issue 写文

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法律

16法律	17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

Law is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions . It shapes politics , economics
and society
in numerous ways and serves as the foremost social mediator in relations between people.
the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, "The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual."
法律之所以成为法律，一是它的严肃性和公正性，二是它能最大限度地保护弱势者的利益。如果一部法律没有体现弱势群体的意愿，不能有效地保护弱势群体的利益，这样的法律自然就应该或是修改，或是完善，或是废除。
1、从严肃性的角度上来说，法律只能服从。否则lose authority
法律往往是矛盾双方的最后选择。私了——公了。to sue go to court….
Chinese nature ——(多一事不如少一事)mediocre..the less trouble .the better..
（家丑不外扬）——.divorce，domestic violence，thief in the family…
如果这条途径走不通，后果严重。
被当地政府欺诈的居民只能继续各自的生活；无从诉说。
遭受家庭暴力的人只能继续承受；无从解脱。
当娃娃工的孩子也只能继续工作在危险环境下；
2、just laws ...unfair...尽管法律强调公正性，但是不代表公平.unjust~~unfair…改动
"In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread.’
“在其崇高的平等之下，”作家阿纳托尔·法郎士于1894年说。“法律同时禁止富人和穷人睡在桥下、在街上乞讨和偷一块面包。”对于富人而言很简单；但是这对穷人不公平。
关塔那摩监狱：美国They talked about linking American power with American ideals: but it turned out, at Guantá namo, that power can corrupt those ideals.
Muslim~~~terror~~~~torture…
3、unjust laws
4、法律完善的过程，就是推翻不公正法律的过程。
之前：分配房子（allocate）。——非固定工作者；农村户口residential status
流行：炒楼speculate ~~~in the merket…（温州）
现在：措施，加强监管。Enhance the interest of a person’s second house dramatically. ~~~
China: economic disordered…the market ///anthing ~~~to make profits..——WTO，tax..command the real estate market… (according to the financial crisis)..
Low-income housing~~~economical housing`~~


Law is a system of rules, which is made and enforced by the government for controling people's behaviors, commanding the whole economic, and defending
individuals and the nation against evil authorities. (defination)
If law disappears suddenly even in a hour of the future, the world will be undoubtedly disordered. (aftermath)(specific)The murder, robbery, theft, rape—any crimes refelcting the strongest, crazist, and the most irrational sentiment will occur. Nothing could prevent.

Thus, for me, law should stand erect and keep its power to regulate the society, but with the assumption that the law is for people especially disadvantaged groups.
Law should be respected and obayed because it is the last approach for the hopeless after the ineffectualness of solving cases behind closed doors. Especially for Chinese people, law appears to be more irreplaceable. Along with the profound and deep-rooted 5,000 years of civilization, Chinese people have generally the traditional character--mediocre. They insist on a notion that the less trouble, the better. When encountering a trouble, they spare no effort to reduce major issues to minor ones and minor ones to nothing. Additional, they do not prefer wash dirty linen in public which guides them hide some humiliation, such as divorce, family violence, rape, and so on. But as the society being more and more complex, negotiations in provate have excerted less and less effect. This part of tradition is breaking down gradually, more troubles had no simple way to tackle with any more, which leads people to rely on law finally. Law is so significant, without which children in the family have to suffer endless violence; without which wives had to undertaken countless burdens with living who they never love; and without which quantities of child labors have to stay in the dark plants, no brightness, no future.

However, the assumption that laws are for justice and for people is not always the case.
On one hand, a just law does not represent a fair one. After all, the law is made by subjective and purposeful groups that cannot avoid political orientation and racial discrimination. There was a law in France in 19th century, which illustrated clearly that the rich and the poor were forbidden to sleep under the bridge, beg in the street and steal a bread from a store. Actually, it was a just law that refused the theft, potential uneasy and improving the social atmosphere. Nevertheless, after considering further, it was not fair for the poor, while it was quit useless for the rich. The rich could sleep in his splendid house, while the poor had no shelter. The rich never worried about his dinner while the poor had to save even one cent to get a bread. The rich had no cause to steal things for they owned enough, while the poor had to survive in any ways. The law was completely made for warning the poor, although it mentioned 'the rich'--superficial description. Sarcasm. So this kind of
law should be disobeyed and resisted immediately. Because it is this unfair law that disobeys the cream of ‘law’.

On the other hand, despite so-called just laws, unjust laws that are filled with flaws, mistakes and errors exist in the world, bring out contiual troubles and disasters. In China, the lack of sufficent laws to reserve rare species result in increasing loss of rare animals and plants, which have not guaranteed the justice to the nature. The flaws in the laws on the protection of consumers' rights and interests lead to the unjustic issues occur in consumer market, which is harmful to customers directly and suppliers indirectly. Such laws are not simple examples but popular throughout the nation.


Finally, when it comes to the process of making the whole law system perfect, it is simultaneously a process of cracking down laws that have flaws, mistakes and errors, that are not benefit for disadvantaged groups. For example, after open and reform in China, the economic has skyrocketed at a dramatical speed. Nearly 30 years ago, there was no defination about the real estate market because there was no related private firm at all. The government allocated houses to citizens, which to some extent seemed just to those who had houses, but was also unfair for someone who located in rural, and who had no permanant jobs in public apartments. Those could not get one house at all. After a law enforced in the 1980s that cancelled the housing allocation, and encouraged competive marketing. The real estate market established. However, at the begining, the market was rather disordered that monopoly and speculation were rampant. Then the government made a law to regulate the whole operation of the business.

To sum up, in my opinion, I stick to the statement that individual in the society should obey laws as long as these laws are for people and exist as useful approaches for protecting people’s benefits, at the same time, should disobey and resist unjust laws for improving the whole system of laws.

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17同7和14  历史篇

7历史	103"The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives."
14历史	120"So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
17历史	221"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."

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70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
[begin]同意。
开头。。A ruler, in my eyes, is a permanent image that represents his nation and citizens, a perfect role model that guides the public’s behaviors and choices, the very eye of the complex politics. But it is not say that one ruler has the ability to undertake responsibily compeletely. To some extent, I agree with the statement.

1、人无完人(克林顿)
after all, the ruler is an individual who owns all potential natures as others, cannot avoid inborn lusts to wealth, sex, power and dignity, cannot totally free from the tempatation from surroundings, and cannot stand erect without no subjective implusives at any time in any places. For instance, Bill Clinton, who was the president of America in last century, has guided the Amercian people to enjoy the prosperity in economic for eight years. However the most popular and striking affair about him indeed disobeyed the morality. He has fallen into several charges related to sexual misconduct and illegal trade with some interest groups along with his wife. Apparently, if taking the moralty as the criterion to judge Clinton, he could not be suitable. Nevertheless on the contrary it was Clinton that had the ability to win presidential election twice, it was he that still held the appreciation and support from most Amercian people after continual scandals and controversies, and it was he that consolidated the position of America in the world as the richest and strongest nation. Therefore, I am more confident to believe that moralty is not one condition to be a ruler.



2、环境在改变（年龄增加，很多弱点出现）
毛泽东：
Moreover, no one, although those with strongest ability or attraction can flee from the negative influence of uncontrollable forces, like time, like the development of the whole civilization. As time goes by, rulers will be older and older, previous strength will gradually fade, with early enthusiasm slowly desappearing, which inevitably leads to flaws in decisions. For example, the situation of Chairman Mao, the greatest man in China, was the case totally. None of Chinese people could forget that it was he that promoted the development of Communist Party, it was he that organized red army and beated KuoMingtang armies then united the whole nation, and it was he that boldly dedclared the independence of Chinese people, refused any negotiation with some power…However, it was also because of him that Great Culture Revolution broke out and brought a series of catastrope. One reason was
Chairman Mao was more than 70 year old, another was that he was templated by his wife and other evil groups who gave zest to power, authority and wealth. He had lost the ability to make right judgment any more.

1、
任何人，权力越大，裙带关系越复杂。
Furthermore, with the leaders’ power being enlarged, the complexity of their relationship with others is hard to measure. Politics officals absolutely understand how to enlarge their own power area, promote intimate political companions in order not to be replaced by other ambitious ones. Especially when the officals hold the position of authority for longer time, his power area would be larger and more secret. But in art of war, a basic princilple is that authority in a nation should keep balance, such as in ancient China, there was a triangular balance of the power of three kingdom, Wer, Shu, Wu, such as the Republican Party and Demacratic Party hold own power and constrain vital’s in America. Only forming these situation can keep relatively steady of a nation. Unless, iron fist will being about many irrational decisions that cannot be controlled by the public.


[end]

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11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."所有国家都应该支持全球性大学的建立，以解决世界共同的问题。环境污染、种族冲突问题、传染病问题。
1、浪费，顽固问题例如环境，联合国的存在目的就是解决全球问题。
2.、不相容。全部国家的学生集聚在一起，需要多大的资金支持。语言、生活习惯、种族问题、等等都需要解决。
3、必定有的国家出力多，造成新的霸权。
反对
When I am a little girl, I always desire to study in an university in which I could contact with students from all the other countries, sense their special culture and customs, understand their ideas and values. The life may be very colorful. But as time goes by, when it comes to discuss the effectiveness of such a global university, I determine to criticize its flaws because building a Utopia is eventually a girl’s innocent dream and never could be true.

Firstly, social problems in the world actually are rampant and persistent, which need people from all nations to devote time, money, energy and enthusiasm. But it is not to say that a global university can have the ability to solve all problems. After all, conficts between different races and countries, potential world wars, epidemics thoughout the planet, environmental problems including the global warming, the species extinction, air pollution, water pollution, and so on already have related departments to take responsibility, like the United Nation, and European Union. It is the United Nations that effectively has prohibited plenty of partial fights in Mid East, and reduced nearly half of the number of wars after 1950, or humans would experience more sufferings physically and mentally. It is the United Nations that pushes the development of economics, finances and society through establishing some beneficial agreements with many countries with protecting environment, human rights, reducing poverty and unrest. Thus, apparently, that global issues could be solved essentially has to depend on political authorities rather than researches of some powerless students or professors. The largest contribution of a global university, in my opinion, is juat providing more datas or scientific information or solutions
about the social issues, but these things do not require to build such a huge university at all.

Secondly, if the university has been established, its problems would reflect the global problems, because all nations students gather together with different backgrounds and rooted contradictions. If they want to solve the social problems, they have to learn how to cultivate a harmonious atmosphere in the university. No one could guarantee that among so huge number of people from all nations, racial descrimination to the black, the African, the poor would not appear, the confict between Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism and other religions would not emerge, super power, iron fist would never come out. Thus, a global university actually exists many potential problems under the ideal surface.




Finally, it is a reality that whether all nations have the ability to offer fundings, implememts, talented persons and technologies to support the university. Maybe for some nations lacking fundings to fulfill citizens’ nees of food, water, security, such fundings could save many people or promote local conditions. Therefore, the statement is not quite reasonable.

To sum up, I insist that it is useless to build a global university for all nations because solving those persisted social problems needn’t such a huge educational insititution, and many potential problems would happen with it and not all nations have sufficent money to give support. The Utopia should be built as the world turns to be simple.

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212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."
[begin]
J. Ruskin has ever said, ‘Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.’
For a student, if he has no goal when learning, he probably fall into a confusing world of knowledge. For a boss, if he never clarifies the plan of the future, his bussiness is likely to drop in a range of mist. However, even though goals are quite important for individuals and nations, not all methods can be taken for achieving them. Thus I do not agree with the statement.


1、（目标是有价值的，但是研究手段——惨害生命；不予采纳）
Firstly, if during the process of realize a worthy goal, lives have not been respected any more, and moral principles have not been obeyed, the goal should never be pursured.

Here is an example with horror but true. In the War World Two, facism were thirsty to obstruding other countries for lands, resources and slaves. Japan and Germany were the most ambitious nations, both of which had committed the most sereve crimes in the history. Meanwhile, there was a Japanes army named as 731, which had experimented on actual human beings' bodies that were trapped by them for improvement of advanced weapons, such as poisonous gas, chemical materials, and so on. And these experiments had been made for a quite long time. How many people had experienced such kinds of death? How many people had to undertake these inhumane sufferings? None offspring of these people could forget the darkness and crulty of the history., the evil research.
Thus, although for facism military success was the highest glory, such researches must be abandoned and blamed.

2、（目标有价值的，但是损人利己的事不予采纳。）
Secondly, if on the way of fulfilling the need of personal actialization, others’ profits have been damaged, the methods no matter how wise and revlutionary thay are, should be givin up.
For instance, monopoly enterprises in the competive market, are absolutely magnates with powerful leaders, informed groups, advanced techniques, unique management, huge fundings, and secret weapons. None of these are related to medicore. They undertsand how to occopy the whole market share, pick up speical strategies to get along well with government and run faster than their counterparts throughout the country even the world. However, monopoly is not a justice creation, with which customers have to accept gradually increasing prices passively, with which small enterprises who have the same trade cannot survive, with which other countries who have not mastered the core of the bussiness have to encounter a difficulty in developing their own economic, with which many negative news related to corruption, low efficency and mess of systems in such magnates would be rampant.
Monopoly can benefit to some ineterst groups, but it's disadvantages outweigh advantages.


3、（目标是有价值的，但是忘记友情亲情爱情的付出是不值得的）
Finally, for a person, the goal to grab any opportunies to get promotion is really admirable, but if he is a extreme perfectionis, who is self-critical, requesting themselves to run all the time, never give up, never cry, never relax and never tolerate being disturbed by some unnecessary things, he almost lives with sufferings both physically and mentally. He may be successful, neverthless, the achievement has to stay with sleeping pills, coffee, fast foods, countless files, and less joys from family, friends or personal hobbies. This way to success is totally miserable.
There must be other alternatives without so much depreesion.
[end]
To sum up, I insist that not all methods taken to achieve worthy goals are appropraite. After all people should not ignore that in the bottom of hearts, endless lust for wealth, hidden nature such as cruelty, fanaticism and so on can be released and enlarged to destory the world. No matter for an individual or an ethical group, methods to relaize actualization are a double-edged sword. Nothing could be perfect.

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21人生	136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."

现实中的选择很多。并不可能很少
对于
I always encounter many choices in my life, face alternatives in a cross road and determine to obtain something while give up other things. Sometimes, I will hope no choices because the process of choosing is rather painful. But when with no choices at all, maybe it is another sadness for me. When it comes to answer whether the absence of choice is rare or not, I stick to my ponit that it should consider different age for an individual and special condition for a condition. Thus I do not agree with the unreasonable statement.

Firstly, for anindividual, when he has not owned adequate ablity to survive on the planet, when he has not been a truly and independent one, he is not free to choose. He can not choose his father and mother, he can not choose to born in a rich family, he can not choose how many brothers and sisters around, he can not choose the way to grow up as a baby, he can not choose his skin color and race, he can not choose the earth as his planet. Too many things he can not determine. As time goes by, if the individual borns to be in poverty and sickness always, his choices still seem rare. Because of his bad health, he may not jump and run like others, he cannot refuse to eat medicines and accept treatment, he may not enjoy the beautiful sound and voice from nature, he may not watch and see the green of spring, the red of summer, the yellow of autumn, the white of winter. Because of his poverty, pretty clothes, splendid house, servants, big birthday cake, noicy party and all other rich goods can not be his choices. Thus, no person has the right to choose the birth.

However, while the individual is not free to choose our birth, he is free to choose our ways of life. That is true. Although he is blind, he can choose to live happlily, take joy to his family, his friends, even strangers, but also can choose to be negatively with endless complaints and loneliess. Although he is poor, he can choose to open his own business with ambition, talent, courage, and enthusiasm, he can choose to poor wealth but rich spirit with enriching knowledge, pursuing truth, treating friends sincerely, worshiping nation and religion. Although he is one member of
disadvantageous groups such as the black, the African, Jews who can not aviod humiliation, descrimination and unjust treatment from the outside, he still can choose fight like a warrior or retreat like a coward, shout aloud as Martin Luther King or stay quietly as a noboby. Finally, although he is nothing, his life is under his control actually. He can choose to live further or suicide right now. He can choose the method to suicide, poision, sword, or directly jump from a high building?

Secondly, during his life journey, even though he can choose the living way, there are many special conditions that only one approach without an alternative. For instance, jews had no power to choose under the control of Nazi, the strongest power, cruel iron fist. Soldier in fights can not choose, because they must obey the command of generals. Citizens can not choose to commit crime, becausee laws in the nation would punish them, imprison them, and torture them. A person living in the society is not likely to live freely to an extreme extent, after all, some evil nature in the bottom of human beings can not be released or disaster must come on the corner.

To sum up, I do not agree with the statement that the absence of choice is rare for people. Even though I admit that in my surroundings, choices are everywhere, and life is the sum of choices, but for different people in different age in different nations, somethings have no choices at all. People have to accept them although many of us have not realized this point. A little sarcasm.

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170"The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."
负正正。
1、
尽管诚然，ruler往往具有群众没有的特点。Rulere胜利，表示群体的导向也是成功的。
2、Hitler….五大需求的基础是底层需求，其次是上层需求。
3、群众能够决定命运，社会进步的指标gdp。。。。

补，。，。。，

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138"Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."(单一关系)
[begin]（因为什么的错误，造就了什么。排比三句）

1.（正）失败是成功之母。经历过失败，可以吸取教训。美国的次贷危机。

(美国次贷危机there are likely to be other risk management implications from the turmoil in the US subprime mortgage market, and the crisis in the credit markets that followed.)
Firstly, lessons of failures in the past could be absorbed by current people to aviod the same mistakes and realize much greater accomplishments. Whatever innovation or creation are risky for fresheners, if there exists experience of some people who had tried and knew what should do and what should prohibit, the way can be less difficult.
For example, the subprime crisis broke out at the beginning of 2007 in the USA. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were hit hard. The Wall Street nearly disappeared. Numurous banks and financial corporations bankrupted. Rate of unemployment increased dramatically. In all, American people
encountered a huge disaster for the mistakes made by a series of organizations. The direct cause was the bombardment of financial credit to house purchasers. The complex links between commercial banks and investment banks, the debts and derivatives exaggerated the extent of the crisis. Then the basic cause was the supervision system of the finance.
Thus,
from the turmoil in the US subprime mortgage market, and the crisis in the credit markets and real economic that followed, management implications should be concentrated. Apparently afterthe government in China required financial organizations to speed up the establishment and development of complete supervison system for reducing the negative influence of the crisis, the economic climate throughout the country currently appears to be recovered gradually.
.

2、(负)
However, if the resources are too insufficent or the issue is quite emergent, there is no time and opportunity for people to make mistakes, not to mention that through making mistakes success emerges. Sometimes, success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than experiencing previous mistakes.
Chairman Mao, the most greatest man in China, can be a classic example to prove the statement. During the Long March, the Red Army that was encircled by its enemy-Kuomingtang Army in a mountain. All of the detailed plans were useless. At that emergent time, Chairman Mao determined to take another novel and risky strategy without any hesistation. Fortunately, thanks for his brilliant mind, precise sense of orientation, and bald assumptions, all soilders fled from enemy's track successfully.
If the great man, at that time, believed that only through mistakes can save the red army, the consequence must have turned to be miserable. The history of China must have been changed.

3、(负) 有些错误本身就是一种成功。
Moreover, the so-called mistake, to some extent, is a kind of discovery, progress and even success in the history of human being’s civilization. The definations of both are not so clear. The case is that in a period of time, people around cannot understand new ideas of a man, which are against doctrines, popular tastes and conventions, and regard them as huge mistakes. Then as time goes by, such ideas start to be truth examined by offspring, be accepted by mainstream, and be worshipped by experts. For example, Marquis de Sade, the most controversial writer in 18th century, created startling novels which combined philosophy and pornography, described extremely sexual fantasies with violence and profaneness to Catholic Church. He taught people one abnormal nature--sandism and expressed his true feelings about how to treat sex, how to enjoy life and how to get freedom. Apparently he had been cursed in his day for his disabeying traditional faith and morality. However, after several centuries, Baudelaire discovered him. Beauvoir appreciated him. SM has been an acceptable phenomenon.
From the fact, even though Sade’s startling ideas were mistakes, his creativity, courage and pursuit of freedom were the greatest success, not to mention that these ideas were not wrong actually.
Thus, the coexistence of mistake and success is not contradiction, which can pull down the statement that just presented an one-way relationship between mistake and success.


  
To sum up, I insist that mistakes can be the fountain of success, however, not only mistakes can achieve success, and not the relationship between mistake and success is so simple as the statement.

无双UID: 2663935

7、"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."
[begin]正负负。
For a person, memory should be cherished for it remains all special sentiments such as love, delight and satisfactition, hate, grief and loneliness. For a country, history are more likely not to be abandoned, especially the past filled with glories, humiliation and sufferings. Both video camera and writing can protect memories from fading as the time goes by. But as far as which one is more important, I stand by written records.
1、（正）录像记录更贴近现实。结婚录像感人；南京大屠杀录像震撼。此时任何言语的描述都是苍白的。
Admittedly, video camera can catch many valuable moments accurately while written records lack the ability to purify the reality without any subjective judgements of the author. For instance, wedding video is the most precious gift for each couple for its collecting every expressions--smiles of bridegroom, tears of bride, laugh of guests, keeping every details-- beautiful suits, fresh flowers, colorful decorates and chatty bridesmaid. In all at this point of life, all words have appeared to be pale. Additionally, Nanking Nanking--a documentary--was screened half year ago. The cruelty of the war, the sufferings of Chinese people, the fanaticism of fascists showed before audiences that led all written records to fade.

2、（负）
However, even though vedio camera actually can grasp such striking and startling moments of history, the incidence is not frequent. Wars are going to disappear sooner or later. Wedding days are rare in one's whole life. After all an ordinary life is the mainstream—happiness is spreading in slight things, loneliness is separating within common habits, sentiments are accumulated graduately, thus not all shots on video can show a person’s inner world apparently while written record can describe such abstract feelings and integrate all discontinuous elements.
Similarly, a complex issue or theory is hard to be recorded by video camera because it contains many information behind its surface, which requires an all-round background to support.
For example, the subprime crisis broke out in America two years ago. The complexity of the whole crisis was hard to measure, which was related to countless banks, magnates in real estate market, plenty of credits instruments. That indicates that video camera could not illustrate the main causes and transmission mechanism through several shots showing the anxiety of staffs in Wall Street, the confusion of supervisors in monopoly corporations, the depression of all investors. On the contrary, written record can replace video camera, providing a reasonable and convincing description of when, who, what, how and why that owns more advantages in genalization and analysis.

3、（负）
3.1日记什么时候想写都可以。而录像则要受束缚，特殊时段才会用来记录，而且不一定能记录最有意义的瞬间miss。
3.2录像可以被copy，网上到处都可以看。但是有的真迹是百年难得一遇的。Histories
Moreover, camera video cannot compete with written records in value for collection and admiring. It can be spread on the Internet at an unimaginable speed and can be downloaded conveniently by anyone throughout the world. On the contrary, some written records by old masters are undoubtedly invaluable. Just like Shakespeare, the prestigious playwriter who had several written historic records about kings of England, Henry V, Henry VI and so on.

[end]
To sum up, I insist that written records cannot be absolutely replaced by video camera in the future even though some mements got by camera video never will be surpassed by any words. Written records can describe abstract feelings, combine all discontinuous elements, provide sufficent information abot a fact, and owns the worth being collected.

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235"Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."
[begin]
Lyrics—‘I'll play my soul into sleep, I'll make up words that I keep, letting nothing go to anyone at all,’ are describing one spirit—loyalty. For an individual, the loyalty to his family, and friends is most essential for pursuit of happiness. For a nation, the loyalty to its citizens and laws is the footstep to peosperity. However, in the society filled with severe competitions, not all companions are nice enough, not all doctrines are appropriate totally, thus loyalty is not fit for any situation.
1、
忠诚
Admittedly, the weigh of loyalty should not be ignored.
My Favorite NBA player is Derek Anderson, a fantastic man. Despite his outstanding skills in basketball, his character attracts my soul and heart. When he puts off his coat, on his back is a huge tattoo—Loyalty Is My Life, which is a combination of Derek’s feelings about life. When he was still work for Spurs, the chief coach was disapponited about his behaviors that he asked to take 13 assistants wherever he went. But most of these assistants were all his friends in childhood. Among this group, one man named Jim Simpson, Derek’s physical trainer, had ever been a prisoner for six years, for carrying drugs, robbing, and family violence. Even so, Derek could not give up him just because when they were young especially when Derek was abandoned by who he loved, Jim provided too much affection for him, picking up him from school, buying his beloved juice, having a simple lunch.
Loyaly brings the world more complex emotions, like gratitude, pleasure, dependence, satisfaction.

2、
忠诚loyalty会阻碍善意和正确的行为：不敢独立行事、不敢提出反对意见。
However, loyalty as a moral principle, to some extent, will constrain people’s freedom in thoughts, prevent people into a truly strong and independent individuals.
When a couple do not love each other any more, the loyalty will come out to interrupt divorce. In some tradition-oriented countries like China, loyalty between husband and wife is fountain for love in the family even sometimes loyalty is more important than love. Even though love fades gradually, most couples would choose the tradition for avoiding rumors from surroundings, for portraiting perfect impressions in the community, for comforting themselves that they do not disobey the principle of ancestors. Thus for me, loyalty should not be the barrier for freedom, for reborn hopes.


If a student is, excessively, loyal to doctrines contained in plenty of textbooks, educational system established in schools, and discourses from parents, he will lack the ability to think creatively and independently sooner or later. After all it is easy for an immature student to induge in enjoying luxuries and conveniences rather than hardship.
3、  但是忠诚一旦变成一种极端，就会危害到个人、群体。
Moreover, once loyalty is taken advantaged of by some purposeful groups or exaggerated to be extremeness, the loyalty will be a sword, bring about hurt, riot and destruction.

If a group of perfectionists who are loyal to specific faith totally gather together, combine ethnic issues and their religious fanaticism, the world will suffer a series of terrible attacks.
We have sensed that nowadays there are so many serious violences emerging not only in China, in the USA, but in the world. And they cannot make no difference with religious perfectionists. Do you remember the National Independent Movements in the North Ireland in 2006? More than 40 people were hurt and died in the conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism. Just in a short time, a place with natural love was destroyed by a group of people’s extreme love. Do you remember Chechen's depression, darkness and sorrow in 2004? Airplanes exploded. Suicide bombings happened in a train. Death and damage from a hostage, in a school, couldn't be avoided finally. All of these were attributed to Russian separatists and Islam fanatics. All of the history with blood, with tears, and with cruelty, should never be forgotten by generations. Thus, I cannot forgive irrational perfectionists-the extreme loyalty.
[end]
To sum up, I insist that people should not obey loyalty whenever, wherever, and to whoever. Even though it is absolutely necessaty in the society or confusion, crimes, broke-up relationship would emerge furiously, sometimes loyalty will turn to be a shackle and a bomb.

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找不到这篇。、。、、、

26实际和理想

99"In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."

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207"Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."
[begin]同意
我写在草稿纸上的。。。懒人。。等我考完看看有没有心情补了。
Culture contains habits, knowledge, faith, art, moralty, law, custom and others related to psychology.
知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯
1、传统节日有利于巩固民族情感（culture 1）
China..traditional festivals….Spring Festival …Zhongqiu ..Dragon festival..national sentiments——root….;…..meaning of each festival…thoughts,spirit.....;烈士，纪念战争的。
2、礼节是信仰的根本（culture2）
Judaism
1、祈祷pray
虔诚的犹太人一直寻求以其全部所有来热爱上帝。他们认为祈祷是表达一个犹太人态度与情感的方式，因此努力找出许多理由来祈祷。虔诚的犹太人一天祈祷三次；早上、下午、傍晚。通过祈祷和诵读祷词来表示他们对上帝的赞美、感激、坚信相对美好前途的希望。
2、饮食禁忌
传统的犹太人遵行饮食诫命,这些诫命记载于利未纪,这些诫命包含奶与肉不可以同食,人道的宰杀动物,并严禁吃血、吃猪肉、无鳞的鱼类及其他被禁止的食物。虽然这些饮食诫命在卫生上有益,但是最主要的动机是在个人生活上期待能自我控制、节制及道德的训练。一个人即使在最恶劣的环境下,都希望能遵行这些《托拉》的诫命。对于饮食诫命,如同其他的犹太法律及风俗,在当今犹太教的三大派系(正统牌、保守派及改革派)中,遵守程度与方法仍存在着些许的差异。
犹太教节日的两大基本特征:
    所有节日都与整个民族的历史相关联。
    所有节日都具有强烈的宗教色彩。
1、新年（Rosh Hashanah）
称为“审判日”，认为这一天所有的人都要在上帝面前经过，并接受上帝的审判。《塔木德》把这种审判分为三种情况：最好的人当即被判决并被记入《生簿》，最坏的人被记入《死簿》，其余的常人不定，等到“赎罪日”再做判决。
    由此，新年成了犹太人根据犹太教的标准进行自我省察的日子。
2、赎罪日（Yom Kippur）
    赎罪日是犹太人一年中最重要的圣日。在新年过后的第10天，犹太人彻底斋戒，停止所有的工作，聚集在圣堂内祈祷上帝赦免他们在过去一年中所犯的罪过。
    据说，每个犹太人此后一年的命运特在这一天被天庭最后注定。全世界的犹太人，包括不很虔诚的犹太人都会在这一天来到犹太教会堂参加特别祈祷仪式。在以色列，这一天全国上下几乎一切活动都停顿下来，不出版报纸、不播放任何电视和广播节目、没有公共交通运输，所有学校、商店、餐馆、娱乐场所和机关、企业都24小时关闭。在这个节日，要以绝对禁止各种欲望、禁止工作、吃饭、饮水来度过。
3、逾越节（Pesach）
    是犹太人为纪念历史上犹太人在摩西带领下成功逃离埃及的节日，又叫自由节。据《出埃及记：12》而确立。
    逾越节之夜，犹太人家庭要盛宴欢庆。要向孩子讲述出埃及的故事。宴会上备有嫩芫荽，象征春天万物成长的希望；烤鸡蛋表示古代圣殿中的祭品；硬鸡蛋提醒人们超越死亡的人生，咸水象征犹太人为奴时的泪水；苦菜代表受奴役的苦楚；无酵饼是当年犹太人出走时挟带的食物。
4、住棚节
    开始于赎罪日后第五天,即犹太历提市黎月十五日,整个节期持续7天(正统派过8天)。其原初意义是纪念农民在秋收时节住在野外的帐篷内以便及时收获成熟的庄稼,后来用以纪念以色列人在旷野漂泊40年中所住的帐篷。这是一个喜庆欢乐节日。节日期间,有的犹太人吃住都在郊外的帐篷内,有的只是象征性地每天在其中住留一会儿,念诵有关的经文和祷文。犹太教的会堂也建起帐篷,供会众使用。现今,这个节期具有依赖自然、回归自然和保护自然的意义。

3、
礼节延续政治
Hitler:salute…war cry…
Japan: Yasukuni Shrine…

[end]
To sum up,.///

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147"Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them."

[begin]

When I walked through the historic Bund district of Shanghai, I am likely to be guided by a time machine. The tranditional bridges, the modern viaducts, the traditional avenues, the modern skyscrapers, the traditional residential buildings, the modern neon lights. All of them combine to form a unique visual angle that most vividly reveals the city's prosperity and vitality. Thus, I cannot agree to the statement. Tradition and modernization can be together absolutely.

1、
现代事物传承过去的精髓。（北京奥运会的古今相合）

Firstly, many modern things are based on the cream of traditional culture and ideas with transmitting the essence and magic power. Because from the unciviliazation to civiliazation humans are growing up depending on their deep roots, ancestors’ intelligence and diligence, which means that modern cannot be shut off from the past.

比如：the Olmpic Game 奥林匹克运动会。08年北京奥运会，延续pass on the traditional spirit of the olmpic—faster, higher, stronger和use the modern ficilities, technologies,…to make efficency, precise.///

The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games emblem ‘Chinese Seal, Dancing Beijing’

01、 “书法汉字京calligraphy”和“seal红色印章”，它是一个abstract抽象symbol符号、一个跑动的运动员athlete、一个起舞的市民。中国元素“书法汉字京”、“红色印章”与“抽象符号”、“红白两色”的现代设计语言在此完美对接。Modern language design …combine the tradition and modern perfectly
02、北京奥运会国家体育中心——bird’s nest鸟巢。创意the idea is come from来源于中国的banboo plaiting article竹编和china瓷器等，这些体现了中国传统文化中精巧delicateness、灵动lightness和逍遥ease的一面。profound然而它又是一个科技scientific含量很高的现代化建筑，它用轻盈的曲线编织了一个现代感极强形态，很好地解决了“由长方形场地到elliptical 椭圆形外形”的体育场馆设计难题。
2、现代人必须坚守传统。（以防迷失、可参考第一篇。）
When people live in the modern society, ceremonies and traditional festivals cannot be abandoned by humans because they have defined the culture of a nation. Because what is contained in these traditions is about all marks, all footprints, all faiths, all sentiment and all spirit of the history. If a person has no memory about the past, his life’s journey would be with countless frustration, fearful, and loneliness.
In china, there is a group children who are born after 90’s. nonmainstream
PS, Martian languages, Audition, Qzone, sex, violence, and self-mutilation.

Indoorsy and pale.
Put money on fire and record that by video and then hang on the Internet
3、离开现代生活也是不可能的。（现代化的好处，全球化的好处）
On the contrary, when a person refuses anythings related to modernization, he/she will also be lonely and freaky. The tradition should not be forgotten but that is not mean give up modernization.
Media communication media
express warm appreciation to the existence of the so-called 'high-speed electronic community media'. Thanks for them, espeacially the television and Internet, I have the opportunity to have first intimate contact with some startling ethical groups throughout the world, which have a range of extremely fantastic customs for brides and bridegrooms on weddings. Never before have I imagined enjoying and sharing such rare experiences without any tourism. Besides, if without booming chat softwares, such as QQ, googletalk, MSN, Skype and so on, I could not have any chances to made friends online with foreigners. For the Internet countless movies flood into my life. For the Internet, fabulous music, no matter it is classic or popular, strikes my heart. For the Internet theories of economist Adam Smith, Keynes or Friedman make a big bang in my mind. For the Internet as well ,literature of writer Tolstoy or Lawrence take my eyes, my head and my soul away.
[end]
To sum up, I stick to hold my opinion that although today we are in a new and complex world, it is important for us to be loyal to our traditions and combine modernization with traditions perfectly. Because history offers us too much information about success and failure, contains too many sentiments which were stimulated by each issue, and includes sufficently profound thoughts, deep contemplation about life, death, beliefs, and attitudes. Cherish our history, cherish every pearls dropping in the long river during such a long history—5,000 years’ civilization while living in a world that cannot leave electricity, Internet, and cars.

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29研究	31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."

研究篇。。全通研究：（4篇全通）research是不可数名词！

12研究	69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"(战争实验、克隆人、层出不穷的技术出现)
15研究	40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."（研究者是个人，肯定有人的劣根性：贪婪、自私、懒惰。——研究的罪恶）
29研究	31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."
50研究	119"When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"（研究的目的是人类的生活将会进步多少？）研究需要为人类着想，不该只想着个人兴趣个人利益。同15

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28"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
（了解学习，勿死记硬背。同意）
[begin]（我们只有。。才能记住。排比三句）（引入主张）
If I just remember that Nietzsche has said that God is dead, I am confused why he made such a declaration. If I just get the news that Obama has been voted as the president of America, I cannot either realize how significant the successful election is. Thus the statement presented above is reasonable for a student like me, because only by memorizing facts, it is difficult to obtain the deep meaning behind the surface.
1、  完全的死记硬背会使得人变得懒惰、依赖。Negative learning habit.
Firstly, if students are accustomed to memorizing facts rather than learning all-round knowledge of the facts, they are likely to fall into a disadvantageous habit, which probably will enlarge their sloth, break down their confidence and lastly prevent them into truly strong and independent individuals. After all it is easy for an immature student to induge in enjoying luxuries and conveniences rather than hardship. Take my experience as the example. I have learned English for nearly six years, and at the beginning memorizing words was my most important method to pick up this language which indeed was one kind of labor work! But it led me to be fed up with studying further and unfortunately my level of English stayed still without any improvement in the ability of listening, speaking, and writing. Now I have gradually realized the ineffectiveness of my previous effort, then start to contact with the culture of America for boosting my enthusiasm for English. Movies, such as the Pursuit of Happiness presenting American dream, Lolita expressing morbid love from Amercian view, and Super Return describing the American heroism have all taken me to a new world of English with life and beauty.
This is the desirable learning method.

2、
知识光记住。。是无用的。
Secondly, facts that memorized by students are generally related to three elements--when, who and what. Despite such elements, not any other profound thoughts would appear by themselves, which is useless for students to learn and supply in the reality.
For instance, in these two years, the subprime crisis broke up. If as the learning method—three elements, we can only know that this crisis happened at the beginning of 2007 in America. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were hit hard. The Wall Street nearly disappeared. Numurous banks and financial corporations bankrupted. In all, it was a huge crisis for the USA. But are the information enough for students especially for those majoring in economics or finance? What is the real cause of the crisis, the heavy loans of banks, the furious real estate market, the loose policies of government or some other unimaginable factors? What is the lesson of the crisis for China, for Europe and for the whole world?
Thus, only knowing superficial facts is not sufficent at all.

3、
怀疑精神。
Finally, I worship the skepticism rather than memorization for it is the skepticism that fights against doctrines, conventions and authorties, and it is the skepticism that encourages students to express personal viewpoints boldly. Following is a little story of Socrates, the famous philosopher. One day, he brought an apple to his class and asked students to smell the air and then answer what they had smelled. Immediately there was a student saying that he smelled the apple. Socrates smilled, 'Smell again. Whoever agrees with him raises your hand.' After a moment, nearly half of students raised their hands. 'Smell again.' At this time, all hands were raised except one student’s. This boy questioned simply that he indeed did not smell anything. Socrates nodded and appreciated him, because the apple was fake. Guess who was the boy? He was Plato!
Therefore, we can see that the fact—apple-- appears before us, but it is not the case. Memorizing the fact is like smelling the apple, but it has confused us which leads us to lose the ability to distinguish whether the fact we see is right or wrong, is rational or extreme.


[end]
To sum up, I insist that students should
study the background and other materials of facts. Because not all facts we see are right and true absolutely,
and memorizing facts will to some extent prevent students into truly excellent individuals. Additionally, skepticism rather than following the facts can bolster up students’ enthusiasm to pick up more knowledge. Every day, ask yourself, ‘What do I know?’.