“气候引爆点”，这会带来许多严重得多的变化。“气候引爆点”的一个例子就是永久冻土层的融化。永久冻土层经 过千万年的累积形成，其中包含了巨量的冻僵的有机物。如果冻土融化，微生物就将广泛繁殖，使得冻土层中的有机物快速腐烂。冷冻后的生物和冷冻前的生物，它 们在生物学特性上的差异，我们都很熟悉。在冷库中，冷冻食品在经过长时间保存后，依然可以食用。但是，一旦解冻，食品很快就腐烂了。一个腐烂的永久冻土层，将释放出多少甲烷和二氧化碳？即使只有一部分的碳被释放出来，可能也比我们从工业革命开始释放出来的所有温室气体还要多。这种事情一旦发生，局势就失控了。
The climate problem is the unintended consequence of our success. We depend on fossil energy to keep our homes warm in the winter, cool in the summer, and lit at night; we use it to travel across town and across continents. Energy is a fundamental reason for the prosperity we enjoy, and we will not surrender this prosperity. The United States has 3 percent of the world population, and yet, we consume 25 percent of the energy. By contrast, there are 1.6 billion people who don’t have access to electricity. Hundreds of millions of people still cook with twigs or dung. The life we enjoy may not be within the reach of the developing world, but it is within sight, and they want what we have.
气候问题是我们的经济发展在无意中带来的后果。我们太依赖化石能源，冬天取暖，夏天制冷，夜间照明，长途旅行，环球观光。能源是经济繁荣的基础，我 们不可能放弃经济繁荣。美国人口占全世界的3%，但是我们消耗全世界25%的能源。与此形成对照，全世界还有16亿人没有电，数亿人依靠燃烧树枝和动物粪便来煮饭。发展中国家的人民享受不到我们的生活，但是他们都看在眼里，他们渴望拥有我们拥有的东西。
Here is the dilemma. How much are we willing to invest, as a world society, to mitigate the consequences of climate change that will not be realized for at least 100 years? Deeply rooted in all cultures, is the notion of generational responsibility. Parents work hard so that their children will have a better life. Climate change will affect the entire world, but our natural focus is on the welfare of our immediate families. Can we, as a world society, meet our responsibility to future generations?
这就是新的挑战。全世界作为一个整体，我们到底愿意付出多少，来缓和气候变化？这种付出至少在100年内，都不会有明显效果。代际责任深深植根于所有文化中。家长努力工作，为了让他们的孩子有更好的生活。气候变化将影响整个世界，但是我们的天性使得我们只关心个人家庭的福利。我们能不能把全世界看作一个整体？能不能为未来的人们承担起责任？
While I am worried, I am hopeful we will solve this problem. I became the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in part because I wanted to enlist some of the best scientific minds to help battle against climate change. I was there only four and a half years, the shortest serving director in the 78-year history of the Lab, but when I left, a number of very exciting energy institutes at the Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley had been established.
虽然我忧心忡忡，但是还是对未来抱乐观态度，这个问题将会得到解决。我同意出任劳伦斯-伯克利国家实验室主任，部分原因是我想招募一些世界上最好的科学家，来研究气候变化的对策。我在那里干了4年半，是这个实验室78年的历史中，任期最短的主任，但是当我离任时，在伯克利实验室和伯克利分校，一些非常激动人心的能源研究机构已经建立起来了。
I am extremely privileged to be part of the Obama administration. If there ever was a time to help steer America and the world towards a path of sustainable energy, now is the time. The message the President is delivering is not one of doom and gloom, but of optimism and opportunity. I share this optimism. The task ahead is daunting, but we can and will succeed.
能够成为奥巴马施政团队的一员，我感到极其荣幸。如果有一个时机，可以引导美国和全世界走上可持续能源的道路，那么这个时机就是现在。总统已经发出 信息，未来并非在劫难逃，而是乐观的，我们依然有机会。我也抱有这种乐观主义。我们面前的任务令人生畏，但是我们能够并且将会成功。
We know some of the answers already. There are immediate and significant savings in energy efficiency and conservation. Energy efficiency is not just low-hanging fruit; it is fruit lying on the ground. For example, we have the potential to make buildings 80 percent more efficient with investments that will pay for themselves in less than 15 years. Buildings consume 40 percent of the energy we use, and a transition to energy efficient buildings will cut our carbon emissions by one-third.
我们已经有了一些答案，可以立竿见影地节约能源和提高能源使用效率。它们不是挂在枝头的水果，而是已经成熟掉在地上了，就看我们愿不愿意捡起来。比 如，我们有办法将楼宇的耗电减少80%，增加的投资在15年内就可以收回来。楼宇的耗电占我们能源消费的40%，节能楼宇的推广将使我们二氧化碳的释放减 少三分之一。
We are revving up the remarkable American innovation machine that will be the basis of a new American prosperity. We will invent much improved methods to harness the sun, the wind, nuclear power, and capture and sequester the carbon dioxide emitted from our power plants. Advanced bio-fuels and the electrification of personal vehicles make us less dependent on foreign oil.
我们正在加速美国这座巨大的创新机器，这将是下一次美国大繁荣的基础。我们将大量投资有效利用太阳能、风能、核能的新方法，大量投资能够捕获和隔离电厂废气中的二氧化碳的方法。先进的生物燃料和电力汽车将使得我们不再那么依赖外国的石油。
In the coming decades, we will almost certainly face higher oil prices and be in a carbon-constrained economy. We have the opportunity to lead in development of a new, industrial revolution. The great hockey player, Wayne Gretzky, when asked, how he positions himself on the ice, he replied,“ I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it’s been.” America should do the same.
在未来的几十年中，我们几乎肯定会面对更高的油价和更严厉的二氧化碳限制排放政策。这是一场新的工业革命，美国有机会充当领导者。伟大的冰上曲棍球选手Wayne Gretzky被问到，他如何在冰上跑位，回答说：“我滑向球下一步的位置，而不是它现在的位置。”美国也应该这样做。
The Obama administration is laying a new foundation for a prosperous and sustainable energy future, but we don’t have all of the answers. That’s where you come in. In this address, I am asking you, the Harvard graduates, to join us. As our future intellectual leaders, take the time to learn more about what’s at stake, and then act on that knowledge. As future scientists and engineers, I ask you to give us better technology solutions. As future economists and political scientists, I ask you to create better policy options. As future business leaders, I ask that you make sustainability an integral part of your business.
奥巴马政府正在为美国的繁荣和可持续能源，打下新的基础。但是我们无法为所有问题都找到答案。这就需要你们的参与。在本次演讲中，我请求在座各位哈佛毕业生加入我们。你们是我们未来的智力领袖，请花时间加深理解目前的危险局势，然后采取相应的行动。你们是未来的科学家和工程师，我要求你们给我们更好的技术方案。你们是未来的经济学家和政治学家，我要求你们创造更好的政策选择。你们是未来的企业家，我要求你们将可持续发展作为你们业务中不可分割的一部分。
Finally, as humanists, I ask that you speak to our common humanity. One of the cruelest ironies about climate change is that the ones who will be hurt the most are the most innocent: the worlds poorest and those yet to be born.
最后，你们是人道主义者，我要求你们为了人道主义说话。气候变化带来的最残酷的讽刺之一，就是最受伤害的人，恰恰就是最无辜的人——那些世界上最穷的人们和那些还没有出生的人。
The coda to this last movement is borrowed from two humanists.
这个最后乐章的完结部是引用两个人道主义者的话。
The first quote is from Martin Luther King. He spoke on ending the war in Vietnam in 1967, but his message seems so fitting for today’s climate crisis:
第一段引语来自马丁•路德•金。这是1967年他对越南战争结束的评论，但是看上去非常适合用来评论今天的气候危机。
“This call for a worldwide fellowship that lifts neighborly concern beyond one’s tribe, race, class, and nation is in reality a call for an all-embracing and unconditional love for all mankind. This oft misunderstood, this oft misinterpreted concept, so readily dismissed by the Nietzsches of the world as a weak and cowardly force, has now become an absolute necessity for the survival of man … We are now faced with the fact, my friends, that tomorrow is today. We are confronted with the fierce urgency of now. In this unfolding conundrum of life and history, there is such a thing as being too late.”
“我呼吁全世界的人们团结一心，抛弃种族、肤色、阶级、国籍的隔阂；我呼吁包罗一切、无条件的对全人类的爱。你会因此遭受误解和误读，信奉尼采哲学的世人会认定你是一个软弱和胆怯的懦夫。但是，这是人类存在下去的绝对必需。……我的朋友，眼前的事实就是，明天就是今天。此刻，我们面临最紧急的情况。在变幻莫测的生活和历史之中，有一样东西叫做悔之晚矣。”
The final message is from William Faulkner. On December 10th, 1950, his Nobel Prize banquet speech was about the role of humanists in a world facing potential nuclear holocaust.
第二段引语来自威廉•福克纳。1950年12月10月，他在诺贝尔奖获奖晚宴上发表演说，谈到了世界在核战争的阴影之下，人道主义者应该扮演什么样的角色。
“I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance. The poet’s, the writer’s, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past.”
“我相信人类不仅能忍耐，而且会获胜。人类是不朽的，这不是因为万物当中仅仅他会无穷尽的呼喊，而是因为他有一个灵魂，有同情心、牺牲精神和忍耐力。诗人和作家的责任就是写这些东西。他们的特权正是通过鼓舞人类，唤起人类原有的荣耀——勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、怜悯之心和牺牲精神，去帮助人类学会忍耐。”
Graduates, you have an extraordinary role to play in our future. As you pursue your private passions, I hope you will also develop a passion and a voice to help the world in ways both large and small. Nothing will give you greater satisfaction.
各位毕业生同学，你们在我们的未来中扮演举足轻重的角色。当你们追求个人的志向时，我希望你们也会发扬奉献精神，积极发声，在大大小小各个方面帮助改进这个世界。这会给你们带来最大的满足感。
Please accept my warmest congratulations. May you prosper, may you help preserve and save our planet for your children, and all future children of the world.
最后，请接受我最热烈的祝贺。希望你们成功，也希望你们保护和拯救我们这个星球，为了你们的孩子，以及未来所有的孩子。

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【新托福iBT独立写作作文模板】
Classified Templates:

A or B
1。The main reason for my propensity for A is that___________________________
#333333;”>。就理由进行解释_____________________。For instance，____________________

Another reason can be seen by every one is that____________________________。就理由进行解释___________________For example，____________________

The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because_____________________________

Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of B，
I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious。
Such as________________。

In a word，
________________________________________________。So，
it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to A。

2。将原题复述___________________________________________When faced with the decision of A of B，quite a few would deem that______________________，
but others，
in contrast，
believe A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point。
Among countless factors which influence -A/-B，
there are three conspicuous aspects as follows。

The main reason for my propensity for _________is that___________________

The second reason can be seen by every person that________。

In addition，
these reasons are also usable when we consider that_________。

There are some disadvantages in____________________另一种观点的缺点__________。

In a word，
_____________重复观点句并缩写理由__________________。Taking into account of all these factors，
we may reach the conclusion that___________。

3。
Some people prefer to A。
others believe B。
When faced with the decision of A or B，
quite a few would claim that______________，
but others，
in contrast，
deem A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point。
There are numerous reasons why___________，
and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here。

The main reason why I agree with the above statement，
however，
is that_____________________。Take___________as an example，
______________。

There is another factor that deserves some words here。
Such as ________________________。

Similarly，
these reasons are also usable when we consider that______________。(examples:___________)。

From the above you might got idea that I agree______________。(repeat the above three reason____________)。So，
it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to _______________。

4。In my point of view，
A is as important as，
if not more important than B。
So it is sagacious to choose A。Among count less factors which influence A。
there are three conspicuous aspects as follows。

The above point is certainly true if A is considered。
For example，___________________

Another reason why I agree with the above statement is that I believe that A is better than B。
For instance，_______________

It would probably not be too kindly disposed to the idea that B is not important
。
B________也好_________。

In a word，
to choose A or B is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of B，
and neglect hte genuinely good aspects of A。
For the reasons presented above，
I strongly commit to the notion that A，
but not B。

5。
When faced with the decision of A or B，
quite a few would claim that A，
but others，
in contrast，
deems B as the premier choice and that is also my point。
This quite different view is based on the propensity of following points。

We may look into every possible reason; however，
fore most reason for B is ____________________。
For example，
______________。

Also，
________________________。

This is arbitrary to judge B according only to the excuse I mentioned in the above paragraph。

Similarly，
these reasons are also usable when we consider that________________。

Admittedly，
__________________A也有好的地方______________。By he same token，
however，______________B更好____________。Taking into account of all these factors，
we may reach the conclusion that_____________。

6。
When it comes to______________，
Nevertheless，
in my part，
I prefer A rather than B as my inclination。
My arguments for this point are listed as follows。

I agree with the statement that _________without reservation since___________。

Naturally___________。
It can be given a concrete example__________。

A more essential factor why I advocate the argument of __________is that。
Obviously ________________。Take the case of a thing that____________。

Furthermore，
what is worth noticing fact is that ________________。
This demonstrates the undeniable fact that__________________。

Of course，
choosing B also has advantages to some extent，_______________此处论述B的1-2优点___________。But if all these factors are contemplated，
the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B。
From what has been discussed above，
we may finally draw the conclusion that_____________。

7。
____________改写并复述题目____________。The advantages of B carry more weight than those of A。There are numerous reasons why __________，
and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here。

One of the primary cause is that_______________________。

What is also worth noticing fact is that_____________________。

Furthermore，
________________________。

Although I agree that there may be couple of disadvantages to_________________。I fell that the advantages are more obvious_____________。

_______________，
Given the factors I have just outlined，
I can only say that___________________。

8。
____________改写并复述题目____________。When faced with decision of A or B，
quite a few would claim that ___________，
but others，
in contrast，
deem A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point。
Among countless factors which influence _________，
there are three conspicuous aspects as follows。

The main reason for my propensity for ________________ is that _____________。

Another reason can be seen by every person is that___________________。

The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because ________________________。

In a word，
___________________。
Taking into account of all these factors，
we may reach the conclusion that ____________________。

9。
From my point of view，
it is advisable to choose A rather than B。
My arguments for this point are listed as follows。

The main reason for my propensity for ____________________ is that ________________。

There is another factor that deserves some words here。

In a word，
________________________。
While it is true that the argument，
I disagree hold a little bit of water，
I think_______________。



单一命题形式：

1. The answer of this statement depends on your own experience and life style。
In my point view，
buying computers is as important as，
if not more important than，
buying books。
So it is sagacious to ____________。Among countless factors which influence the choice，
these are three conspicuous aspects as follows。

The main reason for my propensity for__________is that____________。

Another reason can be seen by every person is that________________。

Furthermore，______________。

In short，_________________复述前文中的理由______________。

Advantages or disadvantages:

____________改写并复述题目____________。
There may be by one or two disadvantages to ___________________; however，
I believe that there are far more advantages。
My arguments for this point are listed as follows。

First of all，
perhaps one disadvantages to____________is that______________。For instance，__________________。
Another drawback to _____________involves the possibility that____________。For example，
____________。

Even though there may be one or two disadvantages to____________，
the advantages far outweigh them。The main reason for my propensity for __________is that _________。
For example_____________。

Another reason for my inclination for _____________ is that _________________。
For example，_________________。

In a word，
in spite of the fact that there may be a couple of disadvantages to _____________，
I feel that the advantages are more obvious___________。重复优点__________。Taking into account of all these factors，we may reach the conclusion that _____________。



agree or disagree

1. Nowadays，
some may hold the opinion that ____________________。
But others have a negative attitude。
As far as I am concerned，
I agree that ____________。
My arguments for this point are listed as follows。

I agree with the statement that ______________________without reservation since ________________。

Another reason why I agree with the above statement is that I believe that________________。

In a word，
_________________________。
Taking into account of all these factors，
we may reach the conclusion that__________。



2. Some people prefer to A，
others believe B，
Nowadays some may hold the opinion that ________________，
but others have a negative attitude。
As far as I am concerned，
I agree/disagree that_______________。
MY arguments for this point are listed as follows。

One of the primary causes is that_______________________。

Examples_______________。

But there is a further more subtle point we must consider。
Examples。

What is more_______________。
Examples___________

General speaking，
__________。
Recognizing the fact that _______________should drive us to conclude that______________。



3. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that a _____________________________。But to be frank，
I cannot agree with them。
There are numerous reasons why I hold no confidence on them，
and I would explore only a few primary ones here。

The main problem with this argument is that it is ignorant o the basic fact that______________解释本段中心___________。

Another reason why I disagree with the above statement is that I believe that______________。

What is more，
some students are interested in____________。

In a word，
________________。

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【听力---SSS---August 5, 2009】

Century-Old Physics Law Violated
A study in the journal Nano Letters shows that the well-known rules of heat transfer from a nonreflective object, called Planck's blackbody radiation law, break down if the object can be brought close enough to another object while still not touching it.

In 1900 legendary physicist Max Planck described the way energy gets dissipated from any nonreflective object, called a blackbody. But even Max said if something else is really, really close to the object, his law might not hold.

Now physicists from M.I.T. have finally shown that if you can get another object near enough to the blackbody, but still not touching it, Planck’s blackbody radiation law really does break down. Which is good news for you.

The reseachers had been able to put flat plates a millionth of a meter apart. Which was still too far away to see any effect. But with glass beads, they achieved separations of only 10 billionths of a meter. And the radiation flow was up to（没听出来，感觉像wasupro） a thousand times greater than Planck’s law predicts. The study appears in the August issue of the journal Nano Letters.

It’s good news because of potential applications. For example, computer data storage and solar energy devices are all less efficient because of heat buildup（热量的积累）. If tinier distances can be achieved in these real-world devices, such waste could be made to walk the plank.

walk the plank：

Be forced to resign, as in We were sure that Ted hadn't left of his own accord; he'd walked the plank. This metaphoric idiom alludes to a form of execution used in the 17th century, mainly by pirates, whereby a victim was forced to walk off the end of a board placed on the edge of the ship's deck and so drown.

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【听力---SSS---May 29, 2009】

Bacteria on the Skin You're In
In a study in the journal Science, researchers found that different skin regions harbor very different kinds of bacteria.

Have you ever said, “I know it like the back of my hand”? Well, how well do you know the back of your hand? Or the back of your knee? Or behind your ears? Probably not as well as scientists at the National Institutes of Health who just completed a survey of the bacteria that live on the skin at various parts of the body. They found that different sites harbor（居住着，和live in是反过来的） different bugs, results published in the May 29th issue of the journal Science.

harbor：
transitive verb
1 a : to give shelter or refuge to b : to be the home or habitat of *the ledges still harbor rattlesnakes*; broadly : CONTAIN 2
2 : to hold especially persistently in the mind : CHERISH *harbored a grudge*
intransitive verb
1 : to take shelter in or as if in a harbor
2 : LIVE

The skin, they point out, is a large ecosystem that includes a variety of ecological niches. Your moist armpit（腋窝） is like a tropical rainforest, whereas, not far away, your forearm（前臂） is as smooth and dry as a desert. So the scientists took samples from 20 different body regions in 10 volunteers. And found that the microbes in your armpit are more like those in someone else’s armpit than the ones on your own forearm.

niche:
1 a : a recess in a wall especially for a statue b : something that resembles a niche
2 a : a place, employment, status, or activity for which a person or thing is best fitted *finally found her niche* b : a habitat supplying the factors necessary for the existence of an organism or species c : the ecological role of an organism in a community especially in regard to food consumption d : a specialized market

Dry skin showed the greatest diversity with an average of 44 different species found on the forearm. While the least diverse mix, with only 19 species, lives aft of your ears. So science-savvy moms: don’t worry about washing behind the ears. Instead, bug your brood to give those grubby forearms a good scrubbing.

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【词汇学习】
face和confront的区别：
face：

v.tr.

• To occupy a position with the face toward:
  stood and faced the audience.
• To front on:
  a window that faces the south.
• • To confront with complete awareness:
    had to face the facts.
  • To overcome by confronting boldly or bravely:
    “What this generation must do is face its problems”
    (John F. Kennedy).
  • To confront with impudence. See synonyms at
    defy.
• • To be certain to encounter; have in store:
    An unskilled youth faces a difficult life.
  • To bring or to be brought face to face with:
    “The prospect of military conflict . . . faced us with nightmarish choices”
    (Henry A. Kissinger).
• To cause (troops) to change direction by giving a command.
• Games.
  To turn (a playing card) so that the face is up.
• To furnish with a surface or cover of a different material:
  bronze that is faced with gold foil.
• To line or trim the edge of, especially with contrasting material:
  face a hem with lace.
• To treat the surface of so as to smooth.

confront：
1 : to face especially in challenge  : OPPOSE  *confront an enemy*
2 a : to cause to meet  : bring face-to-face  *confront a reader with statistics*  b : to meet face-to-face  : ENCOUNTER  *confronted the possibility of failure*

注意：confront在M-W里面只有及物动词这一条，也就是说他没有不及物动词这一说。我们一般所说的face也就是及物的了，所以我们所常见的这两个词都是及物的，不需要去考虑不及物的时候。我们会搞混的就是跟with的组合，而以为是不及物的表现。事实上不然。
face有普通一般的面对的意思，就比如面对观众这样的基本用法。这也是我们对于面对的最直接的用法，可以作为参考来看其他特殊的面对。
那face除了面对以外还有面向的意思，也就是这个窗户面向南方，face the south
face还有就是很清醒的去面对，很勇敢的去面对，很藐视的去面对的意思。
还有一个就是被动和什么面对面（其实这个意思也没有被动和主动之意了，两个东西面对是相互的，也许就是一个在意图上是主动或者是被动）
face还有一个意思就是使和什么面对面，这里就涉及到了with，face sth. with sth，比如：The prospect of military conflict . . . faced us with nightmarish choices

那confront一个意思就是具有挑战性的面对
一个就是和什么面对面
一个就是和with有关的使和什么面对面，confront sth with sth，比如：confront a reader with statistics

那我们一种很常见的状况就是sth is confronted with sth，这就是什么被迫和什么面对面，那其实这个也可以直接表述为sth confront sth，因为confront本身就有被迫和什么面对面的意思。

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【九月作文小组第一篇---07.10.06】
题目：Agree or disagree with the following statement: it is more important to award students for effort (trying or hard working) than for achievement (good grades)

When confronted with the choice that as to effort and achievement, which is more important to award students for, some will regard awarding for effort as more important; while others will argue that encouragement for achievement is more meaningful. As far as I am concerned, it is more important to award students for effort than for achievement.

To begin with, hard working will bring achievement naturally sooner or later. And achievement can only be obtained by effort, otherwise it is unnecessary to award for a result got without any effort. Hence what we should award for and encourage is the effort because our human beings need such encouragement to move on in the journey of striving. And only if the spirit of effort exists, we can achieve any practical goals. Achievement is just the result; however the precious spirit of willing to pay effort is the right motivation of progress. Take the Edison’s invention light bulb for example. Although we should cherish the gratitude for the invention, I think what deserves award most is the spirit of never giving up and continuing to pay effort when confronted with failure again and again. Such encouragement can incite the other scientists or later generation to create more other powerful inventions, hence leading to make great stride on the development road.

Furthermore, compared with the situation of accomplishment of the goal, it is not difficult to imagine that it is more important to give encouragement to one who has paid plenty of effort yet has not achieved anything. If one can not get the timely incentive, it is probable that he can not sustain to go through the whole plan. For example, if one student has tried his best to complete his own plan for the whole semester assignments. And during the first half part of the semester he paid more attention to the elementary knowledge and tried to make a solid foundation, so not prepared the middle examination well and the score of the test was lower than other students. Do you think it is proper not to award the student if you have seen the effort the student has paid? In my opinion, it is very necessary to encourage the student in time to move on toward his own goal. And I also think that it is more meaningful and important to award the student now than when he accomplishes his goal. In short, we should not be reluctant to give our encouragement to one whose effort deserves praise.

In conclusion, I think what we should advocate is the spirit of perseverance and continuous effort, and hence it is more important and meaningful to award the students for effort.

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【听力---SSS---May 28, 2009】

Human Speech Genes Mimicked in Mice
In a study in the journal Cell, researchers "humanized" a mouse gene--the human counterpart of which is thought to be related to speech--and the mice vocalized differently.

[Cartoon audio clip] “We interrupt your regular broadcast to bring you this important news bulletin.”
Humans can talk. Chimps can’t.
“Your scientific jargon staggers me, Pinky.”
In recent years scientists have learned that mutations in a gene called FOXP2 seem to be crucial for human speech. Of course, it’s much, much easier to work with mice than either chimps or people. So researchers introduced genetic changes into the mouse FOXP2.
“You will be forced up the evolutionary ladder.” （你将被迫爬上进化的梯子，这个表达可以很形象的来表达很多我们要表达的意思，be forced up the ... ladder）
To make it more like ours.
“Causing a mutating effect on your gene pool.”
And mice with the humanized gene show brain circuit（就是大脑回路） changes known to be linked to human speech（这个后置定语是用来补充说明这个事物对于人们认知的一个事实，我们也可以借用来表达。sth known to be linked to sth）. Not only that, the genetically altered mouse pups had different ultrasonic vocalizations than did garden variety mice. The research appears in the May 29th issue of the journal Cell.
“If I could talk to animals I wouldn’t waste time with experiments like this.”
The authors wrote that “with this study we get the first glimpse that mice can be used to study not only disease, but also our own history."
“Finished, Pinky.”

学习：

stagger：
intransitive verb  
1 a : to reel from side to side  : TOTTER  b : to move on unsteadily  *staggered toward the door*
2 : to waver in purpose or action  : HESITATE
3 : to rock violently  *the ship staggered*
transitive verb  
1 : to cause to doubt or hesitate  : PERPLEX
2 : to cause to reel or totter
3 : to arrange in any of various zigzags, alternations, or overlappings of position or time  *stagger work shifts*  *stagger teeth on a cutter*

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【听力---SSS---May 27, 2009】

Rice for Nice, Low-Price Ice
Refrigerator vacuum panels made from the ash of burned rice husks won University of Michigan students first prize in the M.I.T. Clean Energy contest.

The fridge（=refrigerator） is one of your home’s biggest energy hogs. Better insulation can make refrigerators much more efficient. And a panel encasing a vacuum is one of the best insulators known（这个表达可以学习，就是所知道的范围内最好的）. But vacuum-insulated panels are too pricy（昂贵） for widespread use.

hog：
1 : a domestic swine especially when weighing more than 120 pounds (54 kilograms); broadly : any of various wild and domestic swine
2 usually hogg British : a young unshorn sheep; also : wool from such a sheep
3 a : a selfish, gluttonous, or filthy person b : one that uses something to excess *old cars that are gas hogs*

Enter some University of Michigan students. They took something called rice husk ash: the leftover husks from processing rice is burned for energy, and the ash remains. It’s high in silica and carbon. So they tinkered with the ash and developed a new core material for vacuum insulated panels. It’s about 50 percent cheaper than what’s currently available. And the resulting panels are such good insulators that swapping them into refrigerators could lead to about a 50 percent energy savings. They’re space efficient too: a one-inch-thick ash panel equals today’s four-inch-thick polystyrene panels.

tinker：
intransitive verb : to work in the manner of a tinker; especially : to repair, adjust, or work with something in an unskilled or experimental manner : FIDDLE *always tinkering with his car*
transitive verb : to repair, adjust, or experiment with
swap：
transitive verb  
1 a : to give in trade  : BARTER  b : EXCHANGE 2
2 : to take turns in telling  *swap stories*
intransitive verb   : to make an exchange

Then Michigan business students partnered with the scientists to create a company called Husk Insulation. They entered the invention in the M.I.T. Clean Energy Prize competition. And on May 13th, Husk Insulation won the competition’s first prize—a cool $200,000. Which will be invested in further research and development.

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【阅读+写作】
EDITORIAL
Next Steps With North Korea

Published: August 5, 2009

Sending a former president to secure（保证的意思） the release of two journalists detained by North Korea was a big step, but Bill Clinton’s trip will have been well worth the effort if it laid the groundwork for（为什么做准备工作） truly productive talks on North Korea’s nuclear programs. Now it is up to President Obama to make it clear to Pyongyang that it is no longer good enough to make easily broken promises.

Even before Mr. Clinton’s mission this week to rescue Laura Ling and Euna Lee from a 12-year sentence to North Korea’s gulag, Obama administration officials concluded that Pyongyang was looking for a face-saving（保全面子的） way to re-engage with Washington.

North Korea made a colossal mistake by getting off to a bad start with President Obama, who offered the kind of dialogue that President George W. Bush took far too long to embrace. The North Koreans responded by breaking off six-country negotiations, conducting a second nuclear test, and test-firing missiles. They also vowed to make more nuclear weapons and threatened military action against efforts to isolate it, and may have resumed nuclear fuel production. There are growing concerns about Pyongyang’s willingness to sell missiles and other technology to other states.

colossal：
1 : of, relating to, or resembling a colossus
2 : of a bulk, extent, power, or effect approaching or suggesting the stupendous or incredible *colossal rock formations*
3 : of an exceptional or astonishing degree *a colossal failure*

We do not know the details of Mr. Clinton’s meetings, but we hope they lead to future talks. That poses a challenge for Mr. Obama: while he must pursue this opening, he must not be so desperate for（迫切 : suffering extreme need or anxiety  *desperate for money*） a deal that he lets North Korea set all the terms. He struck the right note when he told MSNBC on Wednesday that Mr. Clinton’s mission had not eased the need for North Korea to alter its behavior if it wants a “path to better relations.”

To start, that means not giving in to Pyongyang’s desire to make the talks a bilateral process with Washington. It is imperative（绝对必要的） to keep South Korea, Japan, China and Russia — key participants in any effective deal — engaged. Officials from Washington and Pyongyang can still meet separately, as they did under Mr. Bush.

Most important, the United States and its partners need to make clear that the expectations are higher than they were before — that North Korea will not be rewarded again just for recommitting to promises that were broken before and likely will be broken again. Future steps toward disarmament must be irreversible.

Under a 2005 agreement, North Korea shut down its reactor at Yongbyon — the source of plutonium for its nuclear weapons — and promised to dismantle its bomb-making infrastructure. It has since kicked out international inspectors and claims to be rebuilding and resuming its capabilities. One way to make disablement more permanent: pour concrete into the reactor core.

The United States and its partners also have to re-establish their credibility; North Korea never received all the fuel deliveries promised under the 2005 deal. At the same time, however, Washington and its partners must keep enforcing the tougher Security Council sanctions imposed on Pyongyang in June.

It is understandable to doubt that impoverished North Korea will ever abandon its nuclear program — its only form of leverage over the rest of the world. But patient — and firm — engagement backed by sanctions still offers the best path toward a peaceful solution, however tortuous it might be.

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【176楼文章的中文翻译参考】

婚姻十忌

把深陷泥沼的婚姻转移到互相信任的安全地带

                                                                                                                                                                               byDr. Michael Tobin

爱这种情感十分微妙。它会从指责、愤怒和讽刺的氛围撒腿开溜，却会在尊重、接受和坦诚的环境下茁壮成长。下列10条婚姻戒律 --- 如果得到自觉、认真的遵守 --- 将把深陷泥沼的婚姻转移到互相信任的安全地带。

为什么要开一张婚姻禁忌的清单，而不是一串婚姻“必做”的积极建议呢？下面这个《塔木德经》的故事将回答这个问题：

一个没有信仰的人遇见伟大哲人、长者希勒尔，要求他用一只脚站立的时间教授他整本《托拉》。希勒尔同意了，并说：“己所不欲勿施于人。除此之外的内容都在注释里，现在去学吧。”许多评论家想知道，为什么他从反面回答，而不是引用著名的圣经箴言“爱邻如爱己。”呢？

我的理解相当简单。谁都明白什么会伤害我们；谁都体验过一句吹毛求疵的话或一个轻蔑鄙视的眼神带来的痛苦有多深；谁都见到过一段负面评论如何伤害，甚至摧毁一段因缘。我们还知道，消极行为的弊远远大于利，无论是我们对别人还是别人对我们。

因此，改善关系的第一步，是杜绝污染婚姻环境的消极行为。在有毒废料场栽种玫瑰是于事无补的。我们必须首先清除毒物，然后才能美化环境。我们越注意防范可能伤害伴侣的微妙细节，就越能使我们的爱情之花绽放。

当您读完10项禁忌时，希望您做后面的练习。婚姻的挑战要求我们对3P作出承诺practice, persistence and patience（实践、毅力和耐心）。只要你照着去做，就会尝到甜头。即使其中一方为求变而不懈努力，其结果仍会相当显著。

1．不要把伴侣视作理所当然

婚姻可能是最有效也最具挑战性的塑造性格的过程。我们遇到的许多合作者让我们有机会实践自控、和善和尊重。例如，在某个特定时刻，您可能会面临选择：是勃然大怒，还是通过沟通释放胸中的怨气。在另一种场合，选择可能出现在以下两者之间：是不把她（他）放在眼里，还是心存感激。

你要么是不把配偶放在眼里的人，要么是看得到配偶善意的人，不可能两者兼有。

在这十条中，不准把伴侣视作理所当然是最独特的。实践它的唯一方法是摆出积极姿态，即学会感激。你要么是不把配偶放在眼里的人，要么是看得到配偶善意的人，不可能两者兼有。这也是克服克服自私的最佳办法。为了表明你确实有感激的愿望，你必须祛除三种消极态度 --- 盛气凌人、期望值过高和装聋作哑。

盛气凌人是指，你为我付出的一切都是应该的，我干吗要感激你。这种态度就是，我的需要第一，你必须迎合我。与盛气凌人密切相关的还有，如果我有期待，你就有义务来满足。怀着居高临下的期望值，我们就会把伴侣当作自己的延伸体，就象婴儿与母乳的关系 --- 他一哭闹，就期待立即有人来喂食。装聋作哑就是忽视或忘记显而易见的东西。我们时常对伴侣向我们释放的大大小小的善举视而不见。我怀疑正是盛气凌人的高期望值导致了装聋作哑。

如果你想知道自己是否没把伴侣当回事，我建议你先问问自己以下的问题：你对伴侣是否象对普通熟人或同事那样礼貌、和蔼、周到？对大多数人，答案是否定的。所以，再问自己一个问题：如果你的伴侣待你不客气、无视你的好意也不体谅你的需求，你有何感想？在回答之前，请想一想长者希勒尔的话“己所不欲勿施于人”。

练习

记录下伴侣为你所做的一切，无论大小，从早晨为你冲的那杯咖啡，到他（她）持家理财的高招。

问问自己，“在伴侣为你所做的那些事当中，你是否表示出感激并以何种方式表达的？”最有可能的是，你会发现，对于那么多的善意，你大概从未流露过感激之情。

尝试向自己承诺，花一周时间表达你的感激并关注发生的变化。你甚至可以写信给伴侣，说声谢谢。

2.　不要胡乱猜忌

不要自以为你知道伴侣的想法和感受，很可能你是错的。没有根据的假设会造成不必要的冲突。

想象一下这种情景。你走进客厅，丈夫正坐在他最喜欢的椅子上，两眼瞪着墙。他双唇紧闭，牙关紧咬。你瞬间的反应：恐惧！“我做错什么了？他为什么如此生我的气？”你试着接近他，“怎么了，大卫？”你问道，预料他会把气撒到你头上。大卫慢慢地转过身。紧张、愤怒的神情开始融化，他伤心地说：“我失业了。”“谢天谢地，”你几乎脱口而出，“他不是在生我的气。”

真相大白了，该女士才发现丈夫不是在生她的气。然而，有多少次我们胡思乱想，并始终信以为真，却不去探明真相？

在医治婚姻危机的过程中常常出现这种情景：捕风捉影的结果往往是查无实据，或者只有部分属实。例如，愤怒、挑剔的丈夫被认为憎恨他的妻子，可能实际上他是怀疑妻子不爱他而缺少安全感。冷淡、有排斥心理的妻子原来是一个非常悲伤的女人，因为失去母亲而肝肠寸断。因此不要胡乱猜测。去核实。

练习

找一张纸，不多加思索地完成以下句子：“我觉得我的伴侣认为我… …。”

写完之后，去核实你的猜测。

我猜想，你会发现你的许多猜测是无中生有。不过，也可能你的伴侣承认部分正确。这或许令人不快，但与现实打交道总比捕风捉影让人踏实。至少现在你能解决这个棘手问题了。

3.不要指责

“这是你的错。是你让我这样做的。因为你，我们的关系才那么僵。你让我感觉糟透了。”说这种话多容易。“造成这场僵局，我错在哪里？”看着自己这样问却是那么的难。

“造成这场僵局，我错在哪里？”看着自己这样问是那么的难。

指责就是剥夺对方权利。在本质上，责备对方，就是在诉说对方控制了自己的感情和行为。双方的关系变成了巴甫洛夫和他的狗 --- 铃声一响，狗就流口水。妻子忘记打招呼，我就发飙。

在指责对方时，我们剥夺了对方认真考虑我们言论并作出周到反应的机会。我们不是在表达自己正当的不满情绪，而是在指责、威胁对方，必然招致类似的反击。其结果要么小冲突不断，要么全面战争爆发。于是我们在痛苦中明白，在爱情和战争中，一切都是公平的，没有赢家，婚姻也不例外。

那么，避免相互指责的解药是什么？答案很简单：承担自己的那份责任。然而，要付诸行动确是一种挑战。放弃自以为是的感觉很难，放弃逼迫对方认错也很难。让我告诉你婚姻的真谛：“一贯正确”是婚姻关系中的末等奖。你赢了，但婚姻输了。如果你要让婚姻取胜，试着用心寻找：引起冲突，你的那份责任。扪心自问，“我是不是在制造隔阂和伤害？”

练习

把你指责对方的方式全部列出来。例如：“都是因为你家里才乱七八糟”或者“莎拉混在坏人堆里，是因为你从来不花时间陪她”。

深刻反省并记下自己该负的责任。

寻求解决每种情况的办法。在后面的例子中，她可以考虑这样对她的丈夫说，“莎拉混在坏人堆里我很担心。我想谈谈我们能采取些什么措施。”她可能会惊喜地发现，受到尊重的丈夫马上认识到，他该花更多时间陪女儿。

4.不要作解读

想想你会作何感想，如果你的伴侣告诉你，“现在我明白为什么你如此挑剔。你就像你老爸。我敢肯定，他对你的挑剔超过你对我。”你会不会把这种对你行为的所谓的分析，看作是有益的，能帮你促进自我认识和个人发展？

我想，答案是不言自明的。这些话似乎很有见地，但事实上，这些关切是裹着客观外衣的怨言。你可能相信，你了解对方最深刻的动机和行为上最微妙细小的差别。你可能认为，在解读对方行为时，你客观而有帮助。但我可以告诉你，深陷婚姻关系中的人没有谁能保持专业性的距离。我们的解读，更多的出于自我利益和改变对方的欲望。

我不希望妻子解读我的思想和感受。我希望她倾听。

也许，你同我一样。我不希望妻子解读我的思想和感受。我希望她倾听并听懂我的意思。我希望她交流时作为一个朋友，一个关心我的人。我希望她，通过回想我的倾诉、辨别我的感受，帮助我了解自己。

因此，为避免解读，让我开出两剂解药：首先，提防你的怨言，别让它在你分析对方行为之时乘机流露。其次，以开放、关爱的心态倾听。

练习

下一次你的伴侣同你交谈，一定要格外用心去明白她的意思。用积极的非语言的方式表明你在倾听。为此，您可以保持眼神接触，或握着伴侣的手或温柔地拥抱她。

时不时地发表些支持性言论，表明你理解对方的感受。可能的例子是，“我明白你为何生老板的气。如果我是你，肯定也会暴跳如雷的。”

5.　不要言不由衷

我们常常不敢对伴侣说“不”。或许，你是怕她会生气。或许，如果你说“对不起，我不是故意的，”他会失望而你会开始内疚。所以，不主张自己的观点，不说出真实意图，我们最终会适得其反，心怀怨言。言不由衷是我们的关系出了故障，因为没有真诚就没有柔情蜜意。

为对方着想而付出并不意味着你必须牺牲自己的感情、需求去迎合伴侣。如果一味的迎合，你很可能觉得反感或产生了隔阂。向伴侣表达你的真实情感和愿望，让他把你当作真正的你，而不是你以为他想要的那个虚构的你。我之前引用过的圣人希勒尔说过与此相关的箴言：“我不为己，谁人为我？若仅为己，我为何物？若非此时，更待何时？”

也许，当你想说“不”的时候，就说“不”；想说“是”的时候，就说“是”，你的伴侣或许会觉得更安全，因为对方知道可以相信你所说的话。然而，更可能的是，你刚刚改变的举动会让对方感到威胁。你必须记住他还没习惯你的诚实。当她了解到你以前所有的“是”不少是言不由衷的，她会痛苦和惊讶。

重要的是要明白，任何时候你改变婚姻规则，必然会有冲突。这没关系。冲突往往是婚姻关系发展的必须。通过冲突，彼此会加深了解，建立更牢固的纽带。

如果你与配偶关系已经牢固，那么你对诚实的担当只会加深这种关系。如果还不牢固，建议你小心从事。在你敞开心扉之前，斟酌一下对方可能的反应。有些夫妇可能需要专业指导，帮助他们把惟对方是从过渡到彼此坦诚的关系。通往开诚布公更深境界之路往往是不平坦的，然而，你一旦达到，一切付出都是值得的。

练习

把下边的话写在纸上：“我担心告诉对方… …

列出清单，把最容易吐露的真相排在第一，次容易的第二，依次类推。

想象自己走过去告诉他（或）她真相。注意体会行动时的感受。让呼吸平静下来，轻轻告戒自己放松心情。当你在意念中做到之后，试着付诸行动。从清单上最容易那件做起。

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【177楼文章的翻译参考】

6.　不要把沉默当武器

沉默是杀伤性武器。比起诉诸于冷冰冰的沉默，夫妇之间还是进行非暴力的口水之战为好，至少可以讲出怨气的由头，而不是在沉默中想象双方的分歧有多大。

沉默是一种情感放逐。我们通过彼此封闭、拒绝承认对方的存在而互相惩罚。愤怒的沉默传达的信息是我的合伙人有罪，如果她希望进一步与我沟通，那么她将不得不道歉，并请求我的原谅。它是一种功能强大的操控方式，但在婚姻中不应该有一席之地。

因此，为有效解决冲突，你需要学会用可以被聆听、被接受和被解决的方式表达不满。这种技巧在婚姻中极其重要，如果没有，小问题会酿成大灾难。

那么，如何学会把难以启齿的话说出口？如何向情绪对抗的伴侣倾诉？没有简单的答案。正如前面“不要言不由衷”所告戒的，学会如何解决婚姻难题，你可以寻找专业帮助。不过，在拿主意前，请做下面的练习来发泄怨气。

练习

　1.   
把你的不满列出来。如：“我怨你… …”

　2.   
写信把折磨你的问题告诉伴侣。请从积极、可爱之处写起。切莫抱怨指责。如果意识到自己有挑起事端的份，请告诉对方。当意识

　　　到你也在反思，对方会更坦诚地看待自己的责任。下面是信件样本：

亲爱的大卫，

我感到实在有必要同你谈谈。我爱你，我希望我们的婚姻步入正轨。我想告诉你，也许我伤害了你，但那决非我故意。我想做的是要让我们彼此靠得更近。但有些事我还无法释怀。请考虑我的建议，尽量不要反应过激。

… …

这对我很难，不过我已经跨出了这一步。我因为… …
而内心不安。

众所周知，愤怒的力量很大，能毁掉婚姻。因此，学会控制消极情绪对创造美满婚姻至关重要。第一步是控制怨气，而不是让怨气控制你，弄清自己怨什么，并且把怨气达到毒害程度前释放出来。一旦你越过了这些障碍，进入良性互动，你就朝创造美满婚姻迈出了一大步。

7.不要耍脾气

耍脾气是用过行为间接地表达情绪。例如，小女孩可能用赖学、乱用药物或酗酒的方式，发泄对父母的怨气。她害怕流露真情实感，所以做出引人瞩目的举动，提醒或激怒父母。耍脾气，是一种极端的挑衅行为，对于建立完善的关系，显得既无知又尴尬。

婚姻中常见的耍脾气方式有：把房间弄得一团糟、威胁要离婚、身心自虐、沮丧消沉、胡乱花钱甚至企图自杀。总之，诠释“我太生你气了”的方式，五花八门，不一而足。

最常见的耍脾气是消极对抗。典型的例子是不履行诺言、把对方的衣服人扔得满屋子都是、不负责任的乱花钱、袖手旁观以及对婚姻关系满不在乎。

那么，破解之道是什么？不出意外的话，就是直接对话
---
学会如何向对方说出自己心里的感受。耍脾气掩盖了实质问题，同时把焦点转移到了该行为本身。

请做以下练习，锻炼你的直接沟通能力。

练习

1.   
找一个３０分钟内不会被干扰的僻静、舒适地方。

2.   
闭上双眼，轻松自在地呼吸。集中注意力，体会吐故纳新的过程。

3.
几分钟之后，问自己这个问题：“我为什么要用这种方法激怒他（她）？”譬如：把房间弄得一团糟、不负责任的乱花钱。又譬如：故意做事拖拉。注意：一定要诚实。

4.
发现这些行为之后，把它们写下来。问自己是否想继续用这些方法发泄。如果答案是否定的，接着问自己：“这些行为能达到什么目的？能否找到更有效的方法，通过对话发泄怨气吗？

5.   
注意，此过程可能会挖出更深的恩怨。请记住，实事求是才是疗治婚姻伤口的最终和唯一途径。千万不要翻箱倒柜，当面立马将所有消极情绪都和盘托出。

8.不要贬低对方

贬低是指用语言降低对方的自我价值。贬低的言论有：“你这人太懒。”“你不负责任，不可信赖。”“你是个不称职的父亲和糟糕的丈夫。”我们在界定伴侣缺点时，如此有创意，太令人惊奇了。我们每个人都可能编织一份详细清单，例举对方种种坏习惯、种种令人无法接受的性格特征和古怪行为。在气头上，利用这些细节的强大冲动无与伦比。

千万要克制。否则的话，对方肯定会有所反应，不是反击就是否认。这种反应既不解决问题，也不创造亲密。

不要说以‘你’开头的气话，试试从‘我’说起。譬如：“当… …时，我不满意。”“我看不惯，当你做… …。”而不是这样：“你是个白痴！”“你真苯！”“你老把事情弄得一团糟！”“你就像你妈。你们俩都是杂乱无章的低能。”这种言论根本不可能改变对方的行为。

假如你这样说，或许能凑效：“我说，格雷克，屋子脏兮兮的，让我看不下去。我知道你没闲着，也管不过来。不过，要是你能打扫一下，我会很感激的。”现在，我不敢肯定他不会辩解，但是我敢断定，比起你批评他懒散，他的反应会更温和。

练习

1.   
把你能想到的所有以“你”开头的气话列出来。

2.   
把“你”改成“我”，并且写成“我感到
… …
（你的感受），当你做
… … (对方的行为)
时。

3.   
试着跟对方说以“我”开头的话。

9.不要发出威胁

婚姻关系遭受重创的可能性是巨大的。即使是最恩爱的关系也可以演变成势不两立如仇敌之间的恶斗。在充满风险的婚姻游戏中，没有什么比风平浪静更甜蜜，重要的是要双赢。辱骂和人身威胁是破坏婚姻的利剑。

对于深陷争执的情侣，唯一的忠告是：寻求专业帮助，或者，假如受到人身攻击，立刻寻求保护。幸亏，我们大多数人不是那种残酷、毁灭性战役中的角斗士。而且我估计，每一个都渴望学会如何建立安宁恩爱的婚姻关系。如果是这样，让我斗胆发出严厉警告：永远不要威胁对方，包括吓唬、恐吓、辱骂，更不能拳脚相加。

无论你气有多大，必须向自己做出如下保证：无论何时何地，决不向伴侣发出口头或人身威胁。如果你尚不清楚威胁是什么东西，让我给你界定。它是会造成你伴侣身心俱痛的口头陈述、姿势表情和行为动作。其实，发出威胁的一方也觉得受到另一方极大的伤害。此时他（她）所能想到摆脱痛苦的唯一出路，就是让对方像也自己一样痛苦不堪。如果觉得化干戈为玉帛比让对方听到威胁更重要，你就已经从灾难性危机中跨出了出来，尽管是一小步。

假如我来问问那些闹得不可开交的夫妇，是否真想伤害对方，他们中大多数一定会这样回答：“完全不是。只是当她不听我时，我才变得非常沮丧，失去了理智。”或者：“我恨我们之间所发生的一切。但是我费了九牛二虎之力想让他明白我的意思，他根本不愿听。结果，我想做的就是伤害他了。”有些夫妇为了摆脱痛苦和挫折，诉诸情感和肢体暴力，以为这是自我保护的唯一方式。

练习

假如发现自己在生对方的气，请做下面的消气练习。不过，练习之前，给你提个醒。或许你们双方都有必要寻求专业帮助以消除积怨。此外，若遭遇人身攻击，唯一的办法就是立即寻求救助和保护。

1.
找个不受打扰的房间，用手或球拍击打枕头，直至怒气开始消散。也许击打时喊叫有助于排解怨气，不过建议你在无人听见的情况下做。

2.     
其次，列出你怨恨的原因。譬如：“我怨你因为… …。”

3.     
写信告诉对方你的苦恼。试着不要抱怨，但可以谈谈你的孤寂和受到的伤害，谈谈彼此关系中的缺失。

10.不要扯入第三方

某些方面，对峙中双方的本能反应很像两个准备交战的国家，会寻找联盟，以巩固各自的阵地。然而，所不同的是，冲突中的夫妇寻找联盟常常是在无意识下进行的。

在冲突中，往往是感到最不舒坦的那一方最终退却，去寻找能支持他（她）的同盟。用婚姻心理学术语，这被称作‘第三方’。譬如，割断与丈夫情感联络的妻子倍感孤独，会增加同孩子的交流，以降低内心的痛苦。孩子对家长的遭遇极其敏感，也许会成为某一方的“情感保姆”。而扮演这种角色的孩子常有被撕裂的感觉，并在某种程度上因不得不袒护某一方感到怨恨。

然而，孩子的行为也时常在不知不觉地稳固父母间的关系。他们仿佛是超级雷达，能捕捉到父母婚姻中的痛苦。他们会作出反应，如滥用药物和学习成绩下降，目的是让父母分散对婚姻矛盾的注意力。可以说，为了转移父母眼前的痛苦，孩子们的创意举动层出不穷。

只要有第三方的存在，夫妻双方就不可能直面消除问题的根源。第三方也是一个障碍，会阻挡夫妻间真正亲密与恩爱的恢复。然而，要让第三方退出绝非轻而易举。

互相信任与亲密无间是根治第三方卷入的良方。问题是：被争执、排斥和猜疑死死缠绕的夫妇如何才能转危为安？如果没有互相信任作基础，怎么去发展互信关系呢？建议你采取以下步骤，朝着那个方向努力。

练习

1.     
明确第三方的身份，尽量减低其个人情感掺和的程度。

2.     
对于婚姻中的缺憾不要隐瞒。写下你想作的调整。譬如，假如你没有花时间陪对方，可以写：“我想每星期花一个晚上与你单独在一起。”

3.     
写信告诉对方婚姻中什么问题让你苦恼。不要指责，同时谈谈你打算如何改善彼此关系。

4.     
几天之后，试着接近对方，讨论信中的问题。如果对方反应积极，就着手改善关系。要获得成功，可以向专业人士求助。如果你的伴侣愿意，寻找一个合格的婚姻治疗师。

婚姻中十件忌讳事相互间有一致和内在的联系。处理婚姻矛盾，有具体的原则和技巧，而且，每个人都有能力学会他们。只要双方把彼此的关系摆在首位，只要双方愿意承诺，用一生的时间来培育爱情和幸福，美满婚姻就在你手中。

thatllUID: 2538832

【听力---SSS---August 6, 2009】

Sneaky Orchid Drives Wasps Wild
A study in the journal Current Biology finds that an orchid mimics the alarm chemical signal of bees to attract the bees' predatory wasps, all to get the wasps to pollinate the orchids.

Orchids（兰花，注意和orchard果园的区分） are botany's great mimics（模仿者，作动词就是模范）, all in the service of（都是为了什么服务） getting pollinated. Some have evolved to resemble female wasps to attract males. Others produce odors that smell like potential mates or like more attractive flowers. Now a study published in the journal Current Biology adds another form of floral fabrication to this list: an orchid that releases the exact same chemical compound that honeybees use to alert their hive mates（如同classmates）.


Why? Because the bees are the favorite food of the larvae of Vespa hornets（大黄蜂，wasp是黄蜂）. And when the orchid Dendrobium sinense sends out these false alarms, the hornets pounce on the petals（猛扑向花瓣）, thinking（这个thinking这样子用很好，我们也可以借用，表示做前面那个动作想着的是什么，也就是为了什么的意思） they’ll bring a bee dinner home to the kids. Instead they become unwitting pollinators.

unwitting：
1 : not knowing : UNAWARE *kept the truth from their unwitting friends*
2 : not intended : INADVERTENT *an unwitting mistake*
即表示不知情或者是无意的

Researchers were intrigued by the hornets’ mysterious violent attacks on the orchids. They were able to isolate the pheromone（外激素） the flower uses to drive the hornets wild. The finding might find use in agriculture. The Vespa hornet is a big pest for commercial beekeepers. This research could help develop environmentally friendly, species-specific traps to control the Vespa population, and take the sting out of these problematic pollinators.

intrigue：
transitive verb  
1 : CHEAT, TRICK
2 : to accomplish by intrigue  *intrigued myself into the club*
3 obsolete   : ENTANGLE
4 : to arouse the interest, desire, or curiosity of  *intrigued by the tale*
intransitive verb   : to carry on an intrigue;  especially   : PLOT, SCHEME

take the sting out of
[口]令人感到愉快; 令人容易接受

Lessen the severity or unpleasantness of something, as in
That senior citizen discount took the sting out of the airfares.

taoyukun-daidaiUID: 2657922

楼主你太牛掰了。。。是冲着120分去的吧。。。真是什么牛人都有。。。我都看傻了。。。

thatllUID: 2538832

【movie--comedy】
Nothing to Lose
is a 1997 comedy starring Martin Lawrence and Tim Robbins. The film was released in July 1997.

The film is about Nick Beam (Tim Robbins), an advertising executive who thinks his life is going very well -- until he returns home from work and discovers that his wife (Kelly Preston) is apparently having an affair with his boss. On the edge of a nervous breakdown, Nick drives around the city until small-time carjacker T-Paul (Martin Lawrence) jumps into his truck and attempts to rob him. Turning the tables on his mugger, Nick kidnaps T. Paul on the spot and drives him to the desert. After T-Paul robs a gas station in the Arizona desert, the mismatched pair devise a scheme to rob Nick's boss in revenge for the affair.

Nick knows the combination to a safe in his boss's office containing a large amount of cash, as well as the best time to enter, and where not to venture in the building. T-Paul knows the weaknesses of the security system, how to avoid the cameras, and how to get through any electronic locks that they might encounter.
Another criminal duo (resembling Nick and Paul) get blamed for the gas-station robbery and pursue the pair to L.A. After a brief confrontation, the two ram Nick's truck off the road.

After escaping the 'real' criminals, the pair execute their plan. During the robbery, however, Beam reveals himself to the security cameras after damaging his boss' prize fertility statue. The situation worsens further as the crooks that Nick and Paul escaped from, who are now waiting outside, follow them to their hotel and place Paul in a trap for Beam to find when he returns from the bar.

Nick calls his wife and discovers that she wasn't, in fact, having an affair -- the cuff links he thought were his boss's were left by his boss at the Christmas party, and it was her sister and her sister's fiancee in the bed. Suddenly overcome with remorse, he quickly manages to rescue T-Paul from his (somewhat inept) kidnappers and return the money to the safe. Nick assures T-Paul that nobody will bother to look at the tapes, unless something is missing or damaged.

Of course, Nick's face is still on the tape, and (since he vandalized his boss's statue) the tapes are being closely examined. Nick races to his boss's office, but arrives too late -- only to discover that 'an electrician' has recorded over the tape.

After finding T-Paul, it's revealed that T-Paul recorded over the tape, saving Nick from the life he himself was desperately trying to escape. In return, Nick gives T-Paul a legitimate job -- as the electrician responsible for the security system he so easily bypassed.

【一脸严肃的蒂姆．罗宾斯在本片饰演事业不如意的白领，老婆又跟老板红杏出墙，一心只想寻死。所以当黑人抢匪马丁．劳伦斯向他行劫时，罗宾斯豁了出去，宁愿将身上的钱包扔到车外也不给劳伦斯。两个倒霉鬼同病相怜，竟决定合作回去抢劫老板的公司。与此同时，另一对外型近似的黑白搭档抢匪正被警方追捕，于是引发了连篇笑话。导演史蒂夫．奥依戴柯克对喜剧气氛的掌握尚称流畅，但因两个主角搭配得宜，因此在并无意外惊喜的剧情发展下仍有一些令人爆笑的好玩片段。】

Comedy Films are "make 'em laugh" films designed to elicit laughter from the audience. Comedies are light-hearted dramas, crafted to amuse, entertain, and provoke enjoyment. The comedy genre humorously exaggerates the situation, the language, action, and characters. Comedies observe the deficiencies, foibles, and frustrations of life, providing merriment and a momentary escape from day-to-day life. They usually have happy endings, although the humor may have a serious or pessimistic side.

东半球的香港有个“无厘头”周星驰，西半球的美国也有这样一个家伙。他的脸可以像橡皮一样随意扯动，永远咧着一张大嘴，肢体像没有骨头的章鱼一样舒展扭动，像风一样地兜来转去；他能随时用腰身、眼睛说话，漫画似的夸张表演给我们带来了无数的欢乐，为我们塑造了一个又一个快乐、自由、搞笑的银屏形象。他，就是著名的好莱坞喜剧明星金·凯瑞——好莱坞首屈一指的超级笑匠。

James Eugene "Jim" Carrey (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian-American actor and stand-up comedian. Carrey is best known for his performances as multiple characters in the sketch comedy show In Living Color [《生动的颜色》(《In Living Color》)], as the title character in Ace Ventura: Pet Detective [ 《神探飞机头》--1(《ACE VENTURA: Pet Detective》)]and Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls[ 神探飞机头》--2（《Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls》）], as the unlucky TV reporter Bruce Nolan in Bruce Almighty[ Bruce Almighty - 冒牌天神], and as lawyer Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar[ Liar Liar - 大话王].

thatllUID: 2538832

【听力---SSS---August 7, 2009】

Scratching Surface of Itch
A study in the journal Science shows that mice have specific neurons（神经元，神经细胞） devoted to the sensation of itch（痒）, rather than pain.

itch：
1 a : an uneasy irritating sensation in the upper surface of the skin usually held to result from mild stimulation of pain receptors b : a skin disorder accompanied by such a sensation; especially : a contagious eruption caused by a mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) that burrows in the skin and causes intense itching
2 a : a restless usually constant often compulsive desire *an itch to travel* b : LUST, PRURIENCE

have an itch for sth.
渴望得到某物; 非常想做某事, 手痒

A friend’s four year old daughter recently complained to me about how badly her mosquito bite（ : a wound made by biting） itched. She was about to burst into tears. The fact that an uncomfortable itchy sensation can drive many of us to distraction led many scientists to believe that the nervous system deals with itch much as it does pain. Others spent years looking, unsuccessfully, for neurons that tell us to scratch rather than that we just hurt.

Now, according to a study in the August 7th issue of the journal Science, researchers say they’ve finally found specific itch neurons in mice. They located them in the mouse spinal cord by following up on previous research that showed that some mice respond to itchy stimuli more than others.

When scientists knocked out the itch neurons, the mice no longer had the urge to scratch in response to known itchy stimulus. But they could still sense and avoid pain, showing that itch and pain are processed independently.The researchers hope that these findings could eventually lead to better treatments for chronic itch, by targeting the specific biochemical pathways involved. As for the four-year-old? She forgot about her itchy bug bite as soon as lunch arrived.