【thatll】iBT备考日志

thatllUID: 2538832

【写作----development】
如何做到“Well developed”
[size=1em]by 李笑来---on 2009/08/07

[size=1.4em]所谓的“Well developed”字面上来看就是“良好地深入”、“良好地展开”。而本质上来看，想要做到“Well developed”，我们要研究的就是“如何把一个主题句扩展为一整个段落”（How to develop a topic sentence into an elaborated paragraph?）。其实非常简单：写完一个主题句之后，有三个方向可供选择，它们分别是：

• What
• Why
• How

让我们把那个已经用过的例子拿来再用一次：

“Modern medical technologies have made people live longer.”

那么，这句话之下，如果选择了What这个方向，可能就要接着阐述“哪些医疗技术的进步使人们活得越来越久？”比如临床手术、牙科治疗技术等等。如果选择了Why的方向，可能就要接着提供理由“为什么医疗技术的进步会导致人们活得越来越久？”——“因为有些病过去治不好现在却能治好了”如果选择了How的方向，接下来就要阐述“医疗技术的进步究竟是如何使人们活得越来越久的？”
有些读者很可能已经发现在这个句子之后，Why和How这两个方向实际上是一回事儿。就是这样的，还可能出现这种情况：在某些句子下，What和Why可能重合；在另外一些句子之下，What和How可能重合。
What、Why、How这三个方向的属性如下：

• 可能重合
• 难度不一
• 可以组合

即便是同样的句子，之后的三个方向可能对每个人来说难度都是不一样的。比如，上面这个看起来很简单的主题句，对医学专业的考生来说，选择What方向的时候，很可能就感觉比其他非医学专业的考生容易得多。所以，考生可以根据自己情况进行选择。
而最终，我们将不得不组合使用这三个方向。比如，写完“医疗技术的进步使人们活得越来越久”之后可以选择Why的方向：“因为有些病过去治不好现在却能治好了”；而后再选择What的方向，接着说：“那哪些病过去治不好现在却能治好了呢？——猩红热、百日咳、关节炎、肺结核……”而后还可以接着选择How的方向，比如，“猩红热、百日咳之类的疾病不再难以治疗是如何使平均寿命增加的？”于是，一个“Well developed”的段落就玩成了。
然而，有些时候，我们会遇到这种尴尬，就是“写着写着突然有点恶心”。为什么会这样呢？举个例子，有这样一道作文题目：

Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

假定我们选择了“汽车这种现代交通工具改善了人们的生活”，那我们要怎么写呢？绝大多数学生几乎是转瞬间就已经想到了一个主题句：“汽车这种现代交通工具为我们的生活提供了极大方便”。这句话并不难写，还是一个用初中词汇就能写出来的句子：

Modern transportation vehicles such automobiles have brought immense convenience to our daily life.

为什么会有时写文章写着写着突然感觉很恶心呢？是主题句的选择不恰当造成的。之前我们已经看到写完一个主题句之后，我们的任务是在接下的篇幅中阐述关于那个主题句的What、Why、和How。可现在的问题在于“汽车这种现代交通工具为我们的生活提供了极大方便”是一个太过明显，太过直接，乃至于无需进一步解释说明的句子。于是，把这句话当作主题句的话，那么就相当于要接着“向别人解释其实根本就无需解释的事情”，于是相当于每句话都是废话——当然自觉不自觉地恶心起来。一旦体会到恶心非常尴尬了，你说接着写下去吧？更恶心；要是放弃不再写了吧？那刚刚就白恶心了……
所以，写主题句的时候，一定要参照以下这个重要的原则：

主题句应该值得解释值得说明。

比如以下这个主题句相比“汽车这种现代交通工具为我们的生活提供了极大方便”更值得解释值得证明：

“汽车这种现代交通工具使本地市场中的商品数量增多了。”（Modern transportation vehicles such automobiles have made more goods available in the local markets.）

可是我们如何才能想到这种主题句呢？说来很简单——除了之前我们说过的What、Why、How三个方向之外，还有另外一个“高级”方向：So what？
其实我最初想到的也和所有人一样只不过是“汽车这种现代交通工具为我们的生活提供了极大方便”。别人可能就已经开始接着写下去了；但是我知道“主题句应该值得解释值得证明”，而审视一下这句话就会发现它太过简单、太过明显，进而无需证明、无需解释，我要是接着写下去的话，早晚会恶心的——正如很多人后来终于恶心了一样。
于是，我就问自己“So what?”（那怎么了？）然后我就想到了：“人们的活动范围因此在不断地扩大”（The range of people’s activities has been continuously extended.）于是，如果我用这句话作为主题句的话，这个段落起码可以有两句话：

汽车这种现代交通工具使人们的活动范围不断扩大，因为出行更加方便更加有效率了。

然而，这篇幅实在太短，不够用。怎么办？再问自己“So what?”我就接着想到了：“那我们所能携带的东西的活动范围也相当于增加了……”；重新整理一下，大意是这样的：“我们的商品的活动范围也增加了。”（The range of our products has been continuously extended as well.）再问“So what?”，我就想明白了，“哦，那人家的产品活动范围也扩大了，那么我们的产品可以到达人家市场里去，人家的产品可以到达我们市场里来，所以，我们本地市场里的商品数量增多了……”
于是，我有了刚刚那个主题句：

“汽车这种现代交通工具使本地市场中的商品数量增多了。”（Modern transportation vehicles such automobiles have made more goods available in the local markets.）

而后就可以“倒过来”解释清楚为什么。而该段落中每个字每个句子都不是废话——正所谓“言之有物，言之有理” 。
别看这四个方向如此简单——三个基本方向（What、Why、How），再加上一个所谓的“高级”方向（So what）——但对这几个方向的深入理解可以用来解决绝大多数人经常遇到的“不知道该写什么、能写什么”的问题。事实上，这可能是最可怕的写作障碍（Writing blocks）之一。基于没有人能够说的清楚的原因，国内所谓正规教育在长达超过10年的时间里竟然没有一个老师用恰当的方法明确地讲授，乃至于很多学生甚至对自己这方面的缺陷全然不知——每个人都以为自己只不过是不会写而已，进而认为自己写不出英文作文全部都是因为英文词汇量小造成的。而几乎所有的英语作文老师在课堂上讲的都是词汇加语法（以“炫技为主吹牛为辅，然后去你妈的教育”的态度）。这种写作课程注定失败的原因在于它假定学生们“已经有东西可写”了，现在就差“不会（用英文）写”了。可事实上这种情况压根就不存在。如若真的有（很多）东西可写，直接写就是了，就算写的不够好，也总比写不出来强吧？更何况，这是个并不要求学生完美无缺的考试呢？这种写作课堂就好像是个装修材料批发市场，各种装修材料一应俱全，可那有什么用呢，如果一个人连房子都没有的话……

thatllUID: 2538832

【写作---organization】
如何做到Well Organized —— 常用模式
[size=1em]by 李笑来    on 2009/08/07


[size=1.4em]好的文章里，两个元素之间的逻辑关系更为常见的是“递进”或者“转折”，而非“并列”。我们看到某一篇文章中出现了“递进”的逻辑关系，就会不由自主地体会到作者有能力进行“深入”思考，当我们看到某一处出现了“转折”的逻辑关系，就会不由自主地体会到作者有能力“从一个以上的角度，甚至是相对的角度”进行思考。这种逻辑关系可能体现在整体架构上，也可能体现在某个很小的细节之处，但，无论如何，都会被读者自觉不自觉地体会到。
试比较一下以下两段话，体会一下各个例子之间的逻辑关系：

a. 很多人从事危险活动是因为金钱的驱动。比如，动作电影里的特技演员和探索频道的特聘摄影师。
b. 很多人从事危险活动是因为金钱的驱动。比如，动作电影里的特技演员或者抢劫银行的丧心病狂的犯罪分子。

也许这样一小处的差异算不上什么，但是如果一篇文章中随处可见此类细微而又“深刻”的差异，那文章质量就全然不同了。
现在，如果我们有三个元素需要排列，那么就有9中排列模式：

• 1-并列-2-并列-3
• 1-并列-2-递进-3
• 1-并列-2-转折-3
• 1-递进-2-并列-3
• 1-递进-2-递进-3
• 1-递进-2-转折-3
• 1-转折-2-并列-3
• 1-转折-2-递进-3
• 1-转折-2-转折-3

这9种排列模式之中，最为平庸的也许就是“1-并列-2-并列-3”了，也许正因如此，我们才常常这样开玩笑：“一写作文就只知道写Firstly… Secondly…, and Finally，最后写出来的文章几乎肯定非常ugly!”
而“1-转折-2-转折-3”这种模式很难出现，转着转着就转回来了。印象中只有一个作者特别喜欢这个，名字叫鲁迅——他甚至可以做到短短一段文字里一大堆“然而”、“不过”、“但是”、“可但是”……1
所以，仔细观察一下平日里读到的好文章，就会发现这9中模式中有3种模式反复出现，我们可以将其称为“有力模式”：

• 1-并列-2-递进-3
• 1-递进-2-转折-3
• 1-转折-2-递进-3

比如，之前我们看到过的这样一个文章大纲（关于“人们为什么越来越长寿？”）：

• 食物条件的改善
• 医疗技术的进步
• 经济、社会环境的稳定

当初很多读者读到这样三个要点的时候，心里就觉得“嗯，不错，挺好”，但至于“为什么不错，为什么挺好”却从未认真想过。
很多的时候，“审美并不需要清楚原理”。不会做菜并不妨碍吃菜，不妨碍吃菜的人分辨某道菜好吃还是不好吃；不会拍电影并不妨碍看电影，不妨碍看电影的人分辨某部电影好看还是不好看；不会讲课并不妨碍听课，不妨碍听课的学生分辨哪位老师讲得好还是不好……
然而反过来，“创造美却需要清楚原理”。如果连原理都不知道，如何创造呢？至于为什么刚刚那三个要点放在那里就会让人感觉“嗯，不错，挺好”，机理尽管非常简单，但也确实值得解释。前两个元素之间某种意义上是“并列”的逻辑关系，因为它们都是微观上的因素；而第三个要点就与前两个要点产生了“递进”的逻辑关系，因为第三个要点是宏观上的因素（从微观到宏观，是一种常见的递进逻辑关系）。于是，这三个要点符合第一种“有力模式”：1-并列-2-递进-3。
如果读者已经能够理解这三种模式的基本原理，那么，以后就好像“开了天眼”一样在各种阅读材料（不管是报纸、小说，还是考试阅读文章）中不断地遇到它们，反复体会之后，就会运用自如。

如何做到Well Organized——模式运用一例

[size=1.4em]先让我们看一道作文题：

Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

不一定要把自己局限在“dangerous sports”，这道题可以讨论所有的“dangerous activities”。现在不让尝试着找三个理由或者从三个方面来解释一下“为什么人们会从事危险的活动？”几乎所有的人都一样，如若被突然问到，那么他的表现很可能是这样：

• 冲口说出第一个（比如“为了寻求刺激！”）
• 而后要迟疑一阵子才能说出第二个（我常常听到的第二个是“为了放松心情、缓解压力……”）
• 此后，他可能迟疑比刚才更久好几倍的时间，也说不出第三个理由或者方面……

为什么一个看似如此简单的问题却实际上并不容易回答呢？因为这问题要答好确实并不容易。找三个理由解释“人们为什么会从事危险活动”，就好像是做一个三条腿的桌子——“人们为什么会从事危险活动”就好象是桌面，而三个理由（或者方面）就是三条腿。而第一个理由之所以能够冲口而出，是因为这个时候为这个“桌面”找一条“腿”非常容易，因为可供使用的选项最多。

等找第二条“腿”的时候，就没刚才那么容易了。想想看吧，一个正常的桌子，如果第一条腿是圆腿，那么第二条腿也应该是圆腿吧？如果第一条腿是方腿，那么第二条腿也应该是方腿吧？于是，刚刚在找第一条“腿”的时候，原本是没有限制的，无论它是圆的还是方的，但现在找第二条“腿”的难度就提高了不止一倍：首先，可供选择的选项已经少了一个（还是最明显最直接的那个）；其次，并不是剩下的所有选项都可以直接使用，因为第一次的选择已经为第二次的选择设定了一定的限制。
现在就很容易理解为什么第三条“腿”那么难找、甚至有的时候好像几乎找不到了吧？最明显最直接的选项已经被用掉了，绞尽脑汁找到的另外一个选项也被用掉了，并且前后两个选项早已为第三个选项预设了更为复杂的限制……
“一下子找出三个理由”（无论解释任何事情）就是很难的，很多人只不过是因为从未认真想过，所以才“因无知而大胆”地认为自己肯定有足够的能力应付。事实上，此事从某种意义上来说，几乎与一个人的能力无关，只与事先做了多少功课有关1
。
那有没有解决方案呢？当然有。比如说，当我看到这道题的时候，我脑子里也不可能一下子冒出三个理由，仅仅因为我也是正常人（并且足够平庸）。但，我也许与其他的很多人并不相同，仅仅因为我知道“三种有力模式”的存在。
其实，甚至可以这样：在我完全不知道我能想到的三个理由究竟是什么的时候，我就可以事先决定将要使用第二种有力模式：“1-递进-2-转折-3”。
接下来我的任务非常简单，无论如何先找个能用的“腿”。我最直接想到的是这个：

Perhaps one of the most obvious reasons that people are attracted by dangerous activities is the drive of money.

这个段落内部很容易搞定，选择“What”这个方向的话，就举举例子，讲讲都有哪些人出于金钱的驱动而被危险活动所吸引，比如电影里的特技演员，比如探索频道里的摄影师，比如抢劫银行的罪犯等等。如果选择“Why”这个方向的话，就解释一下人们这么做的理由，因为人们大多能够理解这种现象：一般来说，收益越高风险越大，反过来也可能成立，风险越大收益越高……
在展开这个段落的过程中，因为我早已决定了将要使用的模式，所以我可以“顺藤摸瓜”地去找第二个理由。第二个元素和第一个元素之间应该是“递进”的逻辑关系；而看看第一个，哦，讨论的原来是“物质”方面，那么可以“递进”一下讨论“精神”方面……哦，想到了！

Another possible reason might well be the desire to pursue happiness.

想到了这个主题句，该段落内部的展开也不是很难。例如可以选择“Why”的方向，解释一下人类的基因就决定了人们喜好冒险，因为我们的基因“清楚地记得”千百万年来无数巨大的进步其实都是冒险带来的好处……
现在再去找第三个理由已经没那么难了。前两个都是“positive aspects”，现在如果想要“转折”的话，那么，只需要再找一个“a negative aspect to explain why people are attracted by dangerous activities”就可以了。负面的很容易找到：

However, sometimes people are attracted by dangerous activities merely by being ignorant of danger at all.

解释下去很容易，中国人常说“无知无畏”，英国人也有谚语“Sometimes brave comes out of ignorance”。俗话说“初生牛犊不怕虎”，就是因为小牛犊子不知道那是老虎……日常生活中这种例子也无穷多，比如有人想要骑自行车跨越长城，后来被摔死之后我们才发现此人连保险都没买——这不是勇敢，这是无知啊。
到此为止，作文已经彻底写完了。以上的讲解清楚地展示了我们可以如何从无到有地写出一篇质量还算不错的文章（三个理由之间的逻辑关系清楚，每个段落内部都很好地展开深入，使用清楚恰当的例子、理由、细节支持证明观点……）
运用有力模式的好处有很多。首先，无论是谁都很难在任何情况下都做到一下子凑足三个元素。但是，有了有力模式之后，任务变得简单了，只需要随便先找到一个元素，而后顺藤摸瓜就可以找得到其它的元素。
其次，最终找到的元素之间的逻辑关系是确定的。于是做出来的“桌子”，不仅有几条符合标准的“桌腿”，“桌腿”之间还有“横梁”（确定的逻辑关系）；这样的桌子显然更好。有些时候，作为老师，不得不给学生批改作文的时候非常痛苦。因为学生送过来的“桌子”实际上根本就不是“桌子”：第一条腿是圆腿，第二条腿不仅不够长，还是一条方腿；而再往后看就更发愁，因为根本没有第三条“腿”，而是随便找了几块砖头垫在那里的冒牌桌腿……所谓的“改进”因此完全无从下手。
再次，这些“有力模式”的确定逻辑关系决定了文章显得足够“深刻”。文章的“递进”逻辑关系，将使得读者不由自主地体会到作者有能力进行深入、进一步的思考；而文章中的“转折”逻辑关系，将使得读者不由自主地体会到作者有能力进行多个角度、甚至相反角度的思考。所以，其实并不见得是作者深刻，更可能的是作者遵循了“深刻的模式”——用这种模式写出来的东西，起码显得深刻。
有些情况下，写文章的时候，形式决定内容2
。过去的唐诗宋词不是写出来的，而是“填”出来的。想象一下吧，古人实际上相对于现代人来说，“相当地没文化”：他们识字数量有限，又没有好的字典辞典，所以动不动就不会写了，于是就随便拿过来一个读音相同的放进去——当然了，今天我们很客气地认为，那叫“通假字”。他们在那里填词，填着填着，突然发现惊人的效果出现了，他们自己都很意外——可是古人大多比现代人老实，于是他们这样记载：“文章本天成，妙手偶得之……”
某种意义上，这三种有力模式才是真正意义上的“模板”——真正有用的“思维模板”。对比一下就知道了：很多人找来的所谓“万能模板”实际上只不过是流于表象的垃圾而已。

如何做到Well Organized——模式运用又一例

[size=1.4em]之前提到过这样一道题目：

Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

而当时，我们已经炮制出了第一个段落的主题句：

Modern transportation vehicles such automobiles have made more goods available in the local markets.

现在，我们看看能够炮制出来的应对这道作文题目的整篇文章三个段落的大纲：

• Modern transportation vehicles such automobiles have made more goods available in the local markets.
• On the other hand, automobiles have also lowered the price of products in the local markets.
• Moreover, modern transportation vehicles such automobiles may have a great contribution to current independent status of Chinese women.

读者读到第三个段落的大纲之时，很可能会一下子皱起眉头（就好象我每次讲课时台下的几百名学生一样），哼出一声“嗯？”
其实，每个段落的内部展开都相当容易。第一段之前已经说过。第二段：过去的牛车马车看起来不烧油，但是它运货运不远，运不多。汽车之类的现代交通工具，在单位时间里可以运得很远，运得很多，所以，总体上来看，单位运输成本降低了。过去皇上养了个妃子，那妃子说自己要吃荔枝，一天要吃三百个。那皇上得养多少匹快马才能把那荔枝不坏地从南方运到北方（那时还没有冰箱，所以，一次运太多也不行）？而今到了季节，北方的水果市场上荔枝随处可见，价格又并不贵，运输工具起了很大的作用。另外，市场上同种商品的数量增加了，那就意味着说会出现竞争，而竞争会带来更低的价格（这句话写成英文非常简单：“Competition arises, and it will bring lower prices.”）。
第三段：过去的人们活动范围有限。现在的人们活动范围扩大了，因为有了发达的现代交通工具，诸如汽车之类。人们生活的方方面面都受到活动范围的影响。想象一下，几十年前，在北方一个边远山区，某一女性，23岁的时候因丈夫不小心意外身亡而成了寡妇，那她这一生再次成婚的可能性并不大——我们很了解我们自己曾经的文化。然而，如果此事发生在现在情况就非常不一样了。处理完后事之后，这个女人就可以离开——交通工具的便捷，提供了这样的机会。几个小时的车程，就可能是从哈尔滨到沈阳那么远；一两天，她就可以去更远，比如到达广州。“That’s a big city, that’s a new city, nobody knows her there, she has a brand new start, she is entirely independent, at least from this perspective.”
请注意，第三段的主题句实际上写得很严谨。它不是在说“modern transportation vehicles such automobiles have made Chinese women independent.”，而是说“… may have a great contribution to current independent status of Chinese women.”——“使其独立”和“对其独立有很大贡献”这两种说法之间有一定差异，而后者更严谨且更容易被证明。
刚才，乍看到第三段的主题句，读者心里想的是“嗯？”；等读完第三段的大意之后，心里想的是“嗯！”。不要小瞧这“？”和“！”之间的转变，那是从疑问到肯定的转变。要的就是这种效果——“主题句应该值得解释值得证明”。如果读者读到主题句，心里想的竟然是“切！”——那就完了，接着读者读得恶心，而实际上，作者写的时候也应该很恶心吧？
这篇作文不知道被多少人认为“太怪”；另外一些人尽管用的不是“怪”这个形容词（也许用的是“新颖”），但作为学生坐在下面得到一个印象之后马上随之而来的念头是“倒是不错，可是我自己却死活想不出来这样的……”可实际上，炮制这样的内容实在是再简单不过了：

第一步是想到“汽车这种现代交通工具给人们的生活带来了巨大的方便”。而后一步一步反复问自己“so what?”，直到得出那个“值得解释值得证明”的主题句：“汽车这种现代交通工具使本地市场上商品数量增加了”。
第二步是决定使用“第一种有力模式”：“1-并列-2-递进-3”。所以，第二个段落与第一个段落之间的逻辑关系应该是“并列”。那就做个填空练习好了：“汽车这种现代交通工具不仅使本地市场上商品数量增加了，还_______”。很容易就想到了：“……，还使商品价格降低了。”
第三步是找一个能与第二段或者前两段构成递进逻辑关系的理由。其实，实在是没什么“技术含量”：前面讨论的是汽车这种现代交通工具对物质生活的影响，那“递进”一下，就该讨论一下汽车这种现代交通工具对人们的精神生活产生的影响了吧？（“从物质到精神”已经用过好几次了……）
讲到这里，插入一个写文章的小技巧，叫“具体具体再具体”。任何时候，能够更具体就想办法再具体一些。比如，“本地市场上不仅有本地商品还有外地商品”这句话就可以改进为“本地市场上不仅有本地大米还有外地大米”。这个基本的原则可以在任意地方灵活运用。某种意义上，这也是留学考试作文部分共通的要求——“specific”。
第四步是这样，我觉得这样还不够，决定用一下“具体具体再具体”的原则。这样，我们不讨论“汽车这种现代交通工具对所有人的精神生活产生的影响”，而是着重讨论一下“汽车这种现代交通工具对女人的精神生活产生的影响”罢……于是，第三段的主题句就敲定下来：“汽车这种现代交通工具甚至可能对中国妇女的独立地位都有相当的贡献”。

仅仅几步而已，所谓“怪”也好“新颖”、“独特”也罢的作文就炮制完毕了。那一步是正常人做不到的呢？那一步用了别人无法理解不曾知道的神秘技巧呢？都没有。一切都很简单，一切都很正常。

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【听力---SSS---May 8, 2009】

Brain Has "Moving" Parts
A study in the journal Science reveals that the brain region responsible for the intention to move the body also experiences the movement--but a distinct brain region controls the actual movement.

For every action, there’s a reaction. And for many movements we make, there’s an intention: we think about moving, and we move. Now a study published in the May 8th issue of the journal Science suggests that the experience of moving is all in your mind. Because the part of the brain that’s active when you intend to move is the same part that lets you feel like you did.

Two separate brain regions are involved in moving your body. One part provides the intention, and the other powers the actual movement. But researchers didn’t know which part let you know that you actually moved.

In the new study, scientists were working with patients undergoing surgery to remove a brain tumor. Surgeons often electrically stimulate the area around the tumor while the patient is awake and can provide feeback, so they can avoid damaging critical tissue. The scientists found that zapping one particular part of the brain made their patients feel like they wanted to move their arms, lips or tongue. And ramping up（: to speed up, expand, or increase especially quickly or at a constant rate ? used with up  *ramping up to full speed*） the stimulation to that spot made them feel like they’d done it. But when the team poked at the region that actually caused motion, the patients didn’t know they moved—a finding that’s oddly moving.

学习：

power：
transitive verb  
1 : to supply with power and especially motive power
2 : to give impetus to
zap：
transitive verb  
1 a : to get rid of, destroy, or kill especially with or as if with sudden force  b : to hit with or as if with a sudden concentrated application of force or energy  c : to irradiate especially with microwaves
2 a : to propel suddenly or speedily  b : to transport instantaneously
3 : to avoid watching (as a television commercial) by changing channels especially with a remote control or by fast-forwarding a videotape
intransitive verb  
1 : to move with speed or force
2 : to change television channels using a remote control

NewYorker2010UID: 2660379

LZ是我精神偶像 多像lz学习必然考高分 呵呵

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【阅读---黄金29篇第8篇】
错了两题，呵呵，还居然是指代题和词汇题：
Paragraph 2:Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of
people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked
people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those
queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in
the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with
Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial
expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that
called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained
similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on
which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
4. The word them in the passage refers to
○Emotions
○People
○Photographs
○Cultures
Paragraph 6: Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses
emotional response -- as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the
emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension,
facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
10. The word relevant in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Contradictory
○Confusing
○Dependent
○Applicable
学习：
indicate：
1 a : to point out or point to  b : to be a sign, symptom, or index of  *the high fever indicates a serious condition*  c : to demonstrate or suggest the necessity or advisability of  *indicated the need for a new school*  *the indicated treatment*
2 : to state or express briefly  *indicated a desire to cooperate*
我之前在脑海中根深蒂固的词义就是表示的意思，也就是1中的b，但是这对我们正确理解这个词是有很大问题，这个词的很多意思应该是指指出，证明，表达，陈述这样的意思。所以我在理解这里的那个指代题的时候，在原句理解上是有问题的。我刚开始理解的时候是这样的：他去问人们哪些情感他们表达过。呵呵，显然这样子的理解出现了重大的问题，现在看来问题就出在对于indicate这个词的理解不到位。现在一看那简直是明了啊：
他要求世界各地的人们来指出哪些情感在这些照片中被刻画。

这第十题告诉我们不能只靠我们对词的死板的记忆而不看原文来选择，除非有十足的把握，呵呵。这个relevant在词义上就是相关性，那我一看就选了dependent，表示相关，但是dependent是有依赖的意思在里面的。我们来看一看dependent在M-W中的词义：
1 : hanging down
2 a : determined or conditioned by another  : CONTINGENT  *plans that are dependent on the weather*  b (1) : relying on another for support  *dependent children*  (2) : affected with a drug dependence  c : subject to another's jurisdiction  *a dependent territory*  d : SUBORDINATE 3a  *dependent clauses*
3 a : not mathematically or statistically independent  *a dependent set of vectors*  *dependent events*  b : EQUIVALENT 6a  *dependent equations*
总体意思是依赖于后者，但是我们这里原文的感觉是前面的动词可以用来解释后面的，这个两者之间的关系在分量上好像有颠倒。所以应该是applicable。
我们可以再来看一看这个Ekman到底是什么：
Ekman has found that the so-called
Duchenne smile, which is characterized by ''crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a
subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly
toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
所以一个是眼睛，一个是嘴唇，两者原理一致，就是不同的表现。所以可以看出肯定不能用dependent来表述。

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【阅读---黄金29第9篇】
错了3题哎，哇塞，一次比一次多啊：
Paragraph 5: The weather, in its many forms, is the main agent of erosion. Rain washes
away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks. Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the
rainwater, forming a weak acid (carbonic acid) that may chemically attack the rocks. The rain
seeps underground and the water may reappear later as springs. These springs are the sources
of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains
to the lowlands.
7 . The word seeps in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Dries gradually
○Flows slowly
○Freezes quickly
○Warms slightly
这一题我是真的不知道，必须得知道这个词的意思才能知道答案哈，不过我的第一直觉就是2，但是我根据文章分析后的答案就是错了的1：
1 : to flow or pass slowly through fine pores or small openings  : OOZE  *water seeped in through a crack*
2 a : to enter or penetrate slowly  *fear of nuclear war had seeped into the national consciousness ?Tip O'Neill*  b : to become diffused or spread  *a sadness seeped through his being---Agnes S. Turnbull*

Paragraph 6: Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers
may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys,
carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. In dry areas the wind is the
principal agent of erosion. It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock
surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. Ev en living things contribute to the
formation of landscapes. Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed
their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose
soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.
8. The word them in the passage refers to
○Cold areas
○Masses of ice
○Valleys
○Rock debris
这句做错是因为没有好好去理解这句话的缘故，cut out这个词组的意思正确如下：
transitive verb  
1 : to form by erosion
2 : to determine or assign through necessity  *you've got your work cut out for you*
3 : to take the place of  : SUPPLANT
4 : to put an end to  : desist from  *cut out wasteful spending*
5 : DEPRIVE, DEFRAUD  *cut him out of his share*
6 a : to remove from a series or circuit  : DISCONNECT  *cut out a car from a train*  b : to make inoperative
intransitive verb  
1 : to depart in haste
2 : to cease operating
3 : to swerve out of a traffic line
那么我们对于原句的理解就应该是这么移动的大冰通过erosion形成valley以后，他们自身就带着一些debris。

10. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is both a cause and result of erosion?
○Glacial activity
○Rock debris
○Tree roots
○Sand
没有好好找原文。也许是阅读上的功夫还不到。这句蓝色的就很清楚的告诉我们答案。

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【阅读----黄金29篇第10篇】
又错了3题，其中还有一题是最后一题：
Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest
spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated
sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are
found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the
great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge
volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and
sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?
○Inside pieces of sand and gravel
○On top of beds of rock
○In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil
○In spaces between pieces of sediment
这一题错的理由值得注意，GRE阅读思维---最高级思维作怪，下意识题目理解为最能找到的地方。还有就是选项理解也存在问题。选项1是指内部沙粒。
那其实从句子之间的逻辑关系，我们可以看出这一段的重要句子是蓝色部分。从中可以推断出选项4是正确的。

Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will
drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█ But some will remain, clinging to all
solid surfaces.█ It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would
drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the
saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that
cannot, drain away.█
13. Look at the four squares [ █ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what
proportion drains away?
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
在这里我们顺便来看看这个drain到底是什么意思，我根深蒂固的意思是排水：

drain：
1 obsolete : FILTER
2 a : to draw off (liquid) gradually or completely *drained all the water out* b : to cause the gradual disappearance of *drain the region's wealth* c : to exhaust physically or emotionally *feeling drained at the end of a long workday*
3 a : to make gradually dry *drain a swamp* b : to carry away the surface water of *the river that drains the valley* c : to deplete or empty by or as if by drawing off by degrees or in increments *drained the country of its resources* d : to empty by drinking the contents of *drain a mug of beer*
4 : DROP 7c, SINK *drained the putt*
intransitive verb
1 a : to flow off gradually b : to disappear gradually : DWINDLE
2 : to become emptied or freed of liquid by its flowing or dropping *waiting for the tub to drain*
3 : to discharge surface or surplus water

那看起来他的总的意思是消失，变空，或者是使消失

所以这一题只要我们认真分析，就不难选出是4，这一题错的原因是感觉时间上没把握好，这里有点赶。没好好分析。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided
below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most
important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they
express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This
question is worth 2 points.
Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.
●●● Answer choices
○Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and
streams.
○Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.
○The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the
rock is put in a dry place.
○Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.
○Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.
○Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once
underwater.
那这最后一题我们要回顾原文总体了:
GROUNDWATER
Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the
available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the
groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that
has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from
lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the
surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid”
ground underfoot to hold all this water.
这第一段作者提出了核心概念稍作解释后提出了要讨论的问题，那就是咋看坚硬的地表要hold那么多水好像不可能。那接下来就要解释这个。

The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those
among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel.
Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast
rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that
covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water
flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as
glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
这一段就解释hold的空间在哪里，说有很多种形式。其中They are found wherever fast
rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. 很常见

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sedimentladen
river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its
load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in
the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on
entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first,
but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such
beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
这里讲了一种特别的和上面原理一致的胆识小范围的情形，那就是扇形的坡面，河床，海床等。

In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a
river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the
water table), the gravels and sands of the former river bed, and its sandbars, will be saturated
with groundwater.
又举了一个例子，那就是低洼国家几乎每个地方之前都是河床之类的。

So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too,
contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original
grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original
grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking
place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as
the loose sand from which it was formed.
从这一段可以看出之前讲的都是unconsolidated sediments，本段就提出了cemented sediments也能。还解释了理由。提出了porous的概念。

Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of
empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a
form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very
porous.
这里讲了有一个很porous的例子。

The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is
not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a
material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if
the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It
is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from
any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must
therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.
What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what
proportion drains away?
这里正是提出了porosity的概念并且和permeability做区分。然后讲了drain away和stay这两种水的去向问题。
提出问题说什么来决定这个比例。

The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or
sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends
on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface
tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them
will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place;
then the water will be firmly held.
这里解决了上面提出的问题，那就是这水的去留的比例由什么决定，问题的答案是和porosity没有关系，和这个pore的size有关。

题目解答：
那首先我们能选出2和3是对的，其实这两个就基本说明了本文的两个重点，一个就是前半部分讲的unconsolidated sediments or cemeted
sediments与否的问题。后半部分就是提出了porosity的概念，然后问了一个水的去留和这个porosity的关系。
那我们在选第三个的时候，我们发现可以明显排除4，5，6，因为太细节了。那1就选上了。

thatllUID: 2538832

【阅读---黄金29篇第11篇】
错了5题，怪在我对托福阅读的轻视：
Paragraph 1: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on
speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted
theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these
anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a
society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and wellbeing.
Hav ing little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and
undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win
the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions
performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes
those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater
○Are mainly hypothetical
○Are well supported by factual evidence
○Hav e rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists
○Were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development
这一题我错选了第四个，看到第一句其实这个hypothetical就是speculation。

4. According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial
actions?
○To establish a positive connection between the members of the society
○To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply
○To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies
○To increase the society’s prosperity
这一题我只抓了几个词，没有很好的去对照和理解。错选了2，事实上本没有help to理解，而是人们为了祈求food等。也就是prosperity。

Paragraph ２ :Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths
include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to
influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or
supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more
sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As
a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the
rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out
under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken
toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values
may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.
5. The word “this” in the passage refers to
○The acting out of rites
○The divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society
○The separation of myths from rites
○The celebration of supernatural forces
没有真正理解那个句子，错选了1，事实上强调的是rites separation myths

Paragraph ５ :In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have
also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop,
and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on
the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the
fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating
persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth
century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape
reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction
(of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront
them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people
define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.
8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to
develop theater EXCEPT:
○Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.
○Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.
○Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.
○Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.
所以4并不对，是理解world而不是human mind

Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself
leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One
necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example,
one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires
sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as
serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the
development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example,
some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and
abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that
had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for
their religious usefulness.
11．Why does the author mention “comedy”?
○To give an example of early types of theater
○To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare
○To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater
○To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society.
这第四个选项事实上detached from other members of society根本就是错的，我们一定不要总是在马马虎虎的状态下。应该是第3个。

thatllUID: 2538832

【九月作文小组第三次作业--- 07.11.11】
Most advertisements make the products seems much better than what it really is，agree or disagree.

With the increasing development of the advertisement, have you noticed that the huge difference between the products appeared on the screen and what it actually is? As far as I am concerned, I guess most of us will agree my opinion that most advertisements make the products seems much better than what it really is. I will state what I have seen and heard to share with you can argue for my view.

To begin with, if we look around, I think you can never find any product on the advertisement that disgusts you. However, many products you really see will be revealed many deficiencies if you check it out carefully, the disadvantage you can never find out just on the advertisement. For example, when I was young, the processed noodle just started to appear in my city, and not after a long time, the advertisement appeared on the TV. Surprised to all my family, it looked like the noodle was so delicious that my mother who was very frugal at ordinary time wanted to buy it to taste as soon as she saw the advertisement, and which was the same feeling we received from the advertisement. However, what was to our surprise most is the enormous difference between the feeling we felt from the TV screen and the tastes we actually felt. It was so bad and could not catch what my mother herself did just from the flour. From then on, my whole family can never continue to believe any advertisement. I think such experience you must have undergone; if not, you must be doubt the advertisement just from when you were born. More worse, many advertisement has led to peril the life safety, especially to baby who can not speak. Hence, from what we have seen, it is enough for us to conclude that many advertisement are just deceiving the folks.

Furthermore, we can argue the conclusion from logical thinking. The advertisement is just for the selling of the products, so it will not offer the shortages of the products by itself voluntarily. Otherwise, people will not go to pursue them. Consequently we can just understand why the advertisement only attempts to provide the advantages to the potential buyers. On the other hand, we can also arrive the conclusion from the commercial competition perspective. As we all know, with the rapid pace of the development of market economy, the competition between the similar products is really fierce. And if the sellers want to survive in the commercial battle, they must try their best to push their products to the market and attract the populace to buy. While advertisement is just the strategy of the sellers, so the spirit of the advertisement is just to craw about the products. That is the right reason why the products on the advertisement is much better than what they really are.

In conclusion, we can draw from what we saw and what we deduce logically that most advertisement make the products seems much better than what it really is. It is inevitable and understandable only if they will not cause the safety problems.

LWJSONUID: 2634171

顶一个！

thatllUID: 2538832

【好文章，共欣赏】
注意，这篇文章让我想起来GRE的ISSUE当中有一个话题就是建立全球性大学来应对全球性危机。这里提到这这个issue的来由，以及这个作者对于这个问题的独到见解。值得一看！

OP-ED COLUMNIST
Globalism Goes Viral

By DAVID BROOKS ----Published: April 27, 2009

In these post-cold war days, we don’t face a single concentrated threat. We face a series of decentralized, transnational threats: jihadi terrorism, a global financial crisis, global warming, energy scarcity, nuclear proliferation and, as we’re reminded today, possible health pandemics like swine flu.

These decentralized threats grow out of the widening spread and quickening pace of globalization and are magnified by it. Instant global communication and rapid international travel can sometimes lead to universal, systemic shocks. A bank meltdown or a virus will not stay isolated. They have the potential to hit nearly everywhere at once. They can wreck the key nodes of complex international systems.

meltdown：
1 : the accidental melting of the core of a nuclear reactor
2 : a rapid or disastrous decline or collapse
3 : a breakdown of self-control (as from fatigue or overstimulation)

So how do we deal with these situations? Do we build centralized global institutions that are strong enough to respond to transnational threats? Or do we rely on diverse and decentralized communities and nation-states?

A couple of years ago, G. John Ikenberry of Princeton wrote a superb paper making the case for the centralized response. He argued that America should help build a series of multinational institutions to address global problems. The great powers should construct an “infrastructure of international cooperation ... creating shared capacities to respond to a wide variety of contingencies.”

If you apply that logic to the swine flu, you could say that the world should beef up the World Health Organization to give it the power to analyze the spread of the disease, decide when and where quarantines are necessary and organize a single global response.

beef up：
Strengthen, reinforce, as in Mary wants us to beef up her part in the play. This phrase relies on an older slang sense of beef as "muscles" or "power."

If we had a body like that, we wouldn’t be seeing the sort of frictions that are emerging from today’s decentralized approach. Europe has offended the U.S. by warning its citizens not to travel across the Atlantic. Ukraine is restricting pork imports. Europe could hoard flu vaccines, leaving the U.S., which has only one manufacturing plant, high and dry（被遗弃，孤单无援）. Fear of a pandemic could lead to a restrictionist race, as nations compete to curtail movement and build walls.

Those dangers are all real. Yet, so far, that’s not the lesson of this crisis. The response to swine flu suggests that a decentralized approach is best. This crisis is only days old, yet we’ve already seen a bottom-up（彻底）, highly aggressive response.

In the first place, the decentralized approach is much faster. Mexico responded unilaterally and aggressively to close schools and cancel events. The U.S. has responded with astonishing speed, considering there are still few illnesses and just one hospitalization.

The Times published a photo on Monday of the New York City health commissioner, Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, leading a crisis response meeting. The photo is the very image of a focused, local response. People are wearing polo shirts and casual wear — intensely concentrating on the concrete incidents in their own backyard.

If the response were coordinated by a global agency, those local officials would not be so empowered. Power would be wielded by officials from nations that are far away and emotionally aloof from ground zero. The institution would have to poll its members, negotiate internal differences and proceed, as all multinationals do, at the pace of the most recalcitrant stragglers.

Second, the decentralized approach is more credible. It is a fact of human nature that in times of crisis, people like to feel protected by one of their own. They will only trust people who share their historical experience, who understand their cultural assumptions about disease and the threat of outsiders and who have the legitimacy to make brutal choices. If some authority is going to restrict freedom, it should be somebody elected by the people, not a stranger.

Finally, the decentralized approach has coped reasonably well with uncertainty. It is clear from the response, so far, that there is an informal network of scientists who have met over the years and come to certain shared understandings about things like quarantining and rates of infection. It is also clear that there is a ton they don’t understand.
A single global response would produce a uniform approach. A decentralized response fosters experimentation.

The bottom line is that the swine flu crisis is two emergent problems piled on top of one another. At bottom, there is the dynamic network of the outbreak. It is fueled by complex feedback loops consisting of the virus itself, human mobility to spread it and environmental factors to make it potent. On top, there is the psychology of fear caused by the disease. It emerges from rumors, news reports, Tweets and expert warnings.

The correct response to these dynamic, decentralized, emergent problems is to create dynamic, decentralized, emergent authorities: chains of local officials, state agencies, national governments and international bodies that are as flexible as the problem itself.

Swine flu isn’t only a health emergency. It’s a test for how we’re going to organize the 21st century. Subsidiarity works best.

    全球化正在扩散   
    冷战后的这些日子里，摆在我们面前的威胁不再是一个单一的、集中的，而是一系列分散的、跨国界的：圣战恐怖主义、世界经济危机、全球温室效应、能源短缺、核扩散，还有目前可能威胁生命的猪流感。
    全球化的日渐扩张和日益加速使这些分散的威胁呈愈演愈烈的态势。全球即时通信以及快捷的出国游有时会带来了一系列的全球性影响。无论是银行倒闭还是病毒流行都不再仅限于某些地区，而很可能瞬间波及任何领域，并给复杂的全球体系带来严重影响。
    我们该如何应对此类情况呢？是建立强有力的国际性机构来应对跨国威胁，还是依赖于分散的地区性组织和各国政府呢？
    普林斯顿大学的 G. John Ikenberry在几年前曾就采取集中的措施应对全球化写过一篇精妙的文章。他认为美国应设立一系列多国机构来处理全球性问题。各个大国应建立一个“国际合作机构...彼此贡献各自力量以应对未来多变的不确定因素。”
    从这个角度分析猪流感的话，你可能会认为全世界应寄予世界卫生组织更多力量，让他们能对疾病的传播进行分析，对何时对何地区采取隔离加以决断，采取一个统一的全球性的应对措施。
    如果真是这样的话，那最近就不会发生因各自为政而产生的一系列纠纷了。欧洲警告各自公民不要赴大洋彼岸旅游，这惹恼了美国。乌克兰限制进口猪肉。欧洲秘密储存猪流感疫苗，而抛下只有一家生产工厂的美国，不闻不问。因担心猪流感大爆发，各国正在减少国内活动并对国外来访设立了诸多屏障，这些可能会使得限制措施愈演愈烈。
    这些威胁的真实性不容质疑。但目前为止我们并未经历过类似的危机。从对猪流感的应对机制来看，采取分散的方法还是最好的。虽然危机发生没几天，但我们已经看到应对措施全面彻底且积极有效。
    首先，分散处理实施起来相对较快。墨西哥在第一时间关闭了学校并取消了一系列活动。考虑到国内并没有几个病例，而且已经有一家机构收容这些病例，美国的反应速度还是相当惊人的。
    纽约时报在周一刊登了一张纽约市医疗特别官员Thomas R. Frieden博士正主持危机应对会议的照片。照片很好反映出地方应对危机的情形。与会人士身着马球衫而不必穿正装，在针对当地的突发情况进行激烈讨论。
    如果换成一家国际机构的话，这些地方官员可能就不能这么随意了。远道而来、离乡思井的各国官员将使权力分散，而该机构就不得不采取投票的方式对内部分歧进行协商，同其他国际会议一样，各国的不合作态度将延缓会议进程。
    其次，分散性措施更可靠。人们在危机中得到自己人的保护是最有安全感的。他们只相信和自己有相同经历的人，对灾难和外来威胁持相同文化态度的人，能合法得做出艰难抉择的人。这些都是人性的特点。如果要限制出入自由，那也应当是让自己选出来的而不是让陌生人发号施令。
    最后，分散的措施能合理应对不确定因素。从应对角度来讲，我们目前可以清楚的看到有一个非正式的科学家网络，这些相处多年的科学家们相聚一起对隔离和感染级别等内容进行沟通理解。当然还有很多他们不理解的内容。
    全球性集中处理会导致方法单一化，而分散处理将更具实验性。
    猪流感危机的爆发是由两个因素共同所致。从根本上讲，爆发猪流感的网络错综复杂。病毒本身发展，人类活动导致传播，环境因素致使病毒升级，这些恶性循环都使爆发变得更严重。再加上人们在心理上对疾病无比恐惧，于是谣言四起、报道不断更新、在Tweet上评论纷纷，专家发出诸多警告。
    正确处理多样性、分散性、突发性问题的方法是建立相应的权力机构：地方官员、政府机构、国家政府、国际组织能像问题本身一样，做到随机应变。
    猪流感不仅是医疗领域的突发事件，也是考验我们妥善处理21世纪全球问题的试金石。分散处理是最有效的。

爱吃软糖的beckyUID: 2463579

【听力---SSS---May 8, 2009】

Brain Has "Moving" Parts
A study in the journal Science reveals that the brain region responsible for the intention to move the body also experiences the movement--but ...
thatll 发表于 2009-8-9 22:05

天啊...   真的在听写sss...~
强大，学习ing~

thatllUID: 2538832

283# 爱吃软糖的becky

没听写啊，就听听而已！

MTRL2009UID: 2664551

唉。跟我首字母的M同学都不上来了。。
每日一瞥中没看到他。。。

taoyukun-daidaiUID: 2657922

我什么时候写文章能信手拈来呢。。。
总是例子不够充实。。。唉～～