8月考的GRE，一直都还没感谢老师！博客的文章&大家的分享都让我获益良多。但最后准备时间还是太短，issue和argument各练了一篇就上战场了。。。。issue多练还是很重要的，因为多练才能打开思路啊！最后我issue想太久才下笔，最后一句都没写完时间就结束了。还好argument很好准备，因为argument那些逻辑漏洞的套路实在不多。看了老师的博客，自己再多想想就差不多了。结果作文得到5.0。如果issue能多练练效果肯定更好。
不过我的例子可参考性也不高，我从中学开始就是全英语学习的环境，大学也是，所以英文写作的机会还是比较多的。所以对我来说，博客里面的写作思路是非常有用和珍贵的资源。谢谢老师无私分享！
{:t_0003:}出了PDF版~感谢老师的分享还有版友的整理！
提纲第14次训练
Argument 31
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of Parson City's local newspaper.
In our region of Trillura, the majority of money spent on the schools that most students attend - the city-run public schools - comes from taxes that each city government collects.
The region's cities differ, however, in the budgetary priority they give to public education.
For example, both as a proportion of its overall tax revenues and in absolute terms, Parson City has recently spent almost twice as much per year as Blue City has for its public schools - even though both cities have about the same number of residents.
Clearly, Parson City residents place a higher value on providing a good education in public schools than Blue City residents do.
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
本次训练目的：
根据范文写提纲和例子
指引分类：
还需要什么evidence
这个evidence如何加强或减弱argument
题目Premise
/Parson City, spent twice as much per year as Blue City
/Both cities have about the same number of residents
题目argument
/Parson City residents place a higher value on providing a good education in public schools than Blue City residents do.
PF_TS提纲
Pt1=Information about the spending records in the past 10 years
Pt2=Information about spending per student and spending per teacher
PT3=To what extent the quality of education depends on the amount of money
PT4=To what extent the residents could influence how money is spent
PM_提纲pt1 =Information about the spending records in the past 10 years
- Maybe Parson spend much less in the past but increased its spending only more recently
- The money spent by Parson was for infrastructure that would not be recurrent (the expense will decrease once the projects are completed)
PM_提纲PT2=Information about spending per student and spending per teacher
-maybe the demographic structure of the two cities are different
-Blue may spend more money per student
PM_提纲PT3=To what extent the quality of education depends on the amount of money
- Maybe Blue’s funding is sufficient; extra money many not be helpful
- Other factors may be more relevant; parents’ participation in PTA; Libraries and other facilities for students
PM_提纲PT4=To what extent the residents could influence how much money is spent.
- Maybe the residents are not heavily involved in negotiating the budgets.
本帖最后由 ananan1523 于 2015-12-22 11:08 编辑
提纲第15次训练
Issue 38、
It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
本次训练目的：
根据范文改写提纲和例子
题目分类：
是否同意命题及不同情况下是否正确
PF_ paraphrase the issues
/For all human beings, identity is a complex and perplexing issue. Some argues that, to answer the question “Who am I”, we have to identify with different social groups.
PF_TS and opinion
/While I agree that we need to participate in different social communities in order to construct our identities, interacting with our parents, partners and children in private relationships is also an essential aspect of our identities.
PF_回应写作指导
/social communities------our parents, partners and children
立论办法
按不同元素
TS
pt1=social communities, such as nationality or citizenship
pt2=institutional level
pt3=extensive experiences
PM1_pt1== social communities, such as nationality or citizenship
TS/One important identity marker is our nationality or citizenship.
Example and explain_1/ALthough, born, participate in, express identities----One obvious thing, national language shared----Through speaking, fluently, competently, identify, with all the other fellow citizens
Example and explain_2/In addition, support the constitution, democratic process, electing the president and the congressmen-----Such political acts, engaged, define us as a member of the nation.
PM_pt2 = institutional level
TS/At institutional level, we also define ourselves through getting involved in activities as part of different communities.
Example and explain_1/ As university students, for example, take courses at university level, complete assignments, university professors-----The educational experiences at college, skills, opportunities to learn---e.g, conducting original researchers based on library materials and field works
Example and explain_2/ Furthermore, specialize in specific disciplines----e.g. economics or electrical engineering
Conclusion/ The methodologies and theories unique to a particular discipline also enable us to look at the world from a particular perspective and our training in our major fields defines who we are as a researcher.
PM3_=family members回应写作指导
TS/ Nevertheless, our identities are more complex than our memberships of different social groups. We also define ourselves through intimate ad private relationships with our family members.
Example and explain/When interacting with our parents, our partners and our children, rules, prescribed by any social groups---and, perform in a way, meet the expectation---In the private domains of family, more space, express ourselves liberally, stigmatized---good time, good food, and emotional joy and pain, define, private individuals
Conclusion/ It is fortunate that despite the different roles we have to play in society, we can still enjoy and celebrate our true selves with our family members who are willing to accept who we are regardless of any social rules.
CONCLUSION
Pt1+pt2+pt3/Overall speaking, it is reasonable to claim that we define ourselves primarily through participating in different communities or social groups while playing different roles following the prescribed rules.
写作指引/Nevertheless, we still have the opportunities to define ourselves through building satisfying relationships with our family members for whom we may enjoy the freedom to be whoever we want to be.
ananan1523 发表于 2015-12-22 11:03 static/image/common/back.gif
提纲第14次训练
Argument 31
argument的写作 我建议你看看我最新的Toulmin模型相关视频讲解
本帖最后由 ananan1523 于 2015-12-22 11:10 编辑
提纲第16次训练
Argument 54
54) Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000 years ago, and within 3,000 years most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands had become extinct. Yet humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions, because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals. Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals. Therefore, some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions.
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
本次训练目的：
根据范文写提纲和例子
指引分类：
检视argument的assumption
解释argument是如何建立在assumption上面
如果assumption不对，那么implication是什么
题目Premise
/there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals.
/Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals.
题目argument
/Some climate change or other environment factor must have caused the species’ extinctions.
PF_Paraphrase
The author argues that climate changes and environment factors instead of human activities are responsible for the extinctions of the large mammals.
PF_TS
A number of assumptions have been mad about the absence of evidence of contact between human and large mammals, the sites where fish bones were discarded and the climate changes. We need to examine these assumptions carefully to decide if the argument is reasonable.
Pt1=contact between human and large mammals
Pt2=the sites where fish bones were discarded
PT3=Climate changes
PM_提纲pt1 = contact between human and large mammals
TS/ To begin with, it is assumed that the absence of evidence for human-mammal contact means that there is no such contact.
Ex/Since the possible contact, 7000 years ago to 4000 years ago, disappeared, over the long period of time
----For example, set up traps, geological movements and climate changes, find such traps
----Some ancient humans, killed, keep written records, stories could not be passed to the present generations
Co/In other words, we cannot assume there is no contact between humans and mammals simply because there is no evidence found yet.
PM_提纲PT2= the sites where fish bones were discarded
TS/The lack of bones of mammals in the site where fish bones were discarded could be interpreted in different ways.
EX/ It cannot be assumed without further evidence, discard-----Maybe, make tools, out of the bones----Or, in certain religious ceremonies
Co/ And after being used as tools or for religious purposes, the bones could have been discarded in other places or buried somewhere that archaeologists nowadays had not yet discovered.
PM_提纲PT3= Climate changes
TS/ Another assumption being made here is that climate changes and other changes in environmental factors that may cause the extinctions are not related to human activities.
Ex/ Maybe, human settlement, main cause ,dramatic changes, habitat and ecosystem, lead to extinctions of the large mammals---If human activities, the arrival of humans, significant factor---even there was not contact between humans and large mammals
PF_Conclusion
In conclusion, a number of assumptions have been made in the argument. We need more evidence to examine the assumption. If these assumption do not hold true, the argument would not stand.
tesolchina 发表于 2015-12-22 11:08 static/image/common/back.gif
argument的写作 我建议你看看我最新的Toulmin模型相关视频讲解
谢谢王老师，马上就去看
teppeice 发表于 2015-12-21 15:58 static/image/common/back.gif
8月考的GRE，一直都还没感谢老师！博客的文章&大家的分享都让我获益良多。但最后准备时间还是太短，issue和 ...
恭喜！你本身基础很好。
tesolchina 发表于 2014-10-31 11:00 static/image/common/back.gif
argument 87
In a study of the reading habits of Waymarsh citizens conducted by the University ...
学习了！比北美范文好模仿多了
很厉害！！
Simon老师，现在是不是没有点评了?
震撼！努力学习中
zhaoshuaijie 发表于 2015-12-29 21:37 static/image/common/back.gif
Simon老师，现在是不是没有点评了?
暂时没有
我一直很疑惑，gre作文可不可以写让步段，就是最后一段也讲一下对立面的好处？
40. Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students.
Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.From my perspective, the educators should make the decision from their own judgments when planning the courses.
Firstly, the students’ interests and suggestions may diverge greatly, thus the school cannot meet everyone’s requirements.
Secondly, certain courses in which the students are not interested may lead them to the new world and strengthen their various abilities.
Finally, but I am not denying the importance of taking into account students’ interests and suggestions. The educators can make the decision based on their ideas.