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本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-9 22:23 编辑
第一次作业
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲(7)段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
讲了topic sentence 和signpost作用和使用方法
Topic sentence 作用:
1, 介绍段落主旨
2,阐述了各段落和文章中心的关系,以及它对文章中心重要的原因
形式及使用:
1,位置不固定,有在段落首部,有在中间,根据实际需要来定;
2,长度多位2-3句话;
3,形式多为:complex sentences, questions, bridge sentences, pivots
Signpost作用:
主要是承接转和的作用,衔接上一部分内容,为介绍文章的下面内容起到一个连接作用。同时体现了文章整体的一个逻辑顺序。
位置不固定,有在段落首部,有在中间,根据实际需要来定;
形式以后多读一些后再总结。
topic sentence 和signpost 平时的写作自己没有注意过,所以写的文章自己检查一些,有些事没有清晰地topic sentence的,实际上这是比较严重的问题。
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲(8)-(11)
(8)段落逻辑顺序问题
关于段落顺序,文章帮忙总结的很好了,我自己的总结都不知道该说点啥了。
这个自己平时写作也是没有注意的问题,对待issue的逻辑顺序一般是,一个开头,一个结尾,中间三段平行论据和论证。
对于权重排序这样的逻辑顺序,个人觉得更好些,尤其是考试的时候比较容易让人读懂,尤其是4,3,1,2,5这种,中间作为衔接过渡,两边重点讨论,这样可以最大化吸引读者注意。
此外是如果是讨论两个A,B对立观点,做Issue时,我可能会逐条讨论,比如关于一个问题,A同意,B不同意,为什么以及合理性,讨论完以后再讨论下一个。
另外逻辑顺序来讨论也比较不错。不过以我目前的水平很容把人写糊涂,主要是语言的问题。感觉语言达到一定层次用这个应该好些。
(9)段落内部的关系
收获:
1,段落作用:通过合理的逻辑顺序告诉读者一个和thesis相关的独立观点,其中不要有无关的细节。
2, “段落的结构和整体文章的结构是一致的,段落组织联系的关系就和文章是一样的”:这个要求感觉不太理解,这里段落结构式只段间结构还是段内结构?
3,段落组成结构:the topic sentence, supporting evidence/analysis(必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡,这句话抽象了点,怎么才算平衡?), The conclusion(observation)
4,段落内容基本原则:Orient your reader to the subject, Tie your ideas together, Take it easy through technically dense passages(???), Arrange your ideas in a logical sequence
实现方法:Use orienting words and phrases, let the new amplify the old(我怎么感觉应该是the old amplify the new), add explanatory words and phrases.
5,段内句子连接:use connective words or phrases, try to have a word or phrase somewhere in each sentence that refers to something in a previous sentence, use intensives.
这些连接词,我的问题主要是用的不恰当,而且有时候用的太多。
练习:
Here is an exercise to give you practice linking your ideas together. Add connectives, intensives (from the lists above, or make up your own) and repeated words to the following sentences to make a coherent paragraph:
• Global Airlines carried three-million passengers last year.
• They expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada.
• The new DC-12 aircraft proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's.
• Older, unprofitable routes were dropped.
• Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing.
• Only one-million passengers flew Global two years ago.
• Their record has been accident-free since 1950.
• Global planes have averaged 80-percent full last year.
• Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.
改写后:
Global Airlines carried three-million passengers and its profits were up 60 percent in last year, in spite of increased fuel costs and it only has one million passengers two years ago. The increasing profits and the number of passengers is due to the company’s serious managements and brilliant competition strategies. As a result of effective managements, such as automatic ticketing and review policy of checking airplane, most of flights are on-time except for weather causes, while their record has been accident-free since 1950. Thus, more passengers were attracted by its secure and efficiency. Until last year, Global planes have averaged 80-percent full. Besides, Global Airlines expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada, cut down older, unprofitable routes, and get rid of the older 737 with the new DC-12 aircraft which proved more fuel-efficient than 737. In this way, the airlines raise the passengers number and save costs. There, by its managements and competition strategy, the airlines accomplished its bonus.
(10)如何有效论证?
这块也是自己的弱点,以前都是稀里糊涂的写了。文章这几条写的比较凝练,直接列出来了。另外最后的几个问题修改作文的时候,可以对比一下。
1,Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.——单刀直入
2,Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position——欲擒故纵
3,Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition——坐山观虎斗
4,Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. ——狐假虎威
另外需要注意如何使论据和论证流畅的结合在一起:
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim
(11)怎么写结论段?
对conclusion的要求:
1,stress the importance of the thesis statement, (可以通过讽刺,幽默相反观点等方式)
2,give the essay a sense of completeness
3,leave a final impression on the reader.(这个有点难办)
结尾的建议:这几点没有例子比较抽象,有些感觉平时使用过,比如强调文章重要性,综合全面观点,升华文章观点,其中Create a new meaning和redirect 他和reader没使用过,以后练习的时候再慢慢体会。
结尾的策略:结合这部分看上面建议就具体很多。
Echoing the introduction (经常用)
Challenging the reader目的是redirect the readers
Looking to the future(经常用)
Posing questions听说过,没用过
应该避免的问题:文中说的这几条问题除了“不能情绪化和感情化”那条,其他自己几乎全犯过,大忌啊,以后要小心了。 |
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