【0610G-Ares站队提纲大帖】

gamblerboUID: 2212217

注意发帖的格式！！
每个组员把提纲按次序放到一个回帖中！！（参照MARS的回帖）

[ 本帖最后由 gamblerbo 于 2006-7-2 10:13 编辑 ]

gamblerboUID: 2212217

第一次作业

Argument141:
题目：
The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.

"Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster, since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans."
提纲：
1．        逻辑关系：CCC够了WF的土地，准备采矿－》WF的环境灾害（因为WF是很多濒危物种的栖居地）－》消费者拒绝购买CCC产品。
2．        没有证据表明采矿一定导致污染和环境灾害。1，没有数据和事实表明采矿一定将环境污染；2，有限的环境污染可能不会导致物种灭绝，即环境灾害；3，可能CCC素来注重保护环境。总之，不一定。
3．        拒绝购买的行为未必有效。1，CCC公司可能主要为其他公司提纲材料，有效性很低；2，CCC反击的措施和消费者的损失；3，CCC放弃，可能其他公司继续。总之，未必有效。
4．        导致CCC放弃计划的其他措施：政府施压，寻找其他矿场等；导致环境保护的其他措施：民间团体保护，法律措施等。
5．        证据不充分；逻辑不严密；结论不可信。论据应该在上面几个方面加强。

Argument232:
题目：
The following appeared in a memo from the sales manager of Eco-Power, a company that manufactures tools and home appliances.

"Many popular radio and television commercials use memorable tunes and song lyrics to call attention to the products being advertised. Indeed, a recent study of high school students showed that 85 percent could easily recognize the tunes used to advertise leading soft drinks and fast-food restaurants. Despite our company's extensive advertising in magazines during the past year, sales of our home appliances declined. Therefore, to boost company profits, we should now switch to advertisements featuring a distinctive song."
提纲：
1．        逻辑关系：（高中生研究－》）用音乐来广告 ＋ 杂志上大量广告，销售下降－》为增加利润，独特歌曲广告。
2．        没有证据表明用音乐和歌曲来做广告能促进我们公司的销售。1，对高中生如此，不见得对我们的顾客（大部分非高中生）如此——样本不具代表性；2，调查只是针对畅销的畅销软饮料和快餐厅广告，不见得对我们公司适应——数据不重要；3，可能熟悉音乐但对产品本身关注不多，因而影响不大。因而，不一定。
3．        产品销售和家居用品销售的原因。1，总销售下降了吗？家居下降，但其他上升，例如：机械等。2，家居用品销售下降的主要原因是什么？没有证据表明是广告导致的。可能：产品本身质量问题；产品价格问题；产品是否迎合顾客喜好；市场供求等。3，杂志上广告的改进：量－》质。
4．        增加了产量不见得增加利润：音乐广告的费用等。其他措施：都。
5．        论据不可靠；假设有问题；结论不可信。从上面的众多方面补充。

Issue130:
题目：
130 "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."

提纲：
引出主题，全面回应：何谓“a better society”？我认为：“a better society”就是一个更公平、更和谐的社会。我们大部分人对“a better society”没有正确的认识，因而，他们不知道怎么培养孩子使他们对社会有益。
论证1：一部分人认为更富有的社会就是“a better society”。首先，他们自己耗尽一身去赚取更好的钱。其次，他们还教育自己的孩子: 金钱是万能的；有钱能使鬼推磨。
论证2：还有一部分人，例如利己主义者，认为对自己更有利的社会就是“a better society”。首先，他们认为“利己”是所有个人行为和社会行为的前提和核心。其次，他们通过自身“自私自利”的行为把“自私自利”的价值观传递给他们的孩子和其他后代。由于他们的自私自利，他们对亲情淡薄，对亲人和孩子丝毫不关心。Take Grandet the hero of a novel written by Balzac as an example. He was well known as a stingy and selfish man and did not care about his weak wife and poor daughter. He put his daughter who didn’t feel love prisoner only because she sent her savings to other people. He didn’t care of his dying wife and drove a nail in her coffin. 他们的无形影响很有可能把他们的孩子也教育得像他们一样自私自利。
论证3：只有知道什么是“a better society”，才有可能正确地教育孩子。首先，这样才有一个方向。其次，这样才有一个好坏的评估标准。根据这个评估标准，我们知道“孩子融入社会的能力不能决定社会的命运”，而是是否作出促进“a better society”的行为决定了社会的命任。
例子：
Take Grandet the hero of a novel written by Balzac as an example. He was well known as a stingy and selfish man and did not care about his weak wife and poor daughter. He put his daughter who didn’t feel love prisoner only because she sent her savings to other people. He didn’t care of his dying wife and drove a nail in her coffin.

Issue154:
题目：
154 "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."

提纲：
一．全面回应：不仅专业教育者还有家长和社会都应该参与到当地学校中。
二．正面论证1：诚然，专业教育者在教育中最重要的作用。（A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. H. B. Adams, American historian 教师的影响是永恒的；无法估计他的影响会有多深远。 亚当斯 美国历史学家）1，教育大部门由专业教育者在学校完成。2，专业教育者是最好教育者。
三．正面论证2：然而，教育光靠专业教育者是远远不够的。一方面，家长应该积极投身到当地的学校中来。1，家长在对儿童的教育起着举足轻重的作用。(Edison 的例子；《Forrest Gump》的例子)2，家长的言行可以加强或削弱专业教育者的作用。（Example is always more efficacious than precept. Samuel Johnson British writer and critic 身教胜于言教。塞缪尔 约翰逊  英国文学家，词典编纂家）
四．正面论证3: 另外一方面，社会应该积极参与到当地的教育中。1，对当地学校的硬件的支持。例如：经济，安全。3，社会环境对教育的影响（软件）。
五．总结全文：没有专业教育者，孩子将得不到系统的教育；没有家长和社会的参与，教育的效果将被大大削弱。因此，都很重要。
例子：
Take Edison as an example. At his age of eight, he was removed from school because the teacher though him as an imbecile. From that time forth, his mother become his tutor. The strong maternal love and a good education made Edison take a dense interest to study and finally become one of the greatest inventors in human history. Therefore, parents have a very important role to educate children.


第二次作业
学习类：
Issue38：
38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
1．论点：否则：电视很重要，书本不可少。
2．正面：电视很重要。列举。
3．反面：书本不可少。其一，书本至少现在还是知识量最大的媒体。
4．反面：其二，书本的一些特点使得它很流行，甚至很长时间内都很流行。A：便携；B：便宜；C：危害小。
5．结论：综合好处。

Issue183：
183 "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
1．总体回应：事情的确变复杂了。
2．正面论证（原因1）：随着我们知识的增加，我们分析事情更加周全更加深入，挖掘事情之间和事情内部联系越来越多，因而感觉事情变复杂了。（绝对自身需求）
3．正面论证（原因2）：知识总量迅速增长，我们掌握的知识相对量越来越少，感觉自己越来越无知，世界上的事情变得越来越复杂。（相对残酷现实）
4．反面论证（辩证）：有人会说我们处理事情的方法和工具越来越多样和简便，降低事情的复杂度；其实，越来越多的方法和工具让我们眼花缭乱、无所适从；在某种程度上，这只会使事情更加复杂。
5．呼应总结：事情确实变复杂了。
练习：（说明：这是我的第一篇issue。大约一个月前写的。）
（链接地址：https://bbs.gter.net/thread-485731-1-1.html）
With the rapid development of science and technology, we obtain more and more knowledge. With this knowledge, unfortunately, we do not make the things more comprehensible, but make them more complex and more mysterious.
In the first place, my chief reason for my view is that, with the increasing knowledge, we urge to know the things more all-around and more in-depth by diving into the complex relation between things or inside the thing. Take the law of gravitation discovered by Newton as an example. One afternoon, Newton accidentally saw an apple fell to the ground. At this sight, the primitive man (ordinary people) may not think of anything, but Newton did think about the reason why the apple does not “fall” up into the sky, but fall to the ground? After his complex and rigorous reasoning, Newton had finally proved the law of gravitation. If we do not want to find the essential reason after seeing the happening things, and if we do not try our best to make the reasoning or do an experience, how the world can be so complex but beautiful like now? If so, we maybe like the primitive man only doing simple works during the day and being asleep in the cave early after the dusk.
Therefore, the requirement to understand things deeply and roundly makes things more complex and more mysterious.   
In the second place, and more important, the more knowledge the whole world has with the progression of human civilization, the less proportion an individual can possess the learning. Specially, we learn less and less knowledge about the whole world in the specialization society. We may know how to skillfully use a compute and compile a program, but we may not know what the black hole is. We may understand the formula to solve a differential equation, but we may not master dozens of languages communicating with different people from different countries. The result with specialization is that we can not see the whole thing and then feel that the thing is more complex and more different to comprehend.
Some people might argue that more and more implements and methods can help us solve the problem and make things simpler. Undoubtedly, there are more and more implements and methods invented for general person to use. However, most of implements and methods are even more difficult than the primary thing, and there are so many implements or methods that we do not know how to choose the best one to fit us. To some extant, more and more implements and methods make the things more complex and more mysterious.
In sum, our requirement to understand the things deeply and roundly, the knowledge expansion opposite to a person, and a number of implements and methods, make things more complex and more mysterious, but not comprehensible.
例子：
Take the law of gravitation discovered by Newton as an example. One afternoon, Newton accidentally saw an apple fell to the ground. At this sight, the primitive man (ordinary people) may not think of anything, but Newton did think about the reason why the apple does not “fall” up into the sky, but fall to the ground? After his complex and rigorous reasoning, Newton had finally proved the law of gravitation. If we do not want to find the essential reason after seeing the happening things, and if we do not try our best to make the reasoning or do an experience, how the world can be so complex but beautiful like now? If so, we maybe like the primitive man only doing simple works during the day and being asleep in the cave early after the dusk.

科技类：
Issue196：
196 "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
1．论点：否认。科学帮助人类解决了很多问题。大部分问题是人类错误地使用科技带来的。
2．正面：科学解决问题。粮食问题；医疗问题等。
3．反面：是人类本身而不是科学本身给人类带来了大量的问题。战争；贫穷；种族歧视；沙漠化等。（科技与道德：二战中利用人来做实验）
4．措施：人类应该更好地利用科学。
例子：
二战中利用人来做实验
Although scientific research has produced substantial social benefits, it has also posed several troubling ethical problems. Public attention was drawn to reported abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments, especially during the Second World War. The physicians and scientists who had conducted biomedical experiments on concentration camp prisoners were judged guilty in trials.

Issue30：
30 "The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."
1．观点：不是。
2．反驳：现实是：提高了人们的效率，但是人们的闲暇时间更少。由于工作的总量增加了（还由竞争等原因）。
3．立论：我认为技术进步的目的是：丰富和方便人们的生活，以此加快人类社会前进的步伐。（1，2，3为第一段）
4．论据1：先进的技术在丰富和方便人们的生活。
5．论据2：众多技术的改进都是以“丰富和方便人们的生活”为口号。
6．论证3：最终都是为了加快人类社会的进程。

Argument42：
Argument42：
The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.
"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."

Main points:
In this argument, several important concerns, such as the major reason of the rise in per capita income in Bellegea and the differences between Bellegea and Paraterra, and so on, which are not addressed in the analysis, may strongly make the assumption that ecotourism strengthens Bellegea’s lagging economy and the conclusion that we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant problematic and unconvincing.

In the first place, the arguer fails to convince us that it is an advertising campaign to promote ecotourism that strengthens Bellegea’s lagging economy. To begin with, while the passages in the airport are increasing, the passages with others traffics maybe decrease. Furthermore, the arguer commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.

In the second place, the arguer ignores the differences between Bellegea and Paraterra and commits a fallacy of false analogy. First of all, it is entirely possible that ecotourism will make a little contribution to Paraterra’s economy. What’s more important, perhaps the ecotourism will destroy the natural environment of our tiny country.

Before coming to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out several other flaws. Firstly, whether the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant can achieve a success in Paraterra or not is a question. Seconly, the cost is another problem.

In conclusion, it would be necessary for the arguer to rule out all above-mentioned possibilities before we could better evaluate the argument.

Argument237：
Argument237：
The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.
"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to *relocate here."

Main points：
1，In this argument, several important concerns, such as the actual cause leading to two new companies’ relocation to Dillton and the differences between Dillton and Beauville and the like, which the arguer fails to address in the analysis, might seriously make the assumption that it is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate Dillton problematic and undermine the line of reasoning.
2, In the first place, the arguer fails to convince us that it is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate Dillton.
3, In the second place, the arguer ignores the differences between Dillton and Beauville and commits a fallacy of false analogy.
4. Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out several other flaws what weaken the argument. Firstly, the arguer fails to provide information about the price to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements. Secondly, are there other possible methods better to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment
5, In conclusion, it would be necessary for the arguer to rule out the all above-mentioned possibilities before we could better evaluate the argument.

第三次作业

行为类：
Issue59：
59．"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them." [05/22; 06/4]
提纲：
1，        观点：有保留赞同
2，        正面：只有独立思考和行动才能做出最佳决定。
3，        反面：如果没有独立思考和行动则不行。
4，        辩证：在年轻阶段，应该适当模仿别人的优势。
5，        总结：提倡独立。

Issue141：
141．"Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity." [05/29; 06/6]
提纲：
1，        观点：有保留赞同。
2，        反面：individuality的好处。
3，        正面：conformity的好处。
4，        正面：不conformity的坏处。
5，        总结：both。

社会类：
Issue190：
190．"As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate -- and, perhaps, even cruel -- when one considers all the potential uses of such money."
提纲：
1，观点：赞同。
2，正面：人们应该平等地被解决基本温饱问题。
3，正面：艺术的投资不直接，无效率。
4，反面：精神文明的作用。
5，总结：

Issue142：
142．"The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."
提纲：
1，观点：有保留反对。当社会没有权威的时候，社会才能真正富强。
2，正面：不迷信权威，个人、社会才能进步。例子：Bruno。
3，反面：迷信权威，个人、社会将不能进步。
4，措施：只有当社会完全没有权威概念的时候才使真正富强的时刻。人人是权威，同时人人不是权威。每个人都有自己的信仰！
例子：
In Bruno's era, the religious community was in charge of the social thinking, and many people believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Regardless of a long period of imprisonment, Bruno claimed that the universe is infinite, which outraged the religious community, and Bruno was sentenced to death eventually.

Argument：
Argument67：
67．The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newspaper serving the villages of Castorville and Polluxton.

"Both the villages of Castorville and Polluxton have experienced sharp declines in the numbers of residents who pay property taxes. To save money and improve service, the two villages recently merged their once separate garbage collection departments into a single department located in Castorville, and the new department has reported few complaints about its service. Last year the library in Polluxton had 20 percent fewer users than during the previous year. It follows that we should now further economize and improve service, as we did with garbage collection, by closing the library in Polluxton and using the library in Castorville to serve both villages."

Syllabus:
1, review and response
2, about the garbage collection departments: A: save money? B: improve service?
3, false analogy between garbage collection and library: A: save money? B: improve service? C: Castorville? Why?
4, other measures
5, conclusion

Argument71：
71．Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.
Syllabus:
1, review and response
2, even assuming when the proportion is high, the new technology can save electric energy, how is it with the low proportion?
3, to decline significantly? A: cost; B: real situation; C: ….
4, others: A: profit;
5, conclusion

Argument216：
216．The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.

"Because of its spectacular natural beauty and consistent climate, Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire. As a bonus, housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and real estate taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Nevertheless, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools, streets, and public services. Retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average."
Syllabus:
1, review and response
2, climate: no evidence.
3, economy A: housing costs; B: estate taxes; C: continuing
4, improvement
5, excellent health care: average != specific
6, others
7, conclusion

[ 本帖最后由 gamblerbo 于 2006-7-14 00:00 编辑 ]

baihe1988UID: 2203505

第一次作业：

Issue-130: How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.

提纲：虽然对于孩子的教育是教育影响社会的一个很重要的方面，但是教育对于社会的影响是多渠道的全方位的，而不仅仅是由对一个两个孩子进行教育所能体现的。具体提纲：第一：孩子在教育阶段的社会化并不能彻底决定未来社会的目标和方向。未来社会的目标还取决于很多因素，比如政治、社会文化积淀等。第二：如何培养那些能够对社会有一定积极影响的孩子是教育系统的任务，然而现行的教育系统是不能完全做到这一点的。所以改进教育的方式来培养更优秀的孩子是必要的。

How to raise children and socialize them is only one of the factors which determine the aim of the whole society. There are many other key factors which are more important than how to raise children well, such as, the political factor, and the cultural influence.


Issue-154: Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.

提纲：对于孩子的教育问题是很重要的一个问题。所以对于孩子的教育就需要全社会的参与。因此文中的观点基本正确。但是也有错误。具体提纲：第一：对于孩子的教育是应该所有的社会载体都参与其中的过程，因此首先肯定文中观点基本正确。第二：不应该把所有父母和社区机构都包含于学校里。因为学校只是教育工作者对孩子进行教育的场所，而父母对孩子教育的场所应该是家里；社区机构的场所应该是所在社区。第三：强调一下除了学校以外的社会载体对于教育参与所产生结果的重要影响。

It is the whole society’s duty, but not only the educator’s duty, to bring up every child well. When a child is home, his parents are his best teachers. The child can learn a lot from his parents unconsciously. The communities also have a great influence on raising a child.


Argument-141: The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.
Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster, since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans.

提纲：逻辑错误：第一：文中没有论据显示这个公司的产品确实造成了危害；第二：即使这个地区的消费者不购买公司的产品了，但是其他地区的消费者还可能会购买；第三：即使这个公司因为消费者全部抵制自己的产品而在那个地区撤出污染源，但是难保其他公司不去那个地区进行采矿活动再次造成污染。第四：消费者不购买这个公司的商品的前提是消费者要认出哪些商品是这一公司生产的，但是文中没有论据说明如何辨别这一公司的需要被抵制的产品。


Argument-232: The following appeared in a memo from the sales manager of Eco-Power, a company that manufactures tools and home appliances.
Many popular radio and television commercials use memorable tunes and song lyrics to call attention to the products being advertised. Indeed, a recent study of high school students showed that 85 percent could easily recognize the tunes used to advertise leading soft drinks and fast-food restaurants. Despite our company's extensive advertising in magazines during the past year, sales of our home appliances declined. Therefore, to boost company profits, we should now switch to advertisements featuring a distinctive song.

提纲：主要由三处逻辑不严密之处：第一：没有论据能够证明销量的下降是因为自己公司在杂志上做的广告不到位。可能有其他原因，比如式样不好看、使用不方便等。第二：调查的结果是软饮料和快餐给高中生留下的印象，而高中生对于家用器材不会有很大的需求，所以即使用歌曲来宣传并且也能给高中生留下深刻印象，但是高中生不会大量购买家用器材的，因此是否能有显著的成效还不一定。第三：在杂志上做广告宣传的费用比较低，而做歌曲的宣传的费用就很高了，所以在不能确定是否有显著效果的情况下就投入大量资金做广告，这一做法值得三思。


第二次作业：

Issue-38:"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."

提纲：
  第一：不管电视节目能够给人们带来多大的知识获取面，都不能让其取代书本在人类生活中的重要地位——说明自己观点。
  第二：电视节目有时候确实能够传授许多知识，但是需要强调的是这样的传授有相当大的一部分是在不知不觉中进行的；因此就有两个问题了。第一个：如果在不知不觉中电视节目把坏的思想和行为传授给孩子怎么办？要知道孩子的接受能力都是很强的，而且他们没有成年人的那种防范意识，所以很容易对新思想、新东西全盘接受。第二个：人们在看电视节目的时候主要是关注于其内部的情节，很少有人会带着批判的眼光来看节目，所以这种接受知识的方式就是值得思考的了。因为这样的传授知识的话，首先效率肯定是非常低下的；其次传授的东西都是一些眼前的东西——设想一个学理工科专门技术的学生能够从这样的电视节目中学习到什么专业的技术呢？显然学不到。
  第三：电视节目的产生是为了满足人类的休闲娱乐这一目的的，而不是为了要替代书本的。许多情况下，人类还是需要利用书本来进行学习和工作的。由于电视节目的休闲娱乐的目的性，所以注定其不能做到传授知识这一重大的任务。另外，即使把电视节目当作知识的载体，倘若用于学校教学的话，那么也会以失败告终，因为在有了电视节目观赏的前提下，学生们是不会把注意力集中在知识上的。
　　　　此外，电视节目是不能随观看者的意愿而变更的，而书本却可以挑选自己想读的读，因此从这个角度上来看电视节目也无法代替书本。
  第四：对全文总结一番：电视节目永远不能代替书本——读书从书本中学习知识永远都是一件重要的事情。


Issue-183:"As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."

提纲：
　第一：事物变得复杂了，但是事物处理起来就变得简单了。
  第二：古希腊的哲学家用平面上的圆圈大小来表示人类掌握的知识的多少，他们的比喻很恰当：当圆圈在不断扩大的过程中，圆圈和圆圈外的部分相接触的部分也越大——也就是圆的周长越来越长。当人类掌握的知识（圆内面积）越来越多的时候，人类具体处理问题时所要考虑的方面和细节（圆的周长大小）也就越来越多。所以看起来就是掌握的知识越多，事物就变得越复杂、越神秘。
　第三：人类掌握知识的最终目的是为了充分利用知识来更好的解决问题。所以随着知识的积累，人类处理问题的方法和手段也越来越多，因此处理起来也越来越得心应手。所以知识掌握的越多，处理问题就会越方便。也即事物处理起来变得简单。
　第四：对全文做出综述，人类掌握的知识越多，虽然看起来问题会越复杂，但是问题处理起来却会越简单。


Issue-196: "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."

提纲：
　第一：技术产生的问题比它解决的问题少，不会威胁人类的生活。
  第二：技术确实会引发新的问题。比如克隆人技术就引发了了人类对于道德伦理问题的深思。再比如说核技术的开发和利用，到目前还有核技术的阴影萦绕在人类的心头——核弹的威胁、核废料的处理等等。
  第三：虽然科学技术的迅猛发展在带给人类便利和益处的同时也会带来不安定的因素并且引发新的问题和担忧，但是科学技术仍然不可能威胁并摧毁人类的生活家园。因为科学技术产生的好多问题都是全人类性的，如果技术的拥有者利用技术来摧毁其他人，那么自身也必然会受到伤害。所以技术不可能会摧毁人类的生活家园。
  第四：回应第一段主题，技术虽然会产生问题和担忧，但是仍是人类可以控制的。


Issue-30: "The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."  

提纲：
　第一：科技的主要目的有可能是提高效率，但是提高效率绝对不是为了增加空暇时间。
  第二：科技已经在不知不觉中为人类提高了效率。比如说：现代交通工具为人们上班提供了更快捷的途径；电脑的发明和使用使得人们处理事务更加高效方便。
  第三：科技的主要目的绝对不是为了增加闲暇时间，因为有更重要的目的在等着它。比如说安全问题（包括国家的国防安全、跨国公司的文件安全、人类共同面对的来自外太空的威胁——彗星撞击等等）、人类的健康问题（防治大规模流行性疾病——SARS、禽流感），提高效率也可以说是一个目标，但是要强调的是增加空闲时间绝对是科技进步给人类带来好处过程中的一个副产品。
  第四：提高效率是科技进步追求的一个目标之一，但它不是最主要的目标。而增加闲暇时间则恐怕连目的都算不上。


Argument-42: the following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.
'In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign.'

提纲：经济部长认为邻国的生态旅游宣传获得了成功，所以为了发展自己国家的经济，建议政府也搞一个生态旅游的宣传。这里包含了几个逻辑错误：
  第一：部长的建议成立是要有很多前提的，比如本国要有足够吸引人的生态旅游资源并且两国的生态旅游资源要比较相似才可以，但是文中没有任何语句能够说明这一点。前提没有论据支持，那么结论也就不一定成立了。
  第二：经济部长觉得为了保证活动的成功，应该请把生态旅游做成功的邻国的旅游部长来做参谋。这里经济部长又犯了一个错误：如果本国的活动也成功了，那么本来都去邻国的游客就会有一部分来本国，因此邻国的旅游收入就会下降，难道邻国的旅游部长会为了别国的经济利益而牺牲自己国家的利益吗？显然不会，所以即使请来了邻国的旅游部长，他也不会真心给与帮助，别忘了——两国在旅游这个行业可是竞争对手的关系。
  第三：文中只是说邻国机场的客流量翻倍了，并且收入增加了百分之十，但是来机场的人不一定是来旅游的，而且有可能收入增加是由于邻国在其他方面的收入增加造成的，文中没有具体的对客流量翻倍和收入增加说出原因，不一定是生态旅游政策的结果，所以邻国的生态旅游政策是否成功了还是个未知数。既然不能确定是不是成功了，那么就不能盲目的进行仿效。


[size=-2]Argument-237: The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.
'According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here.'

提纲：Dillton的政府部门通过给予税收优惠以及其他经济优惠措施来吸引外地私人公司来本地办厂，最终解决了失业率问题并且最终带动了经济增长。本文作者认为要想刺激Beauville经济增长并且解决失业率问题那么最快的方式就是就应该使用Dillton的政府部门所采用的方法。逻辑错误：
  第一：Dillton的成功案例是一年前的，虽然一年的时间不长，但是有可能去年的税收优惠政策和今年的就有相差甚远的影响力，所以Beauville的税收优惠不一定能够受到效果。
  第二：文章作者说采用Dillton的成功案例是最快的刺激经济增长的方式。但是全文没有任何一句话能够证明这一点，所以这个结论是空中楼阁，没有证据作为支持。
  第三：在Dillton的政策出台之后，两家制造公司搬迁到Dillton。但是文章中没有任何证据能够显示那两家制造公司是因为Dillton的税收优惠政策才搬迁到Dillton的，有可能有其他的内在原因（比如潜在市场、地理位置优越等），所以Beauville的希望利用税收优惠政策来吸引别的公司前来投资并解决失业率的问题的办法就失去了成立的基础。
  第四：（参考得来的——好强！）Dillton以前的税率不清楚，有可能降完了还是比Beauville的税率高；Dillton在两家公司来了之后，经济增长情况以及失业率改善情况不清楚，有可能没有得到很好地解决；那300个人在两个公司来之前不一定是失业者，有可能（很有可能）以前就是有工作的；还有，文中没有说那两家去Dillton的制造公司是私人企业，这也使得文章作者的最后结论：鼓励私人公司前来投资，成为没有根据的空谈了。

第三次作业：

Issue59(行为类) "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."

提纲：
第一，        不是很赞成——虽然人需要有独立思考本领，但是人要在长期模仿成功先例的基础上才能正确的进行独立思考。
第二，        婴儿需要在小的时候模仿大人的一举一动才能在长大后形成正确的独立思考的习惯；儿童的个性发展很大程度上取决于小时候的启蒙教育就是这个原因。
第三，        在公司内部，模范榜样的作用是无可替代的。新来的员工在很多方面需要向老员工学习，比如说劳动模范可以传授工作的技巧等等；另外在大型企业内部，企业文化这个概念很重要，新员工可以向模范员工学习企业文化以便更好更快的适应公司的工作节奏。
第四，        即使个人在能够独立思考以后，也不能就把模范扔在一边，因为即使独立思考了，但是很多情况下都是错误百出，所以要想得到好的决策结果，还需要向以前的模范征询意见。
第五，        因此，对于特定的模式化，不可以太激进的进行废弃而全部自己独立思考。因为很多时候独立思考是解决不了问题的。在很多时候一定的模式化是必要的。


Isssue141(行为类)"Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity."

提纲：
第一，        有保留的赞成。
第二，        个人的经济成功确实与个人所属于的整体的经济成功有关——当集体没有什么经济效益的时候，个人也不会有多好的经济收益。这个显见，无需事实论证。
第三，        但是更多情况下是个人因为反传统与集体其他成员的观点不一致，最后个人退出、自己做大并最终获得成功。以股票市场为例——随大流走的那些股民肯定是赚不到巨额财富的——只有那些特立独行的有眼光的股民才能拿到最大的蛋糕。比尔盖茨主动从哈佛退学，这与他的同学是不一致的，但是最后就是退学的盖茨成功了。
第四，        所以题中观点——虽然大多数人都承认个人的利益，但是事实上个人的经济成功需要的是一致——是不完全对的。总结评述。


Issue142(社会类) "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."

提纲：
第一，        有保留的赞成。
第二，        当很多人质疑权威的时候，确实会导致社会繁荣昌盛。哥白尼质疑托勒密的日心说权威结果导致了，人类对宇宙的一次全新的认识；爱因斯坦质疑牛顿的经典力学的权威导致了二十世纪最伟大的物理学成就之一相对论的诞生。毫不夸张的说——质疑权威是人类进步的源动力。
第三，        但是当一个社会有很多人质疑权威的时候，也会有很多新问题发生。比如在不加仔细考虑和辨别的前提下就盲目的颠覆人类传统，这样会导致人类社会陷入混乱。
第四，        所以说题中观点——当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会就会繁荣昌盛并不完全正确，利弊都有，当然从人类发展的角度来说，还是利远远大于弊的。

Issue190 (社会类) "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate--and, perhaps, even cruel--when one considers all the potential uses of such money."

提纲：
第一，        作者的意思是说只有还有人饿肚子、还有人失业、还有人缺乏基本的生存技能，那么就不应该用公共资源去扶植艺术发展。我反对题中作者的这一观点。
第二，        如果按照作者的观点那就是说要等到这个世界上全部的人都能吃饱、都能有工作、都能生存下去的时候再谈艺术发展问题，那么我可以毫不夸张的说——这样的做法意味着艺术将永远得不到公共资源的资金支持。
第三，        不管饥饿失业这些问题是否解决，由于艺术是人为的艺术，所以总要发展下去，因此将公共资源分配艺术也是合理的——它可以部分解决饥饿失业等问题。
第四，        由于艺术的根本目的是陶冶人类的精神情操，所以发展艺术是有很多好处的。艺术使得社会更加的慈善，使得人类更加富有同情心和爱心，这样人们就会去帮助解决饥饿和失业等等问题了。
第五，        综上：结论不正确。文章能够引发我们深思——到底艺术有什么作用。这一思辨的最终结果是人类更加富有爱心和同情心，使得世界更美好。

Argument216　The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.
'Because of its spectacular natural beauty and consistent climate, Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire. As a bonus, housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and real estate taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Nevertheless, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools, streets, and public services. Retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average.'

提纲：
第一，        文中提及Clearview住房的费用在去年下降，但是这并不能证明住房费用比其它地方低，而且今后是否还将上升也不得而知。因此这一论断的初步结论是不怎么有说服力的。
第二，        文中也说到税收比其他地方要低，结合前面的那个房价也不怎么高，我们可以推测出：该市的消费水平不怎么高，所以说可能经济不是很发达。这也会引发出一系列的问题，比如治安状况是否优良等。
第三，        市长所许诺的项目是不是能够兑现也没有论据能够保证。另外即使许诺兑现了，但是如果要很久才能兑现那么也是不能令人满意的。医疗水平的高低与医生数量没有多大关系——而最主要是和医生的水平有关，因为这一条也有逻辑错误。
第四，        上述这些问题都没有涉及，所以说作者的结论是不能得到很好支持的。要想结论很好地成立，那么作者必须补充一系列新信息。


Argument 71 Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.

提纲：
第一，        作者的结论成立的前提是新的炼铜技术要被广泛采用才行。但是文中没有一句话能够涉及这一点的，如果技术的推广有困难，那么用电量就不会显著的下降了，所以作者的结论的成立与否就是未知数了。
第二，        文中说旧技术耗电多——尤其是炼铜含量低的矿石；还说新技术耗电少——尤其是炼铜含量高的矿石，那么如果炼铜含量相等的矿石呢——到底哪个节约电是不明确的，文章中也没有给我们具体的信息。所以作者的结论就更是空中楼阁了，没有证据能够保证支持作者的观点。
第三，        文章只是说在作者默认的前提下，应该能够节省下大量的电，但是文章中没有说明会不会增加铜矿的产量——如果增加的话，那么省电就业成为泡影了。
第四，        综述：作者做出的结论太盲目，没有充分的证据能够证明作者的观点的正确性，所以结论不一定成立，如果要求得到明确的结论，那么作者应该提供更详细的信息才好。

Argument67 the following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newspaper serving the villages of Castorville and Polluxton.
'Both the villages of Castorville and Polluxton have experienced sharp declines in the numbers of residents who pay property taxes. To save money and improve service, the two villages recently merged their once separate garbage collection departments into a single department located in Castorville, and the new department has reported few complaints about its service. Last year the library in Polluxton had 20 percent fewer users than during the previous year. It follows that we should now further economize and improve service, as we did with garbage collection, by closing the library in Polluxton and using the library in Castorville to serve both villages.'

提纲：
第一，        文中说合并两个城市的相应部门能够节省费用并且提高服务质量，但是文章中没有任何一个论据能够显示这一点的。所以结论的前提不成立，因此结论也就不一定成立了。
第二，        垃圾回收部门合并成功不能说明图书馆系统能够合并成功——因为两个是完全不同的职能部门，处理的问题不同。没有使得类比关系能够成立的条件。
第三，        垃圾回收部门几乎没有投诉不代表合并成功，因为可能是因为时间太短，市民还没发现问题，或者是因为时间太短，问题还没暴露出来。
第四，        即使决定合并了，那也不能一下就决定关闭Polluxton的图书馆，而使用Castorville的图书馆，因为具体决定前还应该先调查两家的使用情况，以及居民的使用意见和建议。所以作者的结论下的有点盲目。
第五，        要想结论更明白、更清晰，作者必需给出与这两个城市相关的其他具体详细的信息才好，那样才能对事情做出准确判断。





以后的提纲再补上吧！^v^

[ 本帖最后由 baihe1988 于 2006-7-7 03:48 编辑 ]

victorduguUID: 2176422

第一次作业:
issue130
130. "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."
  
同意作者的观点.

1)更好的社会意味着人们相互包容，个人的权利得到充分保障，个人的隐私得到保护，人们有很强社会责任感并且愿意为社会的发展做出贡献，人们有怜悯之心，人们有合作精神。

2)孩子们是未来社会的主体，他们的表现将直接影响着社会的好坏。因此，我们必须通过各种教育来使他们成为合格的社会公民，其中最重要的的方式是社会化，即让他们参加社会活动，参加社区服务，参加社会团体，在其中培养合作精神，多了解各种不同的文化，培养对其他不同文化的包容。
//着重举public service的例子

3)而现在，我们总是过多地强调正式的教育，强调学习成绩的重要，而将教育与社会隔离开来，使教育成为孤岛。在这种情况下，孩子们的思想变得僵硬，变得过于强调自我而忽视合作精神，缺乏最起码社会责任感。这样的下一代是很难让起们的社会更加进步，变得更好。

结论：为了建设更好的社会，在教育孩子过程我们应该注重让他们更多地接触社会，了解社会, 参加社会活动，培养他们成为一个合格社会公民所需要的素质。

Through service to others, students gain a better understanding of themselves and the responsibilities of a liberally educated person in today's society. They further gain a practical application of classroom learning and have a chance to develop leadership, teambuilding, and management skills. Few things can compare with helping a child learn how to read, being a friend to someone who is developmentally disabled, helping an elderly person rake a yard, working with a floor on a Habitat house, organizing a blood drive, teaching local eighth graders leadership skills, or raising money for a worthy cause. When you give of yourself, you gain more than you can imagine.

issue154
154. "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."
  
父母和社会都必须参与到地方的学校中。教育太重要了以至于不能把教育完全交给一群职业教育者。

1)professional educators在教育的过程中扮演着十分重要的作用。他们给学生提供了良好的学习环境，鼓励学生思考，监督学生并且引导学生，鼓励学生创新。
2)但是仅有professional educators是不够的，还需要家长和社区的合作。
3)由于学生很多时间在在家庭里，因此家庭对于教育的影响是非常大的。家长要以身作则，用自己的行动来教育孩子，经常与孩子交流，教给孩子做人的道理。
4)同时，社区对于教育的作用也是非常大的。尤其是社区服务，给学生提供了一个良好的锻炼和学习的机会。一方面可以培养他们的责任感，另一方面，可以培养他们解决实际问题的能力。


The task of the educators in higher education has many dimensions: it involves the provision of a broad context of knowledge within which students can locate and understand the content of their more specific studies; it involves the creation of a learning environment in which students are encouraged to think carefully and critically and express their thoughts, and in which they wish to confront and resolve difficulties rather than gloss over them, it involves constantly monitoring and reflecting on the processes of teaching and student understanding and seeking to improve them. Most difficult of all perhaps, it involves helping students to achieve their own aims, and adopt the notion that underlies higher education: that students' learning requires from them commitment, work, responsibility for their own learning, and a willingness to take risks, and that this process has its rewards, not the least of which is that learning can be fun!

argument232
232.The following appeared in a memo from the sales manager of Eco-Power, a company that manufactures tools and home appliances.

"Many popular radio and television commercials use memorable tunes and song lyrics to call attention to the products being advertised. Indeed, a recent study of high school students showed that 85 percent could easily recognize the tunes used to advertise leading soft drinks and fast-food restaurants. Despite our company's extensive advertising in magazines during the past year, sales of our home appliances declined. Therefore, to boost company profits, we should now switch to advertisements featuring a distinctive song."

1)没有充分理由说明那些流行的电视和广播广告是靠声音来吸引消费者的。可能是其他原因导致了这些广告的成功，比如广告的画面设计很特别，广告请了流行明星来做代言。
2)所做的调查不可信。首先，调查结果虽然有85%, 但是基数不知道。其次，调查的范围仅限于高中生。而且，调查的广告内容仅仅是soft drinks and fast-food restaurants, 而该公司销售的是home applicances, 因此不具代表性。
3)作者无理地断定要提高利益，必须在广告中加入独特的声音。首先，公司产品的下降并不一定是广告的失败所导致的，比如公司的产品本身不符合市场需求，公司的管理出现了问题，或是当前整个市场不景气。而且，即使公司产品销售下降是由广告导致的，也不一定就能由在广告中加入独特的歌曲来解决。而应该在广告的画面，或是请一些名人来代言，效果会更好。
argument141
141.The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.

"Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster, since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans."

1)作者无理地假设CCC在WF所买的地是用来开采铜矿。作者的根据仅仅是因为CCC是一家制造铜公司。也有可能CCC购买这块土地是用来作其他的用途，比如这家公司要拓展新的方向，因此需要厂房，或者这家公司是要涉足房地产。作者不能排除这些可能性，因此假设是无理的。
2)即使CCC的确要在这块购买的土地上开采铜矿，也没有足够的证据说明一定会产生环境灾难。很有可能CCC采取了有力的防止污染的措施，因而可以减少甚至消除可能带来的生态破坏。而且作为当地政府，他们在批准时，肯定会考虑这方面的问题，有可能与CCC签定条约以保证不受污染。
3)即使CCC在WF开采铜矿会造成环境环染，作者也没有证据表明仅仅通过让消费者拒绝购买由他们生产的铜制成的产品，就能够防止这场灾难。因为首先并不是所有的消费者都是环境保护主义者，所以他们不会拒绝购买。而且也没有证据表明，只是因为用户拒绝购买由他们公司的铜制成的产品CCC会立即放弃开采计划，因而环境灾难仍是不可避免的。

为了justify这种推断，作者应该提供更多的信息，包括CCC要在这块地上开采铜矿，是否采取了防止环染的措施，以及CCC对于用户的拒买行为所采取的态度等等。

第二次作业:
学习类提纲
issue38
38. "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
  
电视时代的读书已经不像以前那么重要了。人们通过看电视学到的和他们读书所能学到的一样多。

Disagree:
1) It is true that with the increase of programs and the enhancement of their qualities, television provides another alternative for people to gain knowledge.
//By imparting knowledge in a vivid way with pictures and sounds, television is more interesting than mere words, which makes  people feel relaxed when learning. For example, the programs of the Discovery Channel have shown us how wolf pack strive for surviving in the Yellow Stone Park, how black holes come into being, how the ancient egyptian constructed the fabulous pyramid, and so on.  

2) However, reading books still remains the first choice when people choose to learn with its superiority over television in several aspects.
//If we want to have a serious study of science such as mathematics and physics, there is no other way for us to understand the formulation itself and how it can be deduced except reading some books in this field.  


3) Moreover, the owners and managers tend to filter the content displayed on the televisions, trying to cater to the majority of the audience and to maximize the profits.
//Usually people negatively received what has been given to them. Their only freedom is to choose the channel. But after that, the television takes control. And to maximize the benefits or for other political purposes, the managers and owners will elaborately choose the content of the programs. To satisfy majority, they may cut off some content, which actually is worthy of appreciation. And some times, the television stations are manipulated by government. To justify its policy, it may try to conceal facts.
issue183
183. "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
  
随着我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。

反对:
1)        随着我们对知识的增多，我们对于事物的认识更加深刻。例如，我们知道了世界上的一切物质都是由一些基本的元素组成的。通过遗传学的进步， 我们对人类自身有了更清楚的了解。并且发现了许多经济规律，从而指导着政治家制定经济策略。
2)        当然，随着知识的增多，随着研究的深入，未知也越来越多。因而有时才使得有些事物看起来越来越复杂。比如，在发现了原子后，我们发现它其实也不是最小的组成单位，而其内部有更复杂的结构。我们在研究人体中，发存在着更多的令人惊叹的结构。
3)        但是，这也符合一般认识事物的规律，即某一问题的解决并且变得透彻，必定会引起新的问题的产生。而只有这样，我们才能更加多地去认识世界，并且推动人类社会的进步。如对于人体的了解，促进了更多的新的治疗方法的产生。如对于原子的了解，我们可以去利用核能。

//By studying the physics, we get a better understanding of the physical world and realize that matter of all kinds are constituted of some basic elements, such as oxygen, hydrogen, Nitrogen. With the advancement of genetics, we comprehend more about how the genes affect the human beings and what is the relationship between evolution and genes. We have dicovered some basic economical law such as the connection between price and supply and demand, which the politics can refer to when making economical policies.

科技类
issue30
30. "The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."
  
技术进步的首要目标应该是提高人们的效率以便于每个人都享有更多的闲暇时光。

1)        It is true that technological advancement has promoted people’s efficiency in a variety of dimensions.


2)        However, despite the efficiency brought about by the development of technology, people have less leisure time than before to enjoy themselves.
//The reason is that with the increase of efficiency, the employers are likely to expect more on their employees. Particularly, in the field of IT industry, working overtime is common. In these so-called high-tech companies, not only are the workers deprived of leisure time, but also sometimes their healthy may be threatened.

3)        Besides, the chief goal of technological enhancement is reflected more in other respects than in providing people with more leisure time.


issue196
196. "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
  
技术解决了问题，但是带来了更多的问题，并且可能会威胁或损害生活质量。

1)        科技解决了许多的问题，如杂交水稻在很大程度缓解了粮食供应问题。在工业方面，技术后引入将人们从重复的劳动中解脱出来，从而有更多的精力来做更加有创造力的工作。
2)        但是技术也引起了许多的新的问题，比如环境问题，比如nuclear weapons,
3)        另一方面技术也引起了道德问题，比如克隆技术的出现，而互联网的出现也使得许多有害的信息泛滥，比如黄色网站毒害青少年。
4)        但是，总的来说，技术带来的还是进步。我们应该充分利用它好的一面，而防止它不好的一面。



argument:
argument42
42.The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.



"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."



1) 没有充分的证据表明外国游客的增多是由于ecotourism的推广，有可能他们是受了其他旅游方式如当地的历史文物古迹的吸引，或者P地今年举办了一项大型体育会，因而使得今年的游客人数的翻倍。也没有充分的证据表明per capita income的increase should be attibuted to ecotourism. 导致平均个人所得的因素是多方面的，有可能是农业今年取得了比较好的收成，也有可能是工业得到了发展，而毫无证据的情况下而将其归功于ecotourism是不恰当的。

2) 即使ecoturism在B地取得了成功，也没有理由它也能在P地取得了成功。作者无理地进行类比。然而两地的情况有可能是不一样，比如P的生态资源是否有B地丰富，相应的旅游设施是否健全。并且，要推广的话还需要成本，成本是否会大于收益呢，作者未提供相关的调查。

3) 即使推广ecoturism对于P地也同样适用，也不武断地请current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office来devise这件事情。因为没有充分证据证明是他赞成并推动ecoturism，并且他是否是实施者。而且他的方法在B地适用，但P地的国情不一样，他的方法未必在P地适用。

argument237
237.The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.



"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to *relocate here."

1) 首先，two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton 不一定是因为受了tax incentives and finatial inducements的影响，也许是看重cheap labor, 也许是看重D地的convenience of transportation，使得它们的产品更容易be distributed。而这些条件，B地不一定具有。

2) 也没有充分的证据证明这两座工厂的加入确实促进了当地的economic development和increase the employment. 首先，两座工厂的加入并不一定给当地创造了经济价值，由于the reduction of tax 使得possibly the government has invested more than has economically benefited from the companies. Additionally, 由于这两个公司的加入，有可能使得former local comanpies go bankrupt，因而damage the previous economy structure, cause the unemployment to rise instead of going down.

3)  Even assuming that D地的税收and other finacial inducements did help to boost the economy in Dillton and lower the unemployment rate，没有充分的理由the same policy will also work in Beauville。因为It is possible that current tax and financial are already favorable enough. 并且考虑到D地存在着其他的impediment，比如every salary for the emploee is too high for normal companied to afford. 比如，当地的一些lack of technology support.

第三次作业:
issue59
59. "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
  
人们在榜样上投入了太多的注意力。与其模仿别人，还不如学习独立思考和做出最适合自己的选择。

1) 诚然，榜样代表着一些优秀的价值，他们的某一方面的品格或者事迹是值得别人去学习的，学习他们品质可以培养我们自身的素质。
//比如我们在成长的过程中，常常将一些人作为我们的偶像，因此，在日常的行为过程中，我们常不知不觉地去按照他们的行为来要求自己，因而使我们的道德水平或是其他的品质得到提升。fine qualities.


2) 但是，人与人是有差别的，背景不同，环境不同，所受的教育不同，如果盲目地去模访别人，非但不能达到被模访者的成就，而且很可能才模访中失去自我。


3) 所以，人们应该学会独立思考与行为，这样才能充分发挥自己的潜能，对别人，对社会产生出更大的作用，从而成为别人可以学习的对象，当然, 不是模访的对象。
//我们可以结合自身的情况，综合地去学习各种role model的优点，为我所用，却又不囿于他们设下的模式。
issue141
141. "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity."
  
虽然大多数人都承认个人的利益，但是事实上个人的经济成功需要的是一致。

1) 个人利益能给人们的奋斗增加动力，充分发挥他们的积极性和上进心。
//比如中国在计划经济时代，过分强调集体的利益而没有充分认识到个人利益的重要性，导致生产力下降，人们工作的积极性不高。在计划经济转变为市场经济后，人们终于可以为自己的利益而奋斗，这种情况boost中国的经济。

2) 但是随着经济的发展，虽然大多数人仍是为了个人的利益而奋斗，但是联系越来越紧密，人们必须要合作才能够获得利益。
//比如在市场中，大家存在着competition，但是大家必须遵守一定的游戏规则，只有这样，市场才能run normally，人们才能真正地获利。如果只图个人的short-term benefits，而无视市场规则，那么最后将result in市场的collapse，最终必将使individual benefits被damaged.


3) 但是有些时候为了be successful in business, one should get rid of the traditional constraits, and create new opportunities.

issue190
190. "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate--and, perhaps, even cruel--when one considers all the potential uses of such money."
  
一旦人们陷于饥饿、失业或者缺乏谋生的基本技能，运用公共资源去扶持艺术是很不恰当的----并且甚至是残忍的----尤其明知这些资金所有可能的用途。


1) 艺术是一个社会最宝贵的财富，它体现了一个社会的文明程度，因此需要得到足够的保护，因为艺术一旦失去，就永运也找不回来了。
//进步的艺术作品是生活的教科书，可以影响人们的思想倾向、思想观念、道德意识、哲学观点，改变人们的人生态度，激励人们为实现人类进步的社会理想而斗争，起到潜移默化的思想教育作用。

2) 同时，人们生活也是需要得到保障的，因为如果没有得到保障，那么很可能引起社会的不稳定，同时也是出于人道主义的考虑。
//


3) 作为政府，应该寻求高效地手段来达到上述两个目标，减少corruption，使得人们的生活得到保障的同时，艺术也能得到发扬光大。

issue142
142. "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."

当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会就会繁荣昌盛。

1) 首先，在政治领域中，允许有很多人去质疑权威本身就反映了民主，这就是社会的一个进步。

2) 人们对于权威的质疑可以及时发现长久误导的理论。很多时候许多时候许多新的发明都是从质疑开始的，比如说science and art。

3) 在有些方面也不是质疑越多越好，比如长久形成的伦理体系，如果老是去质疑，会导致社会的不稳定。而且这种质疑如果escalate into violence的话，那么对于社会的危害就更大了。

argument216
216.The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.



"Because of its spectacular natural beauty and consistent climate, Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire. As a bonus, housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and real estate taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Nevertheless, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools, streets, and public services. Retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average."


由于Clearview的天然景色和温和气候，它应该成为那些为退休后寻找生活地的人的首选。其中一项好处是，Clearview的房价在去年显著下降，房地产税一直比邻近城市低。而且，Clearview的市长承诺了很多新方案来改学校、街道和公共服务。Clearview的退休人员也可以在老年时享受到出色的医疗服务，因为该地区的医生数量高于全国平均水平。

1) 可能有些地方比Clearview风景更美，气候更适宜，因此作者不能falsely conclude that Clearview是退休的最佳选择。为了strenghten the argument, 作者需要提供更多的有关其他地方的风景和气候信息。

2) 作者支持其论点的另一个依据是住房消费去年上降很多，但是有可能C地的住房消费本身就很高，因此即使下降了，也有可能比其他的地方更高。作者未提供C地住房消费的详细信息，因而不能支持他的论点。而且即使去年下降了，也不代表这种下降趋势会持续，很可能只是短期的现象。

3) 虽然estate taxes比邻近的地方低，但是housing costs还涉及到很多其他方面，比如水电费，物业管理费等。因此，未提供其他与housing costs相关项目的其他消费水平，作者不能confidently认为C的housing costs是低的。

4) C地的mayor虽然promises一系列的programs来改善生活环境，但没有任何的证据表明这些promises都能成为现实，也许在实施中会碰到许多意想不到的因难，或者mayor在做promise的时候本身就是为了取得民众支持(get the support from the public)而寻求连任(seek to be reelected)的一种权宜之计(expedience)。

5) 没有理由表明retirees会得到比较好的health care, 因为health care与医疗设施相关，还与医生的水平有关，也与当地政府的医疗的policy相关，所以仅仅说physician的数量高于全国的平均水平是不足以让人信服(can not convince me that) retirees会得到比较好的health care.

argument71
71.Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.

1)  没有理由表明新的方法比旧的方法更省电，因为原文中只讲到旧的方法在处理ore with low propotion of copper时会使用large amounts of electricity, 而新的方法虽然号称(claim)可以减少40的电能但是在处理ore with high propotion of copper.但是如果是同样purity的铜矿，会不会新还能省电，如果能省，也能省多少呢。

2)  即使能省电，没有理由证明新的方法比原来的方法更加好，因为新的方法extract the copper的效果很差，或者新的技术的成本too high, 那么也就没有厂家愿意去使用新方法，也就不能支持作者的论点。

3)  即使新方法很省电，厂家们也愿意使用，但是如果未来the demand of copper rise significantly,  那么厂家将会extract more ore to get more copper, as a result, 电能的消耗不仅不会下降，反而会上升。

argument67
67.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newspaper serving the villages of Castorville and Polluxton.

"Both the villages of Castorville and Polluxton have experienced sharp declines in the numbers of residents who pay property taxes. To save money and improve service, the two villages recently merged their once separate garbage collection departments into a single department located in Castorville, and the new department has reported few complaints about its service. Last year the library in Polluxton had 20 percent fewer users than during the previous year. It follows that we should now further economize and improve service, as we did with garbage collection, by closing the library in Polluxton and using the library in Castorville to serve both villages."

1) 纳税人数量减少，但有可能他们的收入大大增加，因而所缴纳的税会更多，因而不能因此断定一定需要economize all the service.

2) 而且library service由于运营费用很可能比garbage collection要低，因此不能起到节约的作用。而关闭P地的library只开放C地library则失去了P地宝贵的图书资源，并且使P地的居民不方便，有可能increase the complaints.

3) 而且P地去年的user数比前年少，也不代表会继续少，而且有可能C地user数量更少，资源浪费更加利害。而且很可能P地的图书资源以service比C地更好，因此如果只使用一个的话，很可能使用P地的会更有效的economize。

第四次作业:
issue152
152. "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."
  
公司的经营者们唯一的责任就是在法律规定范围之内为他们的公司赚尽可能多的钱。

1) 追求利益是公司最根本的目标，因此，经营者通过各种手段来获得利益是无可非议的。

2) 当然，公司的经营者在追求利润的过程中，不仅要保证是在法律内，也必须保证在道德范围内。

3) 同时，公司的经营者也应积极地为社区建设作出自己的贡献，这样才能给自身发展提供一个良好的发展环境。从而为公司赢得更多的利益。
issue7
7. "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."
  
摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活，因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。

1) 随着摄像机的应用越来越广泛，摄像机在很多方面确实要优于书面记录。
//In judicial judgement, the content provided by the video camera often serves as the evidence to help the judge make his desision for the video camera can accurately record the spatial events.

2) 同时，书面记录有很多优势也是摄像机所无法代替的。

3) 而且，由于高科技的发展，使得摄像机所拍摄的内容可以被修改，因而真实性也大打折扣。
issue136
136. "The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
  
没有选择的情况少之又少。

1) 在人生的成长过程中，我们的确经常面临着许多的选择，而其中一些都会给我们以后的发展带来长远的影响

2) 在选择事业时，我们通常也面临着许多的机会。
//When we walk out of the university, we will face up to a variety of opportunities for us to choose our profession, no matter what our majors are.

3) 但是在法律与道德面前，我们则毫无选择，即必须遵守。
argument177
1) 首先，没有任何证据表明住在其他地方但工作在Oak City的人不能完整了解该城市的business和politics.

2) 人们pay city taxes并不一定代表他们懂得如何使用这些钱来improve the city.

3) 作者falsely认为因为Elm City的civic Club 中非本地居民所占的比例较少，而断定这种对于membership的限定不会disappoint 非本地居民。
argument163
1) 首先，没有理由说明heat and cool新的会比旧的低，因为只是per square,而新的hall面积会更大，所以有可能成本更高。

2) 还有，torn down old hall and build a larger one 需要开支，没有证据表明，这样的成本算下来，build a larger one是不是划算。

3) 最后，出租房子是否合理。首先，出租需要有顾客，没有证据表明town hall的位置非常好，能够引起兴趣。而且由于是政府机关，因此还要考虑一下出租的对象。
argument45

1) 首先，没有充分的证据证明鹿的数量在下降，因为local hunters的reports也许是不准确的，他们对deer的统计所采用的方法我们并不知道。

2) 即使deer的数量真的下降了，也不代表原因是由于不能migrate而造成的，可能是它们赖以生存的植物被破坏，也有可能是过度poach所造成的。

3) 没有证据表明the influence global的warming确实to the degree而造成了the melting of the ice。

[ 本帖最后由 victordugu 于 2006-7-13 21:54 编辑 ]

veinardUID: 2195006

第一次提纲
提纲Agrument232 帖超过限制字节，只能把题目删了
开头The sales manager of Eco-Power (EP) recommends that their company should now switch to advertisements featuring a distinctive song, to support the recommendation the manager cites the facts that first, a recent study of high school students shows that 85 percent could recognize the tunes used to advertise leading soft drinks and fast-food restaurants, and second, sales of EP's home appliances declined. Though careful scrutiny we can find that this argument has several flaws.

First, no evidence shows that the sales of EP's declined because of their ad. Perhaps the quality of EP's products declined, or the depression of the whole economy.

Second, the recent study which faces the high school students has low value of reference. The high school students can not be the main consumer group. The advertisement of EP should face the consumer who will buy the home appliances such as house wives.

Third, the success of song advertisement about soft drinks and fast-food can not be applied to home applicants directly.

Forth, reputation is easy to lose but hard to regain. If EP's products really have the quality problems, the songs of their new advertisement will not immediately boost the sales of EP.

In sum, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strength it the manager must first assures me that the sales declined because of the problems of ad. Second, he should offer a study which faces the consumers of home appliances but not the consumers of other kinds of commodity. Moreover, I need to know whether song advertisements can affect the consumers and help to boost the sales. Only when these evidences are added the argument is forceful.
提纲ARGUMENT141 -
开头The arguer recommends that the CCC will pollute the land of West Fredonia and only when consumers refuse to purchase products that made with CCC's copper will make the company abandons its mining plans and stop the pollution. To support this recommendation the arguer cites the fact that since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species and mining cooper on this land will inevitably result in pollution. This argument has several logical flaws.

First, no information shows that CCC will bring pollution and environment disaster in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. CCC completely can take some measures to avoid the pollutions such as insulate or relatively reduce the area of mining.

Second, even if CCC can really bring the pollution and disaster, the arguer aggrandize the effect of the boycott and think that this action is the only way to make CCC abandon its mining plans, however, people can take other measures to prevent such damage.

Third, the arguer ignores the possible fact that there may be other company which mine cooper in the land, therefore if the boycott to CCC’s products is needed and took into effect, the pollution and damage in West Fredonia is still exist.

In sum, the argument is wholly unpersuasive as it stands. To bolster it the arguer should offer the information that CCC will inevitably lead to the pollution in the tropical nation of West Fredonia and the extinction of the endangered animals, moreover, the arguer should prove the boycott is really needed and effective.
提纲Issue130
开头：Children are our future. We hope they can bring about a better society. The socialization of the children is an indispensable part of the education, but the claim that how the children socialized today determines the destiny of society is specious and extreme, as I see it. In addition, I don't agree that we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.

第一段: 孩子有必要一定程度的社会化
I agree in sofaras that the socialization is important to some extent.
1. Human is social animal. The children must primarily know the society before they enter the society. We should offer them some socialized education and social practice.
2. Children must learn to cooperate with others, be tolerant and helpful, and have their own seemly principles when they are affiliating with others.
第二段: 社会化不是决定一个人是否能为社会做贡献的必然因素
However, socialization is only one factor influence the extent to which a people can ultimately contribute to a better society. It's not the crucial condition to the destiny of         society. History offers us plenty of examples.
第三段：社会在不断往好的方向发展，证明我们知道如何培养能带来更好社会的孩子

结尾： In sum, the children are necessarily socialized to some extent, but the socialization is not the determination to the destiny of society. The factors which make a child to grow up to contribute the society involve the child’s individual condition, the family's and schools' influence and so on. Besides, the fact our society is getting civilized can prove that we have known how to educate children to bring a better society.

第二段的论据：Martin Luther King's contribution was primarily the result of his strong religious upbringing, which had more to do with parental influence than with socialization.
Theodore Roosevelt, whose social and physical development were both stunted by life-threatening physical infirmities during his childhood. In spite of his isolation, odd manner and aloofness throughout his early life, Roosevelt ascended to a social-activist presidency by means of his will to overcome physical infirmities, his voracious appetite for knowledge, and his raw intellect.
第三段的论据：Nowadays, our society becomes more democratic and safe, it respects individual rights and women's equality, it strengthens the cooperation among different coteries and districts, it has greater tolerance of different viewpoints and people who are different from us. In a word, the society has become better and it's developing to a better direction. Such facts can prove that we have been raise to help bring about a better society when we were children.
提纲Issue154
开头：Education is a complex and crucial system in our society. I agree with this claim that parents and communities, as well as a group of professional educators are responsible for the education. Education which lacks the support and attention from parents and communities is not a complete and perfect one.

第二段：学校需要社区的资金和政策支持。社区还能为学生提供社会实践的机会。社区能监督学校履行职责以及以学生为本位。
第三段：家长是孩子的第一任老师，家长在监督孩子学习方面有责无旁贷的责任。家长必须抽出时间参与家长会。尽可能参加孩子在学校的活动，如运动会，演出等。
第四段：家庭和社区教育是教育专家代替不了的。家长在孩子修养，行为，品格方面对孩子有极深的影响。社区教育能在一定程度上培养孩子的社会意识。这些都是对学校教育的必要补充。

结尾：In sum, the success or failure of a local school depends greatly on the involvement of parents and communities. The communities can offer the financial and policy support, the parents must support the school with their energy and time. Both the parents and communities can supervise the local school put the well-being of the students as the first priority. Only when the involvement of parents and community combines with the professional educators, the local schools can be effective and excellent.

论据：A league of parents of a local school near my home pays much attention to cooperate with the local school to cultivate the students. It has held several activities which invited the parents to take part in with their children. These activities make the parents and their children more understand with each other. The parents’ league also much concern about the psychology health of the children which may be ignores by the local school.
第二次提纲
提纲 issue38
As watching television becomes more and more universal in our life, reading books is impacted by it more and less. However, I strongly disagree with the speaker's opinion that reading books is less important because people can learn as much as knowledge and information by watching TV.

1 Admittedly, television hold some advantages over books for imparting certain kinds of information. For instance, political propagate and business advertisements. In addition, television can convey temporal and spatial events and provide a more vivid and convincing record than books do.
2 However, books still play an indispensable role in the society although people spend more time on watching TV. First, knowledge is mostly in form of books, education in schools is by means of books at the most time, TV education is only an auxiliary ways to learn. Second, books are far more potable than television sets.
3 Actually, books and televisions are both the indispensable ways for us to get information and knowledge. Each of them has special advantages and flaws. Thus, the best way to deal with their relationship is to combine both of them.

In sum, television and video can be more efficient than books when it comes to current evens. However, books facilitate learning in certain ways which TV can not. The optional approach is to use the both sides of media. TV keeps us informed and provides moving imagery, while books offer comprehensive perspective and insight on knowledge.   

提纲issue183
I don’t agree with the speaker’s opinion that things become more complex and mysterious as we acquire more knowledge. The goal we acquire knowledge is to comprehensive the world better and find an easier way to deal with things.

1 The feeling that things become more complex and mysterious is not due to our increasing knowledge, the true reason is our life is getting colorful, our prospects and view is much broader than that of the old times. We have to deal with various people and things, which is not so easy.
2 With the high extent of globalization, we have more information and knowledge about the foreign nations, their different value and opinions have affected our ways of life and thought to some extent. This situation requires us to own a higher ability to distinguish wrong and right, in addition, to have much stronger tolerance. Such situation makes us feel things have become more complex, but only though learning more knowledge, can we gain such higher ability.  
3 A plenty of things have been simplified rather than being complicated. As we acquire more knowledge, big disciplines are divided into several more particular and professional subjects. The experts in these relatively narrow areas can research more profoundly, so they will provide us more methods to deal with the things.

In sum, when we get more knowledge, we may feel that the world is more complex and mysterious than we thought before we learnt. It is true because the knowledge is unlimited. However, the final result of requiring more knowledge is let us comprehend the world and other people better. Things has not been complex and mysterious, as we require more and more problems, we have more ways to deal with things and to solve the problems.
例子: When have gotten more knowledge of the digital technologies, we make our life more convenient and comfortable than it was in old days. If we want to connect our friends in a long distance, we can use E-mail and MSN, so we have broken out the limitation of using letters and telephone which are the only tools of communication before we did not get the technological knowledge.
Issue196
In today’s high technological world, our life has been greatly influenced by the technology and it seems that we can not live without the fruition it has brought to us. However, the technology is a double-edges sword, which if misused or overused might undermine the quality of life.

Admittedly, the technology has some detrimental influence, such as environment pollution, traffic jam, and industrial waste and so on. Such negative effects have brought people’s much trouble. They decrease the quality of life. In addition, high technology machine replace the labor force which brings unemployment and threaten the quality of life. The most awful thing is the nuclear weapon, which may damages the existence of humans.
However, I agree insofar with the speaker’s opinion the technology may threaten or damage the quality of life, the claim that technology creates more problems than it solves is too extreme. Technology has brought us great deal of advanced things which make our life more convenient and comfortable.
Whether the technology bring us happiness or trouble even fatal influence is not depend on the technology itself, but the attitude toward it of people and how to utilize it. Technology doesn’t have will or intention.

In sum, as technology has dramatically increased the lever of our life, it brought some detrimental impact to humans at the same time. But it is controlled by us and we can make it benefit to human though eliminating the negative effect by doing our best efforts and strengthening the cooperation among nations.

提纲Issue30
Achievement of technology has brought a lot of changes into the contemporary world. It makes our life more efficient and convenient, advance the quality of our life to some extent. Technology has been a crucial and indispensable part of our life, we feel more and more reliant to the high-developed technology.
1  Admittedly, technology increase people's efficiency greatly. With technology, we can do more things in less time, efficiency is increased, time is saved, more money and interest is produced, it seems that we can have more leisure time to relax and enjoy ourselves.
2  However, the fact is that although people's efficiency is increased greatly, their leisure time is decreased. It seems illogical, but it's the truth.
3  Moreover, the efficiency which is increased by technology brings the problem of unemployment. Much work can be finished by machines; a worker can do more work with the help of technology, so a company or factory doesn't need the same amount workers as in the past time.
In sum, achievement of technology certainly increases people's efficiency, but it doesn't mean that people will have leisure time. The fact is just opposed. The achievement of technology need people with high quality and abundant knowledge, it make people feel great pressure and have to sacrifice their leisure time to do more and more work and study. Thus, the primal purpose of high technology is just increasing people's efficiency and offering convenience, but absolutely not making people have leisure time. It seems like a paradox, but the society's character of pursuing high value and interest decides that technology's complex effect to people.
ARGUMENT42
开头In this argument, the minister of the country of Paratrra(p) concludes that P should begin to promote ecotourism and hire the current director of Bellegea(B)'s National Tourism Office as a consultant for the advertising campaign. To support his conclusion he cites the fact that after B began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism last year, the visitors and capita income in B increased this year. This argument suffers from several illogical flaws which makes it unconvincing.

1, P可能没有像B那样足够的旅游资源
2, B旅客和收入的增长不一定是由于它旅游的发展
3, 没有证据表明旅游可以给P带来预期的结果
4，B的director不一定能胜任consultant的工作

In sum, the arguer fails to convince us that the P is necessary to promote the ecotourism and hire the director of the National Tourism Office of B. To strengthen this argument, the arguer should provide the situation of the tourism recourses in P and prove that the increase of visitors and incomes of B is due to its ecotourism development. Moreover, the auger should make sure that the director is competent with the consultant job. Without these analyses, this argument is unpersuasive and suspicious.

ARGREMENT237
开头Citing that after the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent two manufacturing companies moved to it, the arguer concludes that the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economy and reduce the unemployment is to provide tax incentives and financial inducements. However, this argument relies on a series of unproven assumptions which prevents it from convincing.

1. 错误分析
a. D原先的税率可能很高，而B原本就很低
b.没有证据表明B和D的经济情况相同 May be B is a industrial city while D is a politic center.
2. 论据没有说服力
a.300people is not a relative large number if D is a populous city
b.18month is a relatively short period.
c.other reason may be responsible for the companies' relocation such as avoiding competition etc.
3. whether companies have the ability to reduce unemployment is open to doubt. The staff of the company may relocate with the company together.

In sum, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it the arguer should provide evidence that Dilton’s incentives were in fact responsible for stimulating Dilltion’d economy during the last 18 months and what other conditions in Beauville that were not present in Dilton.
第三次提纲帖超过限制字节,只能删题目了...
提纲Issue59
开头Imitation of role models does play a vital part in the growth of children and teenagers, and it has its advantages in helping one learn and act more quickly and safely, but people should have their own ideas and make the most appropriate choices for themselves.

1 Role models are in specific social historical surroundings, which have ground and soil to exist, thus playing in people's views, attitudes and even actions. Admittedly, learning from the role models can make us attain our goals more quickly because they can tell us some sound and right approaches and methods to according to.
2 However, overmuch emphasis on role models will undermine people's ability to the ever-changing world and lead to a lack of creativity and originality. People will tend to rely on those outstanding persons' instructions and help to success instead of their own attempt. Too much attention paid to the role models will also lead to the blind adoration which may make people lose sense and the ability to make a clear distinction between right and wrong.
3 Only a society that comprises individuals with different characters and minds is a colorful and wonderful society.   

In sum, our life need role models to some extent, especially for children and teenagers whose moral structures and principles to deal with things have not established. But overmuch emphasis on role models is detrimental to our society. Only when people have the ability to learn to think and ace independently, they will lead a healthy and free life.

EXAMPLE: Nowadays, there are too many singers and movie stars who become the role models for plenty of youths. The society and media place too much emphasis on these "super starts" and even their private life. It makes more and more youths to pay high attention to them and copy their ways of speaking and acting, as well as their styles of clothes and hair. When such attention increase as time goes by, blind adoration generates. Some negative even filthy actions of the stars such as taking drugs, libertinism and dissipation have also copied by the youths. The effect is undoubtedly detrimental to our society and young generation.

提纲Issue141
开头The speaker claims that it is the conformity leads to personal success. I agree insofar as that to some extent an individual cannot be isolated from conformity. In the pursuit of the personal economic success, as I see it, people should try every efforts to  balance the individuality and the conformity.

1 Conformity could offer a healthy, proper environment for personal success in any field, especially in economy.
2 Individuality also benefits the personal economic success, which is widely accepted. Bill Gates\ in stock market
3 Still, the individuality and conformity are not mutually exclusive. Personal economic success requires both conformity and individuality.

In sum, the individuality and conformity are indispensable factors that result in the personal economic success. Over emphasizing either of them would induce impediment to the development of individuality.

提纲Issue190
开头The speaker's claim that the use of a public resources to support the arts is inappropriate since people in a society are threaten by the hunger and poverty seems sound, but he ignores that developing the arts is no the cause of those poor people's pain, to the oppose, develop the arts can stimulate the economy and make our society more harmonious.

1 Admittedly, reducing the public resources to support the arts when the society are facing great economic recessions and most people lead an impecunious life. According to Maslow's research, only when people have ensured their survivor and security, they will generate the need to appropriate the arts.
2 However, if the arts can not be supported by the public and government to develop and thrive as long as there are still some people who don't have the ability to make a living, arts will never have the chance to develop because the society always has poor people, not matter in the past, today or future. Besides, arts can meet the needs of spirit.
3 The speaker ignores that arts can prompt the economy and politics. The industry of arts can offer jobs, which alleviate the pressure of unemployment. The works of arts can be the tools to publicize the policy of the government.

In sum, the arts are indispensable to the society. In fact, supporting the prosperity of arts and relieving the poor is not necessary to be mutually exclusive. Arts can stimulate the development of economy and, in turn, help the impecunious people.

Issue142
开头I agree that questioning the authority can prompt a society. With the critical eyes to see the world, both the individuals and the society as a whole can benefit a lot in many aspects.
1 The authority which is applied to lead the mass in old days may be offensive in the circumstances we face today. The knowledge of human is increasing continually, people may find that the things which they thought were right once upon a time are actually wrong.
2 Appropriate criticisms can help the government to be more industrious, efficient, disinterested and pragmatic, thus can better serve the society. Challenging the academic authority can stimulate and urge the theoretical and technological innovation, consequently facilitate the progress of the science and technology.
3 However, overemphasize the importance for common people to question the authority also pose certain problems. The policies of governments can not be favorably carried out, and the society faces the danger of rebellion.

In sum, appropriately questioning authority is necessary for a society to enhance its well-being. We should have a right attitude to the authority. On one hand, courage is needed to question authority’s possible mistakes; on the other hand, assimilating the essence of the right and authority opinions is also important.

EXAMPLE: Bacon opposed the durance of people's thought by the theology in the middle ages, and he encouraged people to overthrow the idols and liberate from the blind faith to the authority.
Aristotle once said that:" I love my teacher, but I love the truth even more."
Argument216
开头In this argument, the arguer concludes that Claearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire by citing that the housing costs in C have fallen significantly and the real estate taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Besides, the arguer refers the promise of the mayor and the number of physicians in the area is great. However, this argument relies on a series of unproven assumption and therefore unconvincing as it stands.

1 The information about the housing costs and real estate taxes offered by the arguer is doubtable. First, 房价在去年下降，不能说明C的房价低。Although the housing costs in C have fallen significantly during the past year, it may still stay on a high lever. Besides, nobody can promise that the housing coats will not rise in the following years. Second, the arguer doesn't explain why real estate taxes are lower than those in neighboring towns. The reason may be the security condition of C is not as good as the neighboring towns or the establishments of living in C are not very satisfactory.
2 市长许诺的programs 并不可靠，而且也没说需要多长时间才能实现improvement. 而且，the promise may suggests that the conditions of these aspects are not gratifying in the time being. In fact, schools, streets and public services are not the essential elements for retirement, a lot of older people more prefer the peaceful and rural life styles.
3 The fact that the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average means nothing indeed. 也许是遗传heredity或其它原因导致。The more important thing about the health retire people pay attention to is the lever of medical treatment

In sum, the argument has several illogical flews which prevent it from persuasive. To strengthen it, the arguer should provide the price of the housing and explain why the real estate taxes are lower than the neighboring towns. Besides, more information about the promise of the mayor and the lever of medical treatment is necessary to offered.
提纲Argument71
开头In this argument, the arguer concludes that the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry will incline by citing that the new copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore. This argument relies on a series of unproven assumption and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.

1 忽略了一个前提：新技术是否能被采用no evidence can prove the new copper-extracting technologies will be used broadly in the whole industry. It's entirely possible that the costs of using the technologies are too high to afford by most of the enterprises, or the difficulty to introduce technologies is very great.
2 没有提供含铜量高低的情况，如果含铜量低，新技术就不会省电the arguer doesn't offer any information about the average amount of the proportion of copper in the ore which expected to extract by the industry. Perhaps the proportion of the cooper in the ore in that area is generally low, if so, the new technologies have no advantage in saving electricity, maybe using the new ones will even consume more electricity than the old ones.
3 用电量还是有上升的可能Maybe the new theologies are more efficient and the amount of the copper production is raised by the help of them, which result will use more electricity than before.

In sum, the argument has several illogical flaws which prevent it from persuasive. To strengthen it, the arguer should make sure that popularizing the new technologies has not difficulty and the enterprises in the industry will mostly accept the new technologies. Moreover, the average amount of the proportion of the ore should be offered and the arguer should eliminate any other possibilities of raising the amount of electricity.

提纲Argument67
开头In this argument, the editor recommends that the two villages of Castorville and Polluxton should close the library in P and use the library in C to serve both villages in order to further economize and improve service. To support his recommendation the arguer cites that the new department has reported few complaints about his services after the two villages merged their separate garbage department into a single department located in C and last year the library in P had fewer users than during the previous year. This argument relies on a series of unproven assumptions and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.

1 新的垃圾收集部门收到很少投诉不一定是合并了两村垃圾收集部门的结果，可能是服务质量提高，也可能是投入时间尚短，还没暴露问题。Perhaps the quality of service has been raised or there are some problems with the new garbage collection department which have not be exposed because the new department has been operated for just a short period.而且，last year's decline in users of library in P does not necessarily mean the successive decline in the following years. Just offering the information about the users’ situation in only a year is not sufficient.
2 垃圾收集部门和图书馆没有可比性。Even if the coalition of garbage collection is successful, garbage collection and library are two distinct services and has distinct market. The incorporate library may not gain the success as garbage collection does.
3 没有考虑具体情况。如搬迁P's library的书的费用，合并后给P居民造成的不便，他们可能会将书店取代图书馆。If so, the aim to economize and improve service is not attained

In sum, the arguer is logically flowed. To strengthen it, the arguer should prove that the few complaints about the new garbage collection department is due to the coalition of the once separated departments and the similarity of the garbage collection and library. Moreover, the arguer should provide the situations of the two libraries and feasible plan to the coalition.
第四次提纲  帖不下了  另开一个

[ 本帖最后由 veinard 于 2006-7-13 22:15 编辑 ]

amadis007UID: 2101081

AMADIS第3次作业的提纲
I 59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
提纲
1 We have been brought up with the tales and legends of kinds of heroes and heroines, no matter whether these characters are real persons or fictional ones, these stories serve as our primary enlightened materials that instill us virtues and values the society cherishes commonly in which we are living. But merely imitating role models may result in laziness and dependence since one does not suffer himself/herself of thinking and analyzing.
2 In our modern society, people, no matter younger or adult should focus on learn how to think and act independently. Take China's reform and opening up for example, when learning the economic development experience from the former Soviet Union was proved failure, China begin to think independently and based on the actual situation, explored a path of reform and opening up the domestic economic market. It is shows that the best option is not to duplicate other people's things, but thinking globally and acting locally. Only independent innovation can we achieve sustainable development and only think and act independently can we be self-perfection and self-development.
3 Learning to think and act independently does not naturally conflict with learning form role models. When we begin to establish a preliminary level of a new system of socialist market economy, we learn from western developed country and shaped a mechanism that combine planned economy and market regulation.
举例：
以中国的改革开放为例，中国在经历学习前苏联的经济建设遭遇失败之后，结合实际情况，独立思考行动，探索出改革开放之路，取得经济建设成就，这说明最好的选择不是照搬别人的东西，而是全球化思考，本土化运作，独立自主的创新才能取得可持续的发展。

I 141 "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that ' personal economic success requires conformity."
1 在这个个人利益至上的社会里，人们普遍指意识到个性化的益处。这是由于媒体误导和认识偏差引起的，人们常常因此沉浸于个人英雄主义的崇拜之中。而事实上我们所耳闻目睹的伟大人物和盖世英雄成功的背后都离不开集体的合作。就像比尔盖茨成为世界首富离不开无数的程序员日以继夜的埋头苦干。
2在以消费为驱动的行业，随着科学技术迅猛发展，创新、产品差异性和创造性发挥了重要作用，个性化提供了独特途径去超越同僚。
3然而,传统的服务业,如金融、会计、保险、法律服务、卫生保健的个人经济成就并非如此，而是那些制约惯例、政策和规章。
1 Nowadays, in our society personal interests was above everything, most people only recognize the benefits of individuality. Thus was misleading by the media and due to deviation from awareness, and people often so immersed in the worship of personal heroism. In fact, those great heroic which can visible and audible in daily life, success cannot been separated from behind collective cooperation. Like Bill Gates as one of the world’s richest man, his success requires conformity form thousands programmer’s countless hours of hard work.
2 In consumer-driven industries, with rapid development of science and technology, innovation, product differentiation and creativity play crucial role in the way to lasting success, non-conformists who take unique approaches tend to recognize emerging trends and to rise above their peers.
3 However, in traditional service industries-such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care—personal economic success comes not to non-conformists but rather to those who can work most effectively within the constraints of established practices, policies and regulation.

ISSUE 190"As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money."
I would like to say that I have enough reason to advocate what the author claims, that is, as long as people still have to struggle for the most basic resources for surviving, money and the other public resources need to be used for supporting people's life rather than developing arts.
1 In the first place, the most important reason for my standpoint is that the most important liability for a society is, first of all, to make sure its people can survive.
2 Arts are the works of human beings, without people; there would be no arts at all. For example, when our ancestors still needed to worry about their food for next day, their brains were only used to work out how to get enough food for themselves.
3 Last but not least, we should not fail to notice with the function and ultimate objectives of arts. Arts contribute to a more charitable society—more willing to give help to those who are in need in the ways that the speaker is concerned. Thus when we completely eliminate unemployment and hunger, we had better to funding arts.

142."The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."
142． 当社会中的许多民众敢于对当权者提出质疑时，整个社会的福祉便能得以提高。
1 In most cases, it is better when society’s people are questioning authority. Generally, the more the people that are questioning authority, the more the society’s people care about what that authority doing.
2. Challenging political authority forces politicians and the government to be more democratic, efficient, responsible and honest. Challenging academic authority promotes academic progress.
3 In general, the more people that question authority, the more likely the society is to get real answers. Questioning authority is the best way to keep a government honest and accountable. If a society has people that are willing and able to question authority, they are much more likely to determine the course of that society.

argu 216

论断：C是人们找地方退休的首选。因为当地风光优美，气候常年稳定，而作为退休金，住房在当地的费用去年也有很显著的下降，房地产税收一直比隔壁几个镇低。不过，市长许诺了新的项目改善学校、街道和公共服务。退休在C还有好的健康服务，因为这儿医生的数目比全国平均水平高。
1 房价下降、房地产税较低固然是好，但是至少还有两点未说明，其一，降价和低税是否是因为其对顾客失去吸引力又或者是服务不周管理不善，不管是哪种情况这对想居住于此的人们来说都不是个好消息；其二，作者并未透露房价原来是多少，如果一直高居不下仅仅是象征性的降价这无异于哗众取宠吸引看客而已，况且没有说明不会出现先降后升、欲扬先抑的让人非常反感的商业骗局。
2 市长的许诺很有吸引力，但仅仅是停留在口头上，没有政策性的法规来约束他或者是下一任的市长来执行这个许诺。即使他们会执行这个许诺，作者还是没有说明，这部分建设费用由谁来负担，使国家投资还是纳税人出钱。这关系到居民是否要为居住于此付出高额的苛捐杂税。即便如此，学校和街道问题可能老年人并不关心。
3 医生数量高于全国平均水平不代表医疗技术高于全国平均水平。而且医疗服务不仅仅是取决于医生的数量、技术，还有医生的职业道德、敬业精神和服务态度。况且作者没有标明当地的医院器械设施和住院条件，更没有说明医疗费用是否是价格合理。

argu 71
1论断忽略了一个前提就是新技术是否被广泛应用。论者没有提供这方面的资料，如果新技术的推广还存在困难，没有厂家使用，那么该行业的用电量不会下降。
2•另一个前提不被必然保证，既新技术是否确是比老办法用电少。由于炼铜用电与铜矿有关，而论者只是说老办法用电大，尤其是炼铜含量低的矿，而新技术用电比老办法少40%，尤其是炼铜含量高的矿，那么当铜含量相等时，新技术是否能比老办法节约电，节约多少，论者没有提供，所以不能保证成立。 •
3结论武断。用电量还是存在上升的可能，比如铜矿含量普遍比以前降低，比如产量升高。结论：论者没有仔细了解新技术的应用情况，对于该行业的生产也不熟悉，盲目乐观估计。

argu 67

1 前提不一定成立。前提是这样作节约也能提高服务，但没有资料证明这一点必然发生。论者没有资料证明居民对于图书馆合并的看法，也没有提供资料证明费用会下降，这使得前提不一定成立。
2•论据没有说服力。首先垃圾部门的成功，不一定保证图书馆进行相同的合并也会成功，两个部门工作职能不同，面临的问题也不同。另外新部门没遭到投诉也不证明这种合并是成功的，也许因为时间还不长问题还没有暴露出来。而且也存在有可能管理部门没有报告问题。第三论者也没有在这个例子中说明费用降低了。
3•论断结论仓促。合并能行也不一定是关闭P使用C，应该考虑一下两家图书馆的情况，和居民使用的情况，来决定是否进行合并，以及关闭哪一家。
结论：论者没有忽视了问题的复杂性，盲止凭借经验做出结论。如要增加说服力，还应该进一步了解两家城市居民对图书馆的使用情况，以及对于合并的看法，以及合并的可行性。另外对于经验的借鉴，论者应该再了解新部门的运行情况，并针对图书馆的特点提供可行方案。

[ 本帖最后由 amadis007 于 2006-7-7 00:23 编辑 ]

ketchupUID: 2182553

刚刚提纲和作文一起贴了,现在才发现有个提纲专门的帖子,现在copy过来啊.
因为是我第一次交作业,有什么毛病大家都给我提啊,谢谢啦!

第4次作业:

syllabus

issue 152

Corporate executives should take more responsibilities than simply staying within the law and making money.
1. Admittedly, corporate executives should make every effort to increase the profits of their companies, so that this enterprise can survive in this competetive society. Money is the basic support of a company.
2. Besides making as much money as possible, corporate executives should be aware of businesses’ social responsibilities. Environment/Taxation and some other duties.
3. Taking some social responsibilities will benefit companies in the long run. Taking responsibilities can bring a great reputation of the company, not only to the government, but also the public. An enterprise likes a peoson. A decent impression of a person brings him others' repect and affection. A nice impression of a company earn more profits.

issue 7

Video camara takes an important role in people's lives on recording, but written records has its own position that cannot be replaced.
1.A video provides a more objective and accurate record of an event's spatial aspects. When we are reporting the news, it is more suitable to use video camara, because it shows audiences the direct and clear image of the events.
2.Written records is also very indispendable and have its own advantages that video camara cannot replace. This method of recording things brings readers more emotional fellings and imagenary spaces.
3.It is people's freedom to choose which way to record their lives in different situations.

issue 136

Agree.There always be choices for eveyone in every conditions.
1.Everyone has the instinct to choose. Everyday people choose thing they need, such as food, water and some common thing. All bahaviors are based on people's choice. Choices are everywhere.
2.Some saying that they have no choice is not actually true, because people just haven't seen the hiden or potential choices. As the development of the society, people were provided more opportunities to choose, whether on their spiritual or physical needs.
3.However, nothing can be achieved without people's hardship. Sometimes opportunities were made by ourselves. As long as people strive, they can achieve more choices
Conclusion, the absence of choice is a rare circunstance,since not only the society can provide choice for us, but also we can achieve it by ourselves.

argument 177

1.There is no evidence that people who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city.
2.No evidence showed that restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City. They may lose their enthusiam on work in Oak city.
3.The author made a false analogy between two cities.

argument 163

1.Employing more people to construte new hall, and purchasing new equipments might cost more than before
2.Costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall doesn't mean it will spend less total expend,since the whole area of the hall increased.
3.There is no assurance that someone will hire the hall, some space may be wasted.

argument 45

1.The arguer simply assumes that the global warming has caused the sea ice melt , but he does not provide any evidence that the ice over the sea in Canada's arctic region was melt too .
2.Other reasons may contribute to the decline in deer populations, but not because of the global warming.
3.No evidence showed that deers cannot move over the melting ice. And without moving they may also can find food.
4.The local hunters' report may not be accurate.

第5次作业：

提纲

Issue 151
"High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."
高速的电子通讯媒介，如电子邮件和电视，倾向于阻止有意义、有思想深度的交流。

开头：不同意。没有阻止。
正文：
1、高速的电子通信媒体只是缩短了通信的之间的过程，并没有缩短人们的思维时间，对待问题人们还是可以长时间的思考，拥有深刻的看法。
2、高速媒体可以更加精确的表达人们的想法，使交流更准确更有意义有深度。例如网络视频，让不同地域的人拥有面对面交流的机会，更容易表达自己的深刻看法。
3、高速电子通信媒介扩大了人们的眼界和信息量，对事物可以有更新颖更深刻的认识，促进有意义的交流。如：电视，网络信息等。
结尾：高速的电子通讯媒介，没有阻止有意义有深度的交流，相反还促进了这种交流。

Issue 218
"In order for any work of art—whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."
艺术作品要有价值，无论是电影、文学、雕塑还是歌曲，都必须让大多数人能够理解。

开头：不同意。被大众理解的艺术有价值，但是有些艺术没被大众理解的仍然有其价值。
正文：
1、  艺术作为人们思维和情感的表达，应当为大多数人服务。文学，电影，歌曲都是对大众生活的反映，容易被大众理解，具有价值。
2、  但是，不一定所有伟大的艺术在当代都能够被大多数人欣赏和认识，但同样是有价值的作品： 首先，因为当代技术飞速发展，人们更乐意追求实用的东西，而忽视精神的东西，因此很多人忽视了某些艺术的重要价值。Beethoven；其次，许多艺术家创造的艺术品超出了当时人们的理解范畴，而且极具创造性，需要历史和时间来证明它的价值Van Gogh: Sunflower
结尾：价值不是光靠大众理解与否来评定，而是时间和历史来证明。

Argument 200
1、数据并不全面可信，可能男性看牙医多与女性，所以昏厥次数比女性多。
2、无证据显示昏厥是因为更容易感到痛苦，可能是其他原因
3、女性患者也一样有昏厥，只吸引男顾客不明智
4、麻醉技术和职员对患者的敏感度并不一定能够吸引顾客。

Argument 131.
1、O没有上报鱼类数量下降不代表没有下降
2、T的情况不一定就是过度捕鱼造成，就算没有禁止捕鱼也不见得有很多人去捕；另外也可能有其他原因，如外来物种之类。
3，两个地方情况不同，不能盲目采用O的规定，不见得适用。

Argument 174
1、被访学生的总数不明确，80%不具有代表性。一半校友的单独调查同理。
2、保持女校传统和促进精神状态的关系不明
3、无证据显示男女同校，校友们会停止财政资助

第6次作业：
issue25:
开头：随着科技的进步，更多因素在社会中发挥着作用，因此事情变得越来越复杂，而使复杂的事情简单化成为解决问题的第一个步骤
正文：
1、随着科技的发展，许多事情变的越来越复杂。A全球合作趋势使一个人很难单独完成任何事情B人与人的距离被高科技拉近了，人际关系更加复杂了。
2、日益复杂的社会趋势使人们不得不想办法来使事情变的尽可能简单。A简单化让人们更容易看到人或事物的本质，对人人或事物更加了解 B简单化可以方便人们解决问题，给生活工作带来便利。例如电脑机械等在工作中的应用和机器在农业中的应用。
3、简单化并不容易，需要人们的努力，A知识经验的积累 B简化创新的勇气
结尾：总之，随着社会发展，就越需要能够将事情简化的人，只有如此，我们才可以更好解决问题更好的生活。

issue63:
开头：了解文化既要身处其中也需要跳出来比较。
正文：
1、文化产生于大众，所以你也要成为大众的一员去认识它。融入其中去了解自己的文化。
2、本土文化也会受外来文化影响，要想理解自己的文化，也有必要了解其他的外来文化。例如中国少数民族众多，很多都受汉文化的影响，要想更好了解其文化也不得不了解汉文化。
3、单纯的了解其他文化也不够，要学会理性的比较，发现不同，尊重不同才能更好的了解。
结尾：一个人要更好的理解自己的文化需要融入本土文化，更深层的了解它，也需要学习其他文化并加以比较认识。

argument170:
1、不一定是因为有害细菌人们才在A买不在G买，可能是因为G的营养更高啊之类
2、工艺已经设计出来，但是并不一定已经投入使用并且效果很好，仍然有细菌残留。
3、就算安全性提高了，人们也不一定愿意花高价钱来买G的，
4，即使有人愿意出高价来买，买的人也不一定很多，也不一定给经营者带来更大利润。

argument137:
1、人们不来M河活动不一定就是因为河水不干净。可能是因为气候等其他原因。
2、计划公布了不见得就会实施的很好，河水也不一定会改善，情况也不会改变。
3、娱乐用途不见得增加
4、改善土地和河水改善无明确关系。

argument143:
1、就业岗位增加不代表失业人员都重新开始就业，他们可能仍然没有工作
2、平均薪酬不明，薪酬也就不见得高
3、就算薪酬高，可能工作很繁重，人们不愿意去做。
4、全职与就业无关，可能人们就是不喜欢全职工作。

第7次作业：
Argument140
1.班级最大不代表最受学生欢迎。
2.研究捐助超过她的年薪也不代表就是很多，研究经费一般都需要很多，这个超过她年薪的数目也不见得是很多的。
3.不加薪水不提升她也不见得会离开，加了薪水提升了也不见得就会留下。

Argument65
1.去年的情况不能代表今年的情况会一样。
2.最新店不具代表性，不代表所有店里都是这样。
3.杂志的订阅者只是部分人群，这不代表所有奶酪消费群体。
4.储备国产奶酪与增加盈利无直接关系。储备的多不见得就卖的多，也不见得盈利多。

[ 本帖最后由 ketchup 于 2006-8-2 13:14 编辑 ]

garyknightUID: 2227971

第四次作业

issue152
"The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."

1)肯定。
2)对于公司的经理人，最重要的责任的确是在法律允许的范围内使公司的经济利益最大化，因为他们拥有专业的公司经营知识，这也是很多公司目前都雇用职业经理人的目的。
3)此外，对于公司文化的塑造，对于员工团队精神的培养，虽然貌似没有直接为公司带来经济利益，但是从长期来看，对于公司的盈利起着不可或缺的作用。公司经理人在这方面所作出的贡献也是其盈利责任的体现。
4)结尾。



1)The speaker claims that it is the only responsibility of corporate executives to make as much money as possible for their companies by legal methods. Although this assertion seems a persuasive one, far more analysis have to be taken to show how a corporate executive to get this exclusive goal through various ways.
2)Nothing can be more evdient than that the most significant responsibility of corporate executives is make profit maximal, staying within the law, for their professional knowledge on corporate operation. Meanwhile, it is the reason why current enterprises prefer professional executives. Wal-Mart, the largest retailer and the largest company in the world based on revenue, is founded by Sam Walton who is a talent on marketing. He started this commercial legend in 1962, develope his enterprise rapidly by a series of marketing approaches, such as original stocking ways and advanced technology.
3)In addition, it is seemingly non-profit that building corporation culture and focusing on the spirit of cooperation within a enterprise, which is also what a corporate executive should do. However, it is dispensable to make more money in long run, so corporate executives' contribution on such fields is also representitive his only responsibility.
4)In sum, corporate executives have the only responsibility to make as much profit as possible for their enterprises within the law. They should utilize all resource and methods, profitable and seemingly unprofitable, to inspire employees and increase income of their companies.

e.g.
Wal-Mart, the largest retailer and the largest company in the world based on revenue, is founded by Sam Walton who is a talent on marketing. He started this commercial legend in 1962, develope his enterprise rapidly by a series of marketing approaches, such as original stocking ways and advanced technology.

issue7、"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."

1)部分肯定。
2)视频记录的档案，由于其可视，对于事物的形状、色彩、过程能提供比书面记录更加直观、准确和可信的记录，因此对于建筑、绘画、雕塑等艺术品，以及重大事件的记录要比书面记录更加适合于档案收藏。例子：肯尼迪遇刺的影像记录使专家复原出当时的场景，并且揭示当时未能解开的疑惑。
3)然而有些档案是无法用视频记录的。例如政治状况、经济数据等较为抽象的档案，也是需要用书面记录进入档案的。
4)一些摄像机无法拍摄的事物，例如军事秘密、较为危险的场景等，也只能记录在书面的档案里。
5)虽然近年来视频技术取得了很大发展，但它只是作为众多档案记录手段的一种，在适合的条件下使用，其重要性并不会超过例如书面档案的其他档案。

1)The speaker asserts that video camera play a more important factor as a form of documentation than written records for its better accuracy and authority. Admittedly, video camera have some incomparable advantages and provide a new way to record. However, it cannot become more spendid than those traditional forms of documentation, such as written records.
2)The archive, recorded by video camera, can provide more convincing information because it is visible of color and shape of an item and of the process of an incident. Therefore, we would like to prefer video camera to record achitectures, paintings, sculptures and other forms of art, as well as the coarse of important affairs. For instense, the experts reappear the scene where John F.Kennedy, once the president of the U.S, was assassinated on a political trip to discovery the answers to some unclear questions by the video archives recorded then.
3)However, there are some kinds of archives which cannot be recorded by camera because they abstract, such as something political and economic figures, so written records would be the best choice.
4)Additionally, military secrets, dangerous places which are nearly impossible to record by video camera can be only logged by written documentation.
5)To conclude, the video technology has great progress during recent years, but it should be one of various ways of record and can be used in proper circumstances. Accordingly, we cannot assert that it is more important than written records.

e.g.
The experts reappear the scene where John F.Kennedy, once the president of the U.S, was assassinated on a political trip to discovery the answers to some unclear questions by the video archives recorded then.


issue136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
1)肯定。
2)人是有智力和理性的，同时人是可以互相合作的，在困境当中人能够充分发挥聪明才智，运用团队的力量来寻找最佳的解决方案。因此没有选择的情况是很少的。
3)现在的社会是开放而且多元的，到处充满了机会。“没有选择”往往是缺乏探索精神的人的说法，或者说在众多机会面前过于挑剔的人的借口。
4)如果真的是没有选择，那么就表明人的命运是已经被决定的了，是宿命论的观点，是不应该被提倡的。
5)结尾

1)We often hear the remark that someone has no choice when facing some tough problems. According to the speaker, however, this is very rare. I agree to this conclusion completely and should have an analysis to make it more persuasive.
2)First of all, Human beings are intelligent, rational and able to cooperate with each other, which cause people could find best solution to dilemmas by brain and teamwork. Accordingly, it is very rare to face the abscence of choice.
3)Secondly, the society is open and multiple, which lead to numerous opportunities. The claim of no choice is always the excuse of the people who lack of the spirit of exploration and who nit-pick too much.
4)Providing that it was ture that people were always trapped into the dilemma of no choice, it would be convincing that people were destined, which is claimed by fortunetellers and should not be encouraged.
5)Summing up, it is indeed rare to people to have no alternative. When we come across the embarrassment that seems like an absence of choice, we should utilize the force of wisdom and team to find a better way to solve it.

e.g.
In China, young students are shouldering heavy pressure because their parents asserts that there is no choice but entering universities to get a brilliant future. However, there exists other opportunities, such as going to vacational schools and getting temporarily low-income jobs which are ignored and disdained.


argue177The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.

"Membership in Oak City's Civic Club—a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues—should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years."


1)没有证据表明工作在Oak City但住在其他城市的人不了解Oak City的政治经济。他们有可能是Oak City的居民，只不过由于各种原因（如Oak City房价较高）没有居住在当地而已，甚至，一些在Oak City关键部门工作的人，尽管并没有居住在当地，也很可能比一些当地人更了解当地的政治经济。
2)是否纳税与是否了解税收如何利用之间并没有必然的因果联系。纳税只是公民的义务，而税收的如何利用则是仁者见仁，智者见智。不在当地纳税，并不能说明不知道如何利用税收改善当地的状况。
3)没有足够的证据表明Elm City的经验可以借鉴给Oak City，因为作者并没有说明两地的情况有相似之处。Elm City的俱乐部中nonresidents较少的原因可以有其他解释，例如当地nonresidents数量较少，甚至只有25人，这样加入率就会高达100%；也可能因为Elm City的经营不善，吸引力不足。




argue163The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.

"In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating income for the town of Rockingham."

1)没有确切证据表明建立新的市政厅比旧的市政厅会更省钱。新的市政厅虽然单位面积耗能更少，但是总面积比老会堂更大，因此有可能能源总耗费比老市政厅还要高。
2)建造新市政厅的成本没有考虑进去。有可能成本巨大，在长期内都无法收回。而老市政厅的能耗并没有高到财政无法承担的地步，因此更好的选择是保留老市政厅。
3)没有足够证据表明建造新市政厅可以有稳定的租金收入，虽然可以出租，但并不一定会有人承租。因此靠租金增加财政收入的说法并不可信。
4)是否有必要雇佣更多的员工工作，也并没有足够的证据。有可能现在的市政厅的大小已经足够政府办公使用了。


aruge45The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.

"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."

1)没有充分证据表明猎人的说法是可信的，没有信息表明被访猎人的数量以及活动范围。有可能鹿数量下降的报告只是来自于少数猎人，或者鹿改变了原来的活动区域，使猎人觉得鹿的数量下降。
2)鹿的数量下降和气候变暖虽然同时发生，但并不一定有因果联系。并且气候变暖究竟有没有令当地的海冰融化，致使鹿无法迁徙，也缺乏足够的证据。


第五次作业
Issue131The following appeared in an environmental newsletter published in Tria Island.

"The marine sanctuary on Tria Island was established to protect certain marine mammals. Its regulations ban dumping and offshore oil drilling within 20 miles of Tria, but fishing is not banned. Currently many fish populations in Tria's waters are declining, a situation blamed on pollution. In contrast, the marine sanctuary on Omni Island has regulations that ban dumping, offshore oil drilling, and fishing within 10 miles of Omni and Omni reports no significant decline in its fish populations. Clearly, the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters is the result of overfishing, not pollution. Therefore, the best way to restore Tria's fish populations and to protect all of Tria's marine wildlife is to abandon our regulations and adopt those of Omni."

1)没有考虑到样本差异，即没有足够的证据证明Omni的条件（包括自然条件、人类活动等）和Tria一样，因此Omni的规定是否能在Tria生效存在疑问。
2)没有充分证据表明鱼类数量下降是由于过度捕捞。虽然Tria没有禁止捕捞，但并不代表当地存在过度捕捞的现象。鱼可能是由于传染病、生活环境变化等因素数量下降的。
3)采用Omni的规定最多能使鱼的数量上升，而并不能起到保护海洋野生哺乳动物的作用。


Issue174The following recommendation was made by the president and administrative staff of Grove College, a private institution, to the college's governing committee.

"We recommend that Grove College preserve its century-old tradition of all-female education rather than admit men into its programs. It is true that a majority of faculty members voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more students to apply to Grove. But eighty percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by the student government wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumni who answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation. Keeping the college all-female, therefore, will improve morale among students and convince alumni to keep supporting the college financially."

1)调查样本数量是否足够大，以具有代表性并没有得到证明。因此两次调查并不一定能代表大部分学生的意见。
2)没有证据表明维持女校可以提升学生的士气，相反，由于只有女学生，有可能使得学生学习缺乏动力，观念得不到全面的发展。
3)没有证据表明学校如果男女同校就不能得到财政资助了，因此并不能以财政为理由反对男女同校。

Argue200Statistics collected from dentists indicate that three times more men than women faint while visiting the dentist. This evidence suggests that men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done than women are. Thus, dentists who advertise to attract patients should target the male consumer and emphasize both the effectiveness of their anesthetic techniques and the sensitivity of their staff to nervous or suffering patients.

1)统计的时候可能会存在误差，有可能统计范围不够大、统计的方法不够严谨、资料被人为修改等，总之，男人比女人再看牙医时更容易晕倒没有说服力。此外，这个统计是绝对数字的说明，更科学的应该是统计晕倒率。
2)即使男人更容易晕倒，但也缺乏证据表明所有男人的晕倒都是由于distressed，也有可能是由于其他一些原因。
3)并不一定需要作广告来吸引男性顾客，因为很多人牙齿出问题了就回去看牙，不管是否在医治时distressed。相反，其他的一些因素，例如医生的医术、价格、医疗条件可能更具有吸引力。





Issue151."High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication." 151． 高速的电子通讯媒介，如电子邮件和电视，阻止了人们意味深长的和亲切的交流。

1)开头，表示反对，告诉电子通讯媒介不会阻止人们的亲切的交流，甚至在一定程度上增加了人们交流的深度。
2)现在电子通讯媒介的迅速发展，的确在很大程度上改变了人们的生活方式。
3)不管电子通讯媒介怎么发展，它只是通讯媒介的一种，因此最终目的还是要方便人们情感的交流的。
4)电子媒介在一定程度上可以使人们交流的程度更深，手段更丰富。例子：在电子通讯媒介不发达的时候，距离较远的人要交流只能通过书信等工具交流，速度慢，而且很不方便。现在，人们可以通过电子邮件方便地传达问候，可以通过MSN即时地聊天，甚至可以通过视频技术进行可视聊天，使得相距遥远的朋友也不会饱受离别之苦。
5)结尾。以后肯定还会发展出更多的更先进的通讯媒介，但是其目的都是让人们更方便地交流情感，而不是阻止人们的交流。

1)The speaker asserts that high-speed electronic communication media tends to block people's meaningful and thoughtful communication. However, I completely disagree with this conclusion. According to my viewpoint, not only will not the electronic media cumber people's communication, but also will improve sensation and facilitate our contacts.
2)Admittedly, the rapid development of electronic communication media innovates many ways of people's contacts.
3)Regardless how advanced is the electronic media, it is on earth one of the tools to transfer messages, which causes that it has to aim to the goal: make it easier a individual to communicate with others.
4)In addition, it is possibility that electronic media will deepen the mental communication between people. e.g.: In the era of laggard message tools, the people, living far away each other, had to write a letter to transfer message, which was inconvenient. Currently, we can say hello to each other in a few seconds by e-mail, chat with friends who live in a remote country with MSN or OICQ (software of instant messages), have a face-to-face talk by the advancement of video technique.
5)Summing up, high-speed electronic communication media is becoming an indispensable way for meaningful and thoughtful communication. It is believable to assert that more advanced message tools will be innovated in future, however, whose functions should be better communication between people than before.

e.g.: In the era of laggard message tools, the people, living far away each other, had to write a letter to transfer message, which was inconvenient. Currently, we can say hello to each other in a few seconds by e-mail, chat with friends who live in a remote country with MSN or OICQ (software of instant messages), have a face-to-face talk by the advancement of video technique.


Issue218."In order for any work of art— whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people." 218． 为了让艺术作品有价值，不管是电影、文学还是歌曲，都必须能让大多数人们理解。

1)完全同意。
2)艺术的核心就是应该给人美感，无论艺术以什么形式表现出来。而大众的审美应该是有一定标准的。
3)艺术的价值就来源于大多数人的理解和认可，否则，其原因只能是要么艺术作品的确不具有艺术价值，要么当时人们的理解力还达不到理解这个作品的程度。例子：凡高的画在当时不被理解，因此并不具有很高的价值；只有在后世人们理解他的作品后，其价值才能体现出来。（凡高这个例子太经典了~）
4)结尾，因此，艺术家在进行创作时，除了展现自己对艺术的理解外，还必须考虑到大众的理解能力。

1)How do we evaluate the value of a work of art? Whether is a painting polychrome or a sculpture vivid? In my opinion, the merit of any work of art should be judged by the common. A valuable work of art, including film, literature, sculpture, or a song, should be understandable to most people.
2)It is commensense that any form of art should bring people beautiful and joyful feelings, which should be the core of art. Accordingly, for the standard of beauty is generally confirmed and accepted by most people, whether a work of art has merit should be due to whether its prettiness is understood and accepted by common.
3)If a work of art is regarded as worthless, it should be the consequence of two reasons. On the one hand, it may ascribe to the work is indeed not as meritorious as the artist expects. On the other hand, the contemporary are not educated enough to understand it. The Red Vineyard, a Van Gogh's famous painting created in 1888, sold for only 400 francs (US$68 today), is on display in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, Russia. The people living at the same time with the great artist could not accept his work, therefore many paintings did not show its merit until his descendants could realize the greatness of these paintings.
4)Summing up, to show the value of a artist's work, the artist should not only express his thoughts in the production, but also take into account the common intellect.

e.g.
The Red Vineyard, a Van Gogh's famous painting created in 1888, sold for only 400 francs (US$68 today), is on display in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, Russia. The people living at the same time with the great artist could not accept his work, therefore many paintings did not show its merit until his descendants could realize the greatness of these paintings.


第六次作业
170For the past five years, consumers in California have been willing to pay twice as much for oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast as for Gulf Coast oysters. This trend began shortly after harmful bacteria were found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. But scientists have now devised a process for killing the bacteria. Once consumers are made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they are likely to be willing to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, and greater profits for Gulf Coast oyster producers will follow.

1)没有证据表明杀菌工艺可以很方便地应用到实际当中。
2)价格上升和发现细菌虽然同时发生，但是没有证据证明期间有因果联系。
3)即使安全性可以提高，但是并不一定导致Gulf的价格上升，有可能是Atlantic的价格下降到和G同一个水平。


143The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper.

"Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in the United States is misleading. The article gives the mistaken impression that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this impression is contradicted by a recent report on the United States economy, which found that since 1992 far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated. The report also demonstrates that many of those who lost their jobs have found new employment. Two-thirds of the newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time."

*Downsizing is the process in which corporations deliberately reduce the number of their employees.

1)新增的就业机会数量并不一定会使得就业率上升，存在结构性失业问题。
2)很多失业人员的例子没有说服力，数据不严谨。
3)三分之一的高薪工作和结论没有必然联系，同时部分时间工作的比例也没有确定。



137The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.

"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River."

1)没有充分证据表明居民很少在河边活动是由于水质下降，有可能是其他的原因，如工作繁忙、距离河较远、有更适合的水上活动场地等。
2)政府有澄清的计划并不代表就会实行，也无法遇见什么时候会给水质带来明显改善。
3)即使水质上升，也不一定使得娱乐用途增加，因此要求增加预算也缺乏证据。



25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible."
1)表示完全同意。
2)将事情变得复杂很容易。因为人在处理事物的时候会考虑很多因素，力争减少漏洞。但是这样就很容易丧失事情的条理，使得更容易出现差错。
3)把事情变得简单需要对事物有一个深刻全面的理解，从中摸索出规律，运用各方面的知识寻找简单的方法。这是需要很大努力的。
4)将事情变得简单也是现在很多产品设计人员的目标，是符合人性的。例子：微软windows。
5)结尾。

2)It is easy to make things bigger and more complicated. People will take in account many factors when do with things, which is aimed to the least errors. Adimittedly, everyone is favorable of perfectness. Nevertheless, complicated process is intended to make people confused and mask the key, which cause higher possibility of mistake.
3)To make things simple requires a profound and all-around cognition which needs real effort. It will help people to look for the law masked behind the vain, and to explore the simple ways by many kinds of knowledge.
4)To many productive designers, simpleness is also their target which can lead to better use and accords with human nature. e.g.: Windows, a operating system produced by Microsoft, is easier and easier to control since being invented. Though designers are keeping aggrandizing new fuctions of Windows, they also make great efforts to make the software easy to use.







63"To truly understand your own culture—no matter how you define it—requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."
1)表示完全同意。
2)每一种文明都有其独特之处。完全了解自己的文明最核心的就应该是了解自己文明的独特之处。
3)因此，只有至少了解其他一种文明，才能够做出对比，发现自己文明的特点。
4)不了解其他的文明，就无法对自己的文明做出正确的判断，就有可能使得自己的文明衰落下去。例子：清朝的闭关锁国。
5)结尾。


2)Every kind of culture has its own feature, which should be the core providing we want to truly understand our own culture.
3)According to what I present before, we should recognise at least one other culture to discover our own trait by comparing with others.
4)Ignoring knowing other cultures will lead to misleading understanding of our own, which even will weaken the life of the culture. e.g. In 19th century, Qing Dynasty, the last feoday dynasty in ancient China, was invaded by many western relatively advanced countries, which was the consequence of its own introverted policy. This policy leaded to that the government overlooked the rapid development in other regions and was too haughty to neglect encourage the advancement of science and technology.

[ 本帖最后由 garyknight 于 2006-7-26 22:06 编辑 ]

veinardUID: 2195006

第四次
ISSUE152 - "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."

1 Admittedly, quest of money is a vital responsibility of corporate executives.
2 However, what should be pointed out is that only paying attention to making as much money as possible will generate negative results such as becoming greedy and exploitive, which are inevitably detrimental to the society and the corporate itself. Thus the corporate executives have more responsibilities as important as maximizing profit
3 Moreover, corporate executives must realize that their enterprises have the responsibility of society.
例子：McDonalds operates "Ronald McDonald’s homes" which give the parents a place to stay near the hospitals where their children are undergoing medical treatment. Corporate executives have a responsibility to ensure that their companies are "people friendly" rather than just focusing on making money.

Issue 7"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.

1 Video camera is a vigorous invention in today's high digital world. Our life has gone though great changes since video camera bring us a vivid and real history of the time before.
2 However, we should realize that video camera has its flaws. Since it's the product of high digital technology, it's inevitably more expensive than the traditional written records.
3 Actually, the traditional written records have its irreplaceable advantages.
例子 If we run into an accidental incident, the only way to recall it is always turning to written method. Think about writing diary, which many people used to do, if it is replaced by video camera, which can reflects more objectively, but it may lose a lot of detail and make the diary rigid.

Issue136"The absence of choice is a circumatance that is very, very rare."

1 Making choice is the essential part for the existence of us. In the absence of choice, we can hardly achieve anything.
2 In daily life, we choose to do or not to do the specific thing.
3 However, under some special conditions, we might find we have no choice. It's because we need more time and knowledge to seek it.
例子 Almost every person who claims to be trapped in a job is simply choosing to retain a certain measure of financial security. The choice to forego this security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequences.


ARGUMENT177 - The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.
"Membership in Oak City's Civic Club-a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues-should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years."

1 To begin with, no evidence can prove that people who work in OC but live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city.
2 Secondly, the arguer unwarrantedly thinks that only the residents who pay the taxes can understand how the money could be used to improve the city.
3 Finally, the arguer fails to offer any reliable evidence to analogy the situation of OC's Civic Club is the same as that of EC's.


ARGUMENT163 - The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.
"In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating income for the town of Rockingham."

1 To begin with, no evidence can prove that the old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number if employed people in the town.
2 Second, the problem of heating can be solved though replacing the old heating and cooling systems with new ones rather than building a new hall.
3 Finally, the arguer fails to prove that the new building can serve interests of the town because some space of it can be rent out which will generate income.

ARGUMENT45 - The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.
"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."

1 To begin with, whether the populations of deer are declining is suspicious.
2 Second, the arguer fails to prove that the global warming trends have caused the sea ice around the deer’s habitat to melt.
3 Even assuming that the global warming has caused the sea ice around the deer’s habits to melt, the reason for their decline is not necessarily the inability to follow their age-old migration patterns.

[ 本帖最后由 veinard 于 2006-7-13 22:59 编辑 ]

gamblerboUID: 2212217

第二部分


第四次作业


Argument：
Argument45：
45.
The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.

"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."

Syllabus：
1, The arguer fails to provide sufficient evidence to support that the recent global warming trends have caused the sea ice to melt so that the deer can not travel from one island to another.
2, Even assuming that the ice is melted and the deer can not travel over it to other islands, there is no evidence that the deer can not survive in a single island which can provide the enough plants to feed deer.
3, Even if the deer can not survive within a separated islands, the arguer fails to take into account other factors that might lead to the decline in arctic deer populations.

Argument163：
163.
The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.

"In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating income for the town of Rockingham."

Syllabus:
1, In the first place, the major problem with this argument is that the arguer fails to provide any evidence to support that the old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate all the people who are employed by the town.
2, In the second place, anther problem which might weaken the logic of the argument is that even if the old town hall is very small, the arguer fails to convince us that the new building has enough space to rent out and finally leads to the increase of income. For one thing, it is entirely possible that there are too many people who are employed by the town to rent out some of the space in the new building. For anther, to conclude that to rent out some space can increase the income is unfounded before the arguer provide more detailed and sufficient information.
3, Last but not least, the arguer fails to provide sufficient evidence to support the assumptions that the new building would be more energy efficient than the old hall.

Argument177：
177.
The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.

"Membership in Oak City's Civic Club-a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues-should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years."

Syllabus:
1, The first and foremost problem with this argument is that the arguer fails to convince us that people who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of Oak City.
2, Anther problem that might weaken the logic of the argument is that the assumption that only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city is unwarranted.
3, Last but not least, the arguer commits a fallacy of false analogy so that it is unfounded to conclude that many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City will not disappoint about the restriction.

政治类：
Issue152：
152 "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies." [05/40; 06/7]
152．对于公司的执行官，他们唯一的任务就是在法律允许的范围内，为公司赚取尽可。
提纲：
1，        观点：反对。
2，        正面：道德问题；
3，        正面：利益大小问题：社会和公司；
4，        反面：诚然，公司利益的重要性。
5，        总结：

历史类：
Issue7：
7 "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." [05/52; 06/2]
提纲：
一，全面回应：虽然” 数码相机可以精确、令人信服地记录当代人们的生活”,但是它的重要性还没有超过written records(因果), 因为:其一,大部分人还是written records;其二, written records还是记录的主要形式.
二，正面论证（主要理由）：其一,大部分人还是written records;（理论论证＋归纳推理、演绎）人们长期以来都是用文字来记录生活,记载历史,人们已经习惯了这种方式;因此,大部分至今还是保持用written records,甚至在以后很长一段时间内将继续保持这种习惯.－>（实例论证＋叙述、比喻、夸张）美国的青少年每天花将近3个小时的时间写博客.大部分的人,特别是青少年,主要从书本获得知识;….
三，正面论证（次要理由）：其二, written records还是记录形式的主要形式.（理论论证＋反证）你是不是觉的视频图片(部分由数码相机产生)已经很多了?然而你有没有感觉到:－>（实例论证＋排比） 邮电部分处理的飞鸿似雪;网络上文字浩瀚如海;图书馆的书本堆积如山;出版社的生意红红火火;….
四，反面论证（辩证）： 诚然，数码相机是一项重要的记录生活的形式,并且由增长的趋势；但是，现在人们的经济能力还有限,人们新的习惯尚未养成;纸笔方式在较长一段时间内,至少现在还是,最重要的记录生活的方式。
五，呼应总结： 简短总结.

其他类：
Issue136：
136 "The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare." [05/31; 06/3]
没有选择的情况少之又少。
1，        观点：赞同。
2，        正面：在平常生活；
3，        正面：在经济交易；
4，        正面：在学术活动；
5，        反面：退一万步，我们可以放弃。这也是一种选择。
6，        总结：


第五次作业

amadis007UID: 2101081

第4次提纲，ARES战队作业
提纲：issue 152（政治类）；issue 7（历史类）；issue136（其他）；argument 177，163，45。

152. "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."
  
公司的经营者们唯一的责任就是在法律规定范围之内为他们的公司赚尽可能多的钱。

提纲：
1. Admittedly, corporate executives should make every effort to increase the profits of their companies. Because, the duty of CEO is make profit maximization.
2. Besides making as much money as possible, corporate executives should be aware of businesses’ social responsibilities.
3 Taking some social responsibilities will benefit companies in the long run.


55The following appeared in a Letter to the Editor of the Shady Village newspaper.
"Commuters(经常往返者) are complaining that the rush hour traffic on Blue Highway between Shady Village and Bright City has doubled their commuting time. Some commuters have asked that an additional traffic lane be built, but the recent creation of such a lane on nearby Green Highway apparently attracted more commuters, judging from the fact that rush-hour traffic jams actually increased there this past winter. To reduce rush-hour traffic on Blue Highway, a bicycle lane should be added instead of a traffic lane. This approach will succeed because many citizens of Shady Village are avid bicyclists; 75 percent of respondents to a recent questionnaire distributed there said they would like to bicycle more hours per week than they currently do."
提纲：

According to the original reasoning, we can see that the author is out of the introduction of a bicycle lane should be added instead of a traffic lane to reduce rush hour traffic on Blue Highway. To support this statement, the author draws out that many citizens of Shady Village are avid bicyclists and 75 percent of respondents to a recent questionnaire distributed there said they would like to bicycle more hours per week than they currently do.

1 though the citizens of Shady Village are avid bicyclists, there is no strong evidence dedicated that they will bicycling to work instead drive cars.
2 the investigation failed to provide sufficient databases that it is representative other situations.
The commentators have failed to provide sufficient information to prove that the respondents are representative, if the interviews are choose bus instead of cars, or not far away of they offices, then this would not be a prerequisite.
3 In addition, the way to solve traffic congestion also depends on many factors, if design unreasonable, poor road conditions, frequent accidents, they can not guarantee that commentators approach will be very successful.

163The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.
"In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating income for the town of Rockingham."
提纲：
1 Based on the Harvard Design School’s professional architecture expert experience, the cost of building a larger and more energy-efficient building will three types than the ordinary ways in the American.
2 There is no strong evidence support that the space dimension of the hall has a casual direction relationship with the feeling which the people worked in it.
3 There is no strong evidence support that the larger building would be more energy efficient.

baihe1988UID: 2203505

第四次作业：


issue152(政治类)"The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."
提纲：
第一，        部分赞成作者观点：公司执行者应该在法律范围内为自己公司创造更多的财富。但是这个不应该成为公司的唯一职责。
第二，        公司可以也应该为自身赚取更多的财富和利润——只要在法律所允许的范围内。公司是私人的企业，所有的员工都要工资和薪水，人要有经济基础才能活下去，所以公司从自身员工生存的角度出发，应该把赚取越来越多的利润和财富作为自己的一个奋斗目标；另外公司要进行发展就必须要有流动资金作为坚实后盾，所以从公司自身生存的角度出发，公司也应该不断的赚取财富。
第三，        论述公司不应该把赚取更多的财富作为自己的唯一目标。应该作为公司而言，它还有其他许多事情需要考虑。比如冷战以后在国际商业市场很热的公司文化的概念。一个公司要把自身的奋斗精神作为一种文化在老员工和新职员之间进行传承，要保留公司文化中优秀的精华部分，从而使公司能够吸取以往的经验教训，不断的得到发展。此外，公司还应该有一种社会和民族责任感。对于社会责任感，就是说公司还应该为社会谋福利，公司的客户是社会成员，所以给社会谋福利就是为自身的发展创造条件；对于民族责任感，就是说公司应该为整个民族产业的振兴和发展做出力所能及的贡献——比如打入国际市场，为国家和民族赢得荣誉等。
第四，        结论：公司可以也应该越来越多的赚取财富，毕竟这是生存之本；但是公司除了赚取财富而外还必须考虑其他责任——毕竟赚钱不是公司的唯一使命。

Issue7(历史类) "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."
提纲：
第一，        自己观点：摄像机自从出现以来确实为记录史实带来了很大的好处，但是它仍然不能被说成是比书面记录更重要的手段。
第二，        摄像机问世以后，人类又多了一种记录方式，而且还是很准确的记录的方式。与文字记录比起来，摄像机机录的内容更客观，可信度更大，因为它不会受记录人的主观影响，只是如实的反映客观事实；而文字记录的内容有时候会被记录者所左右，结果会不怎么可信。
第三，        即便如此，书面记录仍然相当重要——我们不能说摄像技术比书面记录要更有优势。因为在许多方面书面记录更有优势。比如书面记录能够给读者留下很广阔的想象空间，而摄像技术就不能；而且摄像技术有很多量化的东西是没法记录的——比如在科学研究领域的数据记录就不能用摄像技术来进行；另外书面记录更方便实用，因为不需要带着像摄影机那样的好多东西；最后一点，书面记录还很经济，不需要像摄像技术那样花费很大。所以，我们无法说摄像技术和书面记录这两种记录方式那种更重要——因为都有各自的优缺点。
第四，        结论：摄像技术确实给人类记录历史带来了新的方式，但是我们不能就此就说它比书面记录重要，因为两者都是各有利弊。要说谁优谁劣，还得到具体运用的场合才能做出判断。

issue136(传说中的行为类题目)"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
提纲：
第一，        完全赞同作者的观点——绝大多数情况下都有选择的余地。
第二，        从社会个体发展规律来讲，人在一生中总是要做出无数的决定与选择的，从出生到终老都是如此。人是有自由意志的生物，所以说很少很少会遇到被困在只有一条路可走的情况里面。即使有，那么也是由于被法律判决剥夺权利以后、或者是由于生理和心理的某种缺陷，才导致了别无选择的情况的出现——但是这些都是很少见的情况。
第三，        从民主的角度来看，由于人人平等的原则是民主社会的基本准则，所以说如果出现没有自由选择的情况，那么这就是违背民主制度准则的，因而在民主社会里面是不能被接受的。
第四，        人们平时常说的没有选择的自由主要是因为有好多选择是不吸引人的、或者是那些选择之间是互相矛盾的，这才导致了人们觉得没有选择的余地，但是也仅仅是觉得而已，而不是真的没有选择的余地。
第五，        结论：正如文章作者所言——没有选择的情况确实是非常少的。不管是什么情况——只要不是上述的特例——人总有选择的余地，只不过有的选择结果是不那么有诱惑力，所以被当事人所忽视，从而认为没有选择的余地。

Argument 177 the following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.
'Membership in Oak City's Civic Club—a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues—should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years.'
提纲：
第一，        作者结论是：Ｏ城俱乐部的成员应该仍然被限制为在定居于Ｏ城的人中间选择，而那些在Ｏ城工作但是不住在Ｏ城的人不能被选为俱乐部成员。这一结论不能让人信服。
第二，        作者认为在Ｏ城工作但是不住在Ｏ城的人不了解Ｏ城的商业和政策，这个说法是得不到合理的证据支持的。文章中没有任何证据能够表明在Ｏ城工作但是不住在Ｏ城的人不了解Ｏ城的商业和政策。
第三，        根据只有定居的人才交税，推断出只有定居者才知道怎么花费税款才能最优程度的改善城市——作者的这一论断是没有根据的。有可能工作在Ｏ城的外地人对Ｏ城发展大都有意见和建议，虽然他们没交税，但是很有可能他们对怎样正确合理高效的使用税款来开发Ｏ城也有正确的看法。作者没有提供任何证据能够显示在讨论Ｏ城发展规划的问题上，只有交税的人才最有发言权，因此这一结论没有根据。
第四，        邻近的Ｅ城的俱乐部执行开放的成员政策但是１０年来只有２５个非本地定居者加入俱乐部，作者根据这一结果就类推出如果Ｏ城的俱乐部也对非本地定居者开放那么也不会有多少非本地的成员加入——这一类推是不能成立的。因为首先，Ｅ城的俱乐部性质不明，如果那个俱乐部的主要目的不是讨论自身城市的建设规划的，那么显然类推不成立；其次，即使俱乐部性质相同，那么类推也不一定成立。因为两个城市的规模、住在外地、但在本地工作的人的数量以及百分比等因素都不能确定，所以两个城市是否具有可比性得不到证实，因此类比的成立是不能得到保证的。
第五，        总结：作者的论断包含了上述三个错误。为了更好的证明自己的结论，作者还应该提供更多的信息，比如为什么说不住在Ｏ城就不了解Ｏ城呢，以及Ｅ城俱乐部的性质、两个城市的规模、在本地工作的外地人百分比和数量等等信息。只有那样，才能使得读者信服结论是成立的。

Argument 163 the following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.
'In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating income for the town of Rockingham.'
提纲：
第一，        作者结论：为了攒一笔钱，R城应该采纳一些市民的建议——把有百年历史的旧礼堂拆掉，并且在原址上建更大更有效的新礼堂，这个论断是缺乏必要的论据支持的。
第二，        首先为了攒钱就拆除具有百年历史的老礼堂，这个做法得不到足够的论据的支持。因为作为具有百年历史的建筑可以开发旅游资源来创收入，还可以利用历史文化价值来作为宣传R城的工具——这样也可以攒到一笔钱，而且不一定比建新礼堂攒的少。
第三，        其次作者认为建新的礼堂能攒钱，这个是不确定的。因为新的礼堂很大而且很高效，所以虽然每平方英尺花费低，但是维持那么大的新礼堂，平时的花销不会少，如果新礼堂平时的花销比旧礼堂还多的话，那么结论就肯定不成立了。
第四，        第三作者说旧礼堂太小容不下那么多雇员并且温控设备花费多，所以应该拆了建新礼堂，没有充足证据能说明这样做的必要性。太小了可以扩建；温控设备花费高可以更换设备，没有必要非得建新的礼堂，况且老礼堂还可以创旅游收入。
第五，        最后作者说能够出租新礼堂的部分空间来赚钱，这个也是不确定的。因为文中没有任何证据能够显示有人想租用新礼堂，所以能不能出租出去还是个问题，就更别提赚钱了。
第六，        结论：作者的推理存在几个缺陷——他们使得推理很难成立。要想让别人信服，作者还必须提供更多的信息——比如建新礼堂是否真的会节省花费、存不存在改进老礼堂温控设备的可能、是否有可靠的调查显示有人愿意租用新礼堂等等。

Argument 45 the following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.
'Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.'
提纲：
第一，        作者结论：北极鹿数量的下降是由于气温上升导致冰融解、北极鹿不能实现古老的跨越结冰的海面的迁徙方式造成的。这一观点很难让人信服。
第二，        论断的一个前提是北极鹿所在地区的气温确实上升了，但是作者没有提供任何证据能够说明当地气温是升高的。论断说鹿的数目下降的同时伴随全球气温上升的趋势，但全球趋势不能代表本地状况，很有可能全球某些地方气温升高很快，使得全球平均气温上升，但本地的气温仍可能不变，甚至下降。所以这一前提不成立，因此论断就很难成立了。
第三，        即使当地气温却是上升了，作者的结论还是不能成立。因为作者所做出的判断的另一个前提是猎人的报告是正确的，但是作者没有提供任何证据能够显示报告是可信的。猎人很可能是因为一直都打不到鹿所以才说鹿的数量下降的，猎人的活动时间和范围是否与鹿相同决定了猎人所见到鹿的多少。因此猎人的报告不足信。所以结论不成立了。
第四，        即使气温确实升高并且报告真的可信，结论也还是不一定能成立。因为第三个前提是气温升高会导致鹿数量下降，文中没有任何语句能够证明气温上升导致环境改变并最终会引起鹿的死亡这一系列推断。气温改变引起的环境变化可能会迫使鹿改变生存习惯和迁徙方式，但是不见得就会使得鹿死亡。这样也会导致作者的结论不成立。
第五，        即使上述三个前提全部成立，作者对结论还是值得怀疑。作者认为鹿的数量下降主要是因为气温的缘故，但是还有很多因素也会导致鹿的数目下降的——比如猎人的过度猎杀、鹿的食物大规模的减少等等，没有排除这些因素，很难让人信服作者的结论。
第六，        结论：作者的结论是建立在一系列没有保证的前提的基础上的，而且作者没有排除其他相关因素的影响，所以作者的结论很难成立。要想更充分的证明自己的结论，作者必须提供其他信息——比如当地气温情况、猎人的报告可信度、鹿的食物是否大规模减少等等，这样才能使读者信服。

第五次作业：

Issue151(传媒类) "High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."
提纲：
第一，        赞成作者的观点。高速电子媒介在为人类带来方便的同时也在阻止人类进行有效的交流。
第二，        高速电子媒介的出现为人类带来了前所未有的便利——快速、生动形象、并且很便宜经济，这些都是高速电子媒介显著特点。也正是由于这些显著的优点，所以高速电子媒介在高速发展的、讲究效率的、时间就是金钱的当代社会被广泛的采用。
第三，        虽然高速电子媒介有这么多优点，但是它也有很严重的缺点——阻碍富有意义和思想的交流。高速电子媒介的出现减少了面对面交流的机会——而面对面交流正是有意义交流的前提和需求——很难想象友情、亲情、爱情怎么通过电子媒介来传达；高速电子媒介也为进行有一定深度和思想的交流带来了障碍，由于在传统的面对面的交流中，人们还可以使用肢体语言，所以传统的交流高效、有思想，但是采用高速电子媒介进行交流就不会有这种效果，传统交流方式的优点不能得到体现直接导致了交流没有思想性——趋于机械化。虽然速度很快，但是要想进行有意义、有思想、有深度的交流最好还是不要采用这种方式，毕竟高科技在给人类带来便利的同时也会让人类付出一定的代价。
第四，        总结：高速电子媒介有其自身的优点——高速、便捷、经济……但是在多的优点也掩盖不了缺点的存在——使得人际间的交流缺乏感情，缺乏思想和深度。这也说明了科技是把双刃剑，利弊都有，结合具体场合决定使用合适的交流方式。

Issue218(艺术类) "In order for any work of art--whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song--to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."
提纲：
第一，        部分赞同作者观点——艺术作品需要被人们了解才能显示其艺术特征，但是有些时候许多优秀的艺术作品已经超出当时人们的理解范畴，那么在这种情况下，虽然不被公众接受，但是这些作品仍然是优秀的艺术作品。
第二，        艺术家通过艺术作品向外界传达出艺术的美，所以只有作品被人们普遍接受才能显示出艺术作品的特色。人们欣赏摄影作品、听音乐，并不看重作品使用了多少技巧、用的是什么节奏或旋律，只要能感受到艺术的美感就说明这个艺术创作是成功的。
第三，        但是在很多情况下，艺术家创作的作品超出了人们能够理解的范畴，所以在短时期内不会被公众所接受，这些艺术作品需要经过一段时间才能被人们所了解，才能显示出应该属于这些作品的美——人们不能因为这些作品在短期内不被人重视就认为这些作品不是优秀的艺术作品。正如梵高的画的经历一样。所以说不能被公众理解不代表不失优秀的艺术作品。
第四，        当然即使能被公众认同也不能就说明属于优秀作品的行列——正如很多流行歌曲在红火一段时间以后就无人问津一样。所以说即使在短期内被大多数公众接受也不能说明哪些作品就是上等艺术作品。
第五，        综上所述，艺术能否被人们接受与艺术作品是否优秀没有必然的联系。只有经过时间长河的锤炼后留下来的才能被看成是真正优秀的艺术作品。

Argument200 Statistics collected from dentists indicate that three times more men than women faint while visiting the dentist. This evidence suggests that men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done than women are. Thus, dentists who advertise to attract patients should target the male consumer and emphasize both the effectiveness of their anesthetic techniques and the sensitivity of their staff to nervous or suffering patients.
提纲：
第一，        作者结论说牙医打广告的时候应该以男人为目标，并且强调自身麻醉技术的高效以及员工对于病人紧张的关心。这一结论建立在几个前提和论据的基础上，并且那些前提和论据是得不到切实保证成立的。
第二，        首先，第一个前提说由于看牙医男人晕的比女人多三倍，所以更多的男人对于看牙医是感到不安的——然而这一论断是缺乏根据的。因为有可能有更多的女人对于看牙医感到不安，不安的表现不仅仅是面对牙医时候的晕，还有其他的表现——比如说有可能很多女人因为对于看牙医感到不安所以根本就不去看牙医。所以作者的这个论据是不成立的，就更别提整个文章的结论了。
第三，        其次，即使第一个前提是成立的，论者的结论还是不能够成立。因为文章只是说明了统计数据表明看牙医的时候男人晕的是女人的三倍，但是文章并没有说明男人和女人晕的数据到底是多少，有可能两个数据都比较小，导致即使是三倍也不能说明什么问题；另外文章也没有说明去看牙医的男人和女人的总基数各自是多少，有可能男人的人数远远大于女人呢——那么即使是三倍也还是不能反映出人和问题的。
第四，        最后，即使上述两点都成立，结论还是不能得到保证成立。因为文章没有排除其他一些可能导致看牙医的时候男人晕的是女人的三倍的情况。比如说有可能调查数据取的样本不合理——只是局限在一个地方的调查数据——而恰恰这一地方的男人比女人更容易患牙病，所以也就出现了男人晕的比女人多的现象了。没有排除这些可能的原因，论者不能让我们信服他的结论。
第五，        总结一下，论者把自己的结论建立在一系列不能得到保证前提假设和论据上——最终导致结论站不住脚。如果论者想让自己的结论更合理可信，那么他应该继续提供一些数据和信息——比如说调查结果的可靠性、患牙病的人的总数以及男女的比例等等——来进一步阐明自己的结论。只有那样才能让文章的逻辑性更强，使得文章更可信。

Argument131 the following appeared in an environmental newsletter published in Tria Island.
'The marine sanctuary on Tria Island was established to protect certain marine mammals. Its regulations ban dumping and offshore oil drilling within 20 miles of Tria, but fishing is not banned. Currently many fish populations in Tria's waters are declining, a situation blamed on pollution. In contrast, the marine sanctuary on Omni Island has regulations that ban dumping, offshore oil drilling, and fishing within 10 miles of Omni and Omni reports no significant decline in its fish populations. Clearly, the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters is the result of overfishing, not pollution. Therefore, the best way to restore Tria's fish populations and to protect all of Tria's marine wildlife is to abandon our regulations and adopt those of Omni.'
提纲：
第一，        作者结论是恢复T岛鱼群数量并且保护T岛海洋生物的最好办法是全面采用O岛的办法。这一结论建立在几个不能得到保证成立的前提论据的基础上，因此论者结论是值得商榷的。下面来一一指出前提和论据中的逻辑错误。
第二，        首先，作者把O岛和T岛放在一起类比可能就是错误的。因为文章中只是说T岛的措施的目的是保护某些海洋哺乳动物，但是文中并没有说O岛的措施也是保护海洋动物。有可能O岛的措施是为了建立海底公园用于观光旅游或者其他可能的目的。作者没有说清楚这一点就不能把两者进行类比，就更不必说结论是不是成立的了。
第三，        其次，即使两个岛的目的是一样的——都是为了保护海洋动物，论者的结论还是不能够成立。因为结论的另一个前提是T岛鱼群数量下降肯定不是污染的原因——而这个前提是不一定成立的。因为作者没有提供任何论据来说明T岛附近的水质没有下降，这样我们就不能排除污染不存在，所以论者忽视了这个关键因素导致逻辑错误，就更别提结论成立与否了。
第四，        第三，即使污染确实不存在，论者的结论还是不能得到保证。因为作者认为鱼群数量下降肯定是因为过度捕捞的缘故——但是这个是没有论据能够证明的。文章中只是说T岛没有禁止捕鱼——这只是给过度捕捞提供了可能性——并不能证明过度捕捞的存在。因为文章中没有任何论据显示捕鱼量上升和渔民数量等相关信息——所以结论不能得到保证成立。
第五，        最后，即使上述前提都没有问题，论者的结论还是不能成立。因为没有充分的证据能够保证采用O岛的办法就能够实现T岛的目标。T岛不禁渔可能是因为T岛没有多少渔民，或者T岛的渔民都在远海捕鱼作业；O岛禁止捕鱼可能是因为O岛有大量的渔民，并且O岛附近就是大渔场。文章中没有任何相关信息能够显示两个岛的这些不同不存在——所以结论得不到保证。另外，有可能O岛附近10英里内有鱼而T岛附近10英里内根本没有鱼，因此盲目的全部采用O岛的办法有可能会显得很荒谬，所以论者的结论就站不住脚了。
第六，        总结，论者的结论建立在一系列不能得到切实保证的前提假设和论据的基础上，而这些前提和论据是不一定成立的——正如上面所说。为了更好的阐释结论，论者还应该提供其他相关的信息——比如O岛所采取的措施的目的、T岛附近水质是否下降、T岛捕鱼量是否上升等等。只有那样，论者才能更好的使我们相信他的结论是对的。

Argument174 the following recommendation was made by the president and administrative staff of Grove College, a private institution, to the college's governing committee.
'We recommend that Grove College preserve its century-old tradition of all-female education rather than admit men into its programs. It is true that a majority of faculty members voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more students to apply to Grove. But eighty percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by the student government wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumni who answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation. Keeping the college all-female, therefore, will improve morale among students and convince alumni to keep supporting the college financially.'
提纲：
第一，        论者结论是应该继续维持全部是女学生，这样对提高学生的士气以及继续得到校友的财政支持都有好处。作者为了论证这个结论引用了两个调查结果，但是这两个调查都是有问题的——不能支持结论成立。
第二，        首先看第一个调查：80%的回应调查的学生认为学校应该维持全部是女学生的状况——这个结果不能说明什么问题。因为80%只是对调查做出回应的学生的80%，而不是全部学生的80%，所以有可能回应调查的学生很少——比如说只占全部学生的1%，那么即使是80%也不能说明大多数学生都赞成维持传统，就更别提什么能够有效支持结论了。
第三，        其次，即使上述的80%是指全部学生——能够支持结论，结论仍然不一定成立。因为作者还说超过半数的回应另一个调查的校友也反对打破传统——这个论据也是有严重问题的。因为超过半数的仅仅是回应调查的校友，而不是全部校友，所以说有可能回应调查的校友很少——比如说只占全部校友的1%，那么这个超过半数就不能说明大多数校友都赞成维持传统了，更别谈支持论者最后结论了。
第四，        第三，即使引用的两个调查都是可信的，论者的最后结论还是可疑的。因为论者的最后结论——如果维持传统那么就会提高学生的士气并且使得校友继续在财政上支持母校——是没有论据能够保证的。既没有证据能够显示作者的一个假设——以前学生士气相对低落——可靠，也没有论据说明另一个假设——以前校友给予过财政支持——是成立的，因此不能保证结论是正确的。
第五，        最后一点，论者没有考虑到维持传统带来的负面效应。由于大部分学校职员都赞成联合教育，所以如果维持传统，那么有可能有部分员工教学积极性下降，甚至有员工去别的学校教学；另外，维持传统也会使得学校招生出现问题——没有那么多的女生愿意报考这所学校。所有这些都是维持传统可能带来的负面影响——学校决策者在决策的时候应该考虑到这些。
第六，        总结一下，论者的结论以两个不可靠的调查以及一些不能被证明的假设为基础——这些都使得结论变弱很多。如果想更好的证明自己的结论，论者还应该提供其他相关信息——比如两个调查的可信度、学生以前的士气如何、校友以前的财政支持力度、每年的招生情况等等。只有这样，论者的更有逻辑性的结论才能更好的被读者接受。

[ 本帖最后由 baihe1988 于 2006-7-19 22:20 编辑 ]

victorduguUID: 2176422

第五次作业

issue151:
151. "High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."
  
高速电子通讯媒体，例如电子邮件和电视，在逐渐地抑制有意义的和有思想性的交流。

1) 技术的发展导致了高速电子通讯媒体的出现。给我们提供最快捷的交流方式，给生活带来了方便，促进了文化的交流。
//如elctronic mail

2) 但是high-speed stands for the increasinly fast pace of life。
//在工作中效率，面对着那么多的信息。

3) 在电视面前，we become the passive receivers of knowledge or information from the televison。
//由于大多数电视节目是superficial in order to cater to the majority of the audience.

issue218
218. "In order for any work of art--whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song--to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."
  
任何的艺术作品为了有价值，例如电影、文学、雕塑或者歌曲，都必须让大多数人易于理解。

不同意
1) 真正的艺术本身就是一种抽象的创造，因此本身就很难理解。
//经常使用symbol,implication,eccentric style to express。没有受过专业训练的人是很难理解的。
//如sculpture，如果没有受过专业的训练，那么是不能从three dimensions来看的。
//Piccaso的作品Guernica， after the bombard of the spanish town of Guernica by Nazi warplance. Use black and white. introduce the bullfight as the theme。

2) 各人的文化背景不同，信仰不同，也造成了他们不们理解所有的艺术作品。
//如宗教方面的作品
//one of michelangelo memorable work is Pieta. The pieta theme shows Christ in his mother's lap, just after he is taken from the cross.

3) 艺术的价值不在于是否被大多数人所理解，而在于它本身所蕴含的意义。
//很多被大多数人理解的东西并不能称为艺术，如好莱坞的娱乐片。
//如现在pop music。


argument200
200.Statistics collected from dentists indicate that three times more men than women faint while visiting the dentist. This evidence suggests that men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done than women are. Thus, dentists who advertise to attract patients should target the male consumer and emphasize both the effectiveness of their anesthetic techniques and the sensitivity of their staff to nervous or suffering patients.

1) 没有足够的证据表表明men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done. 因为很有可能出现这样的情况，那些担心dental work的女患者根本就不去牙医那里去看病，这使得statistic can not be representative.

2) 文中没有明显提到男患者比女患者多，因此the advertisement targets at male consumer是不恰当的。

3) 即使男患者比女患者多而使得向男患者做广告是appropriate, 也没有证据表明anesthetic techniques会引起男患者的注意，因为引起他们distress的原因很可能是心理上的。而且也没有证据表明sensitivity of their staff会让患者减少faint的可能性。


argument131
131.The following appeared in an environmental newsletter published in Tria Island.



"The marine sanctuary on Tria Island was established to protect certain marine mammals. Its regulations ban dumping and offshore oil drilling within 20 miles of Tria, but fishing is not banned. Currently many fish populations in Tria's waters are declining, a situation blamed on pollution. In contrast, the marine sanctuary on Omni Island has regulations that ban dumping, offshore oil drilling, and fishing within 10 miles of Omni and Omni reports no significant decline in its fish populations. Clearly, the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters is the result of overfishing, not pollution. Therefore, the best way to restore Tria's fish populations and to protect all of Tria's marine wildlife is to abandon our regulations and adopt those of Omni."

1) 首先没有充分的证据证明T地鱼的下降是由overfishing造成的。因为作者并未提供足够的证据表明最近渔民的活动增加，并且捕鱼量是否上升。
2) 也没有充分的证据表明T的鱼的下降不是由pollution造成的。因为作者并未提供相应的水质调查报告，同时也未保证所规定的dumping是否真的得到了实施。
3) 即使T地鱼的下降是由overfishing造成的，也没有证据表明放弃原来的regulation而完全采用Omni是合理的。因为既然是overfishing下降的，那么禁止overfishing就行了。或者减少fishing就可以了，这样不会完全make it impossible for the fishman to make a living. 另外，如果像Omni那样完成forbid drilling的话，那么可能引起那些oil company的强烈反对，并且这也不是导致the decline of the fish population的原因。而很有可能那些oil company还provide financial support to preserve the fish。如果是这样的话，那么实行这样的政策会导致这些资助的失去。


argument174
174.The following recommendation was made by the president and administrative staff of Grove College, a private institution, to the college's governing committee.

"We recommend that Grove College preserve its century-old tradition of all-female education rather than admit men into its programs. It is true that a majority of faculty members voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more students to apply to Grove. But eighty percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by the student government wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumni who answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation. Keeping the college all-female, therefore, will improve morale among students and convince alumni to keep supporting the college financially."

1. 所做的调查是片面的，因为它只包括了当前的students,而这些students都是女生。因此不能代表改革后的情况，有可能改革后由于有了更全面的调查，因而结果才有可能更加公正。并且对于那些respondent是说都说了真话，因为有可能由于害羞而没有表达真实的想法。也有可能她们已经习惯了这样的生活，所以才这样，可也不代表propective students也会这样去想。作者，也未考虑家长的想法，事实上在报考学校时家长也扮演着重要的角色。

2. 关于alumni的调查也有可能是不准确的，因为这么多年，毕业的校友太多，而所做的调查必然有限。即使校友们真的存在着这样的想法，那也很可能是因为出于原来的感情，而不是真的觉得coeducation will violate the order of the college.

3. 没有充分的证据表明keep the college all-fefamle, 会增加士气。而且很有可能由于大势所趋，学生们不再愿意报考这样的学校。同时，也没有证据表明校友们会因为这样而keep supporting. 也没有证据表明不这样校友们就会abandon supporting. 作者没有作这方面的调查。

第六次作业
25. "Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction--in other words, to make things as simple as possible."
  
任何人都可以把事情简单复杂化，但是需要真正努力和勇气的恰恰相反，也就是说应该把事情变得尽可能的简单。
1.To begin with, it is true that, just as the speaker has claimed, one needs both ceaseless efforts and trmendous courage to turn those complex and disordered facts into simpler and manefect rules.
2.Secondly, at the same time, nor is making things larger and more complicated an easy work with the premise that the enlarged things do make sense.
3.Finally, when it comes to our daily lives, we can make advantage of both the philosophies by making complex things simpler and  constructing complicated things with basic and simple elements at the right time.

63. "To truly understand your own culture--no matter how you define it--requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."
  
为了真正理解你自己的文化----无论你如何地定义它----都至少需要了解另外一种文化，并且该文化与你自己的文化是截然不同的。

1) 我们长期生活一个文化中，许多东西take for granted。

2) 通过对其他文化的了解，我们可以重新审视我们的文化，了解自己的文化。

3) 可以取长补短，学习其他文化中的先进的东西，而保留优秀的tradition.

137.The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.

"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River."

1)        没有充分的证据证明residents是因为the quality of the water才不去那儿进行recreational activity。也没有证据表明干净了他们就会去。
2)        没有证据证明the plan will work。
3)        没有证据表明需要increase its budgedt。

143.The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper.

"Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in the United States is misleading. The article gives the mistaken impression that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this impression is contradicted by a recent report on the United States economy, which found that since 1992 far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated. The report also demonstrates that many of those who lost their jobs have found new employment. Two-thirds of the newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time."Downsizing is the process in which corporations deliberately reduce the number of their employees.

1)        far more jobs。但是有可能workers更多，供大于求，仍然使他们的处境艰难。
2)        many of those。太模糊了。也就是还有很多人找不到工作。
3)        不能证明新的jobs比原先的工作好。因为那些newly created jobs不一定是由这些人占据的。

170.For the past five years, consumers in California have been willing to pay twice as much for oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast as for Gulf Coast oysters. This trend began shortly after harmful bacteria were found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. But scientists have now devised a process for killing the bacteria. Once consumers are made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they are likely to be willing to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, and greater profits for Gulf Coast oyster producers will follow.

1.To begin with, the author falsely depends on the gratuitous assumption that the lower price the customers are willing to pay for Gulf Coast oysters can be attributable to the fact that harmful bacteria were found in several Gulf Coast oysters.
2.Secondly, even assuming that customers' caution about the harmful bacteria in Gulf Coast oysters is the leading factor of the lower price, there is not sufficient evidence to support that after they are aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they would like to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters.
3.Finally, even though the customers are willing to pay the same price for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, the author assumes without warrant that Gulf Coast oyster producers will make greater profits.

第七次作业
TOPIC: ARGUMENT140 - The following appeared in a report of the Committee on Faculty Promotions and Salaries at Elm City University.

"During her seventeen years as a professor of botany, Professor Thomas has proved herself to be well worth her annual salary of $50,000. Her classes are among the largest at the university, demonstrating her popularity among students. Moreover, the money she has brought to the university in research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years. Therefore, in consideration of Professor Thomas' demonstrated teaching and research abilities, we recommend that she receive a $10,000 raise and a promotion to Department Chairperson; without such a raise and promotion, we fear that Professor Thomas will leave Elm City University for another college."

1.To begin with, the author falsely assumes that Professor Thomas is popular among the students. Yet the fact that her classes are among the largest at the university cannot lend strong support to his assumption.
2.Secondly, the author based his assumption on the fact that she has brought money to the university for research and the number has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years.
3.Finally, the recommendation that Professor Thomas should receive a $10,000 raise and a promotion to Department Chairperson is unreasonable.

65.The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States.

"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."

1)        只说了newest store were all domestic cheese。而且只是from Wisconsin. 因而不能去持domestic cheeses are more popular.
2)        所用的survey也不可信。杂志权威吗，杂志的读者能代表cheeses consumer吗，不能。
3)        这样做能make profits吗，成本问题。其他的卖得不那么好，但是利润空间大呀。

[ 本帖最后由 victordugu 于 2006-8-3 00:42 编辑 ]

renliyunUID: 2209571

第五次作业
issue 151（传媒类）；"High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."
(1)        高速的电子通讯媒介缩短了人们之间的空间距离。使得人与人之间的交流更加密切而不受时间和空间的限制。（people can communicate with others dispite the confine of time and space,we can talk although we are in different places even different country,we can change our mind no matter how busy we are）
(2)        高速的电子通讯媒介使人们能够更多更有意义的信息，可以在极大程度上提高人们的思维能力和判断力从而促进有益的交流和沟通。(With the help of the high-speed electronic communication can provide people with a great amount of information and news to help people get to knoe more about the world and to propel their communication with others more meaningful and thoughtful)
(3)        高速的电子通讯媒介可以使人们有机会与更多的交流和沟通从而使沟通变的更有意义(many friends even never know how they look like eavh other but the electronic communication grant them myriad chances to communicate with each other,thus people could get more communication and their horizon will become widen )



issue 218（艺术类）；艺术作品要有价值，无论是电影、文学、雕塑还是歌曲，都必须让大多数人能够理解。
（1）        艺术作为表达人们思想情感的代表应该让更多人理解
（2）        但并不是所有的艺术都必须人大多数人理解，因为人们的对艺术价值的理解是不同的。(to understand the works of Picasso by the majority of people might be difficult owning to the different education background of people ,But  how can you assert that his work is something that lack the value of art
（3）        也并不是所有的人都能够理解艺术的价值，因为艺术是具有创造性的，有时候是超出人们所能理解的范围的。(the noble painting of Van Gogh :sunflower seems to be too commen to possess any art value in the eyes of some people ,however it is distinctive and the reflection of the emotion of artists )第五次作业第五次作业

renliyunUID: 2209571

第五次作业

argument 200：
（1）        牙医所提供的数据不一定具有完全性和普遍性
（2）        在接受治疗时昏倒并不一定是由于痛楚导致的，其他因素也可能导致昏厥，比如，个人对牙病的敏感
（3）        在男性对疼痛的敏感和广告定位于男性患者之间没有明确的关系。




argument131：。
（1）        tria岛鱼类数量下降的原因很有可能是多种因素综合作用的结果，并不单纯是过度扑捞的原因
（2）        tria岛和omni岛情况可能有很多不同而不具有可比性
（3）        采用omni岛的措施并不能保证trai岛鱼类减少的状况



argument 174：
（1）        由学生会所组织的调查不一定具有说服力，也并不能代表真实的情况
（2）        单独的调查并不具有普遍性也不能说明大多数校友希望学校成
（3）        并没有明确的证据证明男女混校会使学生的品行下降或是失去校友的资助