1006G prettywraith备考日记——胜利在于坚持

prettywraithUID：197049

第三次作业（结束）

GRE评分标准：ISSUE
6分：6分的issue应该是令人信服的，对其复杂性有强有力的连接，而且把意思完全地表达出来。
在此类中，一篇文章必须：
•表达一个有深刻明确的观点
•运用清晰的推理和有说服力的例子来阐明你的观点立场
•用一个扣题紧和结构合理的分析来把观点有逻辑性的连接起来
•用有效的词汇和丰富的句式把观点流利的，准确的表达出来
•熟练运用英语书面语（语法，词汇运用等）但可以偶尔出现些小错误

5分标准
一篇5分文章表现一般思想，对issue复杂性的充分分析，并清楚表达其意思。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•表达一个仔细考虑过的立场。
•运用逻辑性的推理和恰当的例子来阐明观点立场
•扣题紧，结构合理，并把观点联系起来
•清楚表达观点，运用合适的词汇和丰富的句式。
•熟练运用英语书面语，但可以偶尔出现些小错误

4分标准
一篇4分文章是一篇充分分析的issue并且把意思表达充分
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•观点明确
•运用相关的理由和例子来阐明观点。
•有充分的扣题和组织
•合理清晰地表达观点
•熟练运用英语书面语，但可以出现些错误

3分标准：
一篇3分的文章是有一些对ISSUE合理的分析以及能够表达观点，但有明显的错误。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有一个或几个一下特征：
•模糊或有限的表达issue的观点
•没有很好地运用相关的推理和例子
•文章不扣主题且组织结构不好
•在语言运用和句子结构上有问题，导致表述不清
•在语法或词汇运用方面有大量明显的主要错误和常见的小错误影响其表达。

2分标准：
•一篇2分的issue在分析写作方面有严重的错误
•在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有一个或几个一下特征：
•观点不清楚或有严重限制
•提供极少的理由和例子
•没有扣题和组织结构
•在语言运用和句子结构上有严重问题，导致表述不清
•在语法或词汇运用方面有严重错误以至于无法理解其意思

1分标准：
一分作文是在分析性写作方面有根本性错误缺点
此类典型文章有一个或一个以上以下特征：
•仅提供少量或根本没有证据来了解和分析题目。
•仅提供少量或根本没有理由来发展一篇有组织结构的文章。
•在语言和句子结构上有很多错误，影响表达。
•在语法以及词汇运用方面的有很多错误，导致文章不连贯。

0分标准
远离话题，用外语书写，仅仅抄了题目，包括一些键盘乱敲，或模糊，或空白，或非语言。


GRE评分标准：ARGUMENT
6分标准：
6分文章应表现一个有力的，组织连贯的分析，并有技巧地表达其思想。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•作文逐一分析了argument的特点，并分析得有深度
•思路表达清晰，观点之间连接得当
•有效地支持批判的主要观点。
•熟练掌握英文，包括在词汇的挑选，句型的多样性
•熟练掌握英语书面语，（比如语法，词汇应用等），但可以偶尔出现小的错误

5分标准
一篇5分文章表现一般思想，对argument的批评充分，并清楚表达其意思
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•作文逐一分析了argument的特点，并在一个普遍的角度上来分析它们
•观点清晰，结构具有逻辑性，运用了合适的连接词
•支持批判的主要观点。
•熟练掌握英文，包括在词汇的挑选，句型的多样性
•熟练掌握英语书面语，但可以出现小的错误

4分标准
一篇4分的文章表达了对题目合理的批判以及充分表达其思想。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•作文逐一明确和分析argument的特点。
•发展和组织好结构，但没有用好连接词
•支持批判的主要观点
•用有效的语言来合理地表达观点
•熟练掌握英语书面语，但可以出现些错误

3分标准
一篇3分argument是表达合理的分析以及能够表达观点，但有明显的错误。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有一个或几个一下特征：
•不能明确或分析题目的大部分重要特征，尽管题目的一些还是分析出来了。
•大部分分析是离题的或不相关的，或者理由是极为匮乏的
•在逻辑表述和理由组织方面有局限性
•提供很少相关的或有价值的批判观点
•缺乏明确地表达思想。
•在语法或词汇运用方面有常见的小错误并影响其表达

2分标准
一篇2分的argument在分析性写作中有严重的错误缺点：
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有一个或几个一下特征：
•没有在逻辑分析的基础上陈述一个批判，但可能用作者自己的观点来表达
•不能阐明观点，或者没有组织性及逻辑性。
•只能提供少量的中肯或合理的支持。
•在语法运用及句子结构方面有严重的错误，影响其意思的表达。
•在语法或词汇运用方面有严重错误以至于无法理解其意思

1分标准
一分文章在分析和写作方面都有严重的错误。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有几个一下特征：
•仅提供少量或根本没有理由来了解或分析题目。
•仅提供少量或根本没有理由来发展和组织文章
•在语言运用和句子结构方面有些错误，影响其意思的表达
•在语法及词汇运用方面的有普遍的错误，导致文章不连贯

0分标准
远离话题，用外语书写，仅仅抄了题目，包括一些键盘乱敲，或模糊，或空白，或非语言。
成绩分类描述
虽然GRE分析性写作包括两个独立的写作任务，但是它是一个综合的分数，因为这样比单独任意取一篇的分数更合理些。这个报告的分数是一个平均分，分数档次为0至6，包含半分。
标准在下面解释，对每一个分数档次，总的分析性写作的分数是通过issue 和 argument一起来评的。因为这一考试叫“分析性写作”，批判性思考技巧（推理的能力，通过证据理由来发展支持观点，和沟通复杂的观点）比作者对语法和词汇运用更为重要。

6分到5.5分的标准
明确观点，有深度的分析复杂的观点；用逻辑性的理由和强有力的例子来支持主要的立场观点；扣题，组织结构好；运用多种句式和用准确的词来有效地表达其含义；熟练运用句子结构和语言，但有些小的错误，但不影响其理解。

5分到4.5分标准
提供一般性的思想来分析复杂的观点；用逻辑性的理由和强有力的例子来支持主要的立场观点；一般性的扣题和良好的文章结构；运用多种句式和词语来清晰地表达其含义；熟练运用句子结构和语言，但有些小的错误，但不影响其理解。

4分到3.5分的标准
表达对复杂思想的合理分析；用相关的理由和例子来支持主要的立场观点，是充分的有组织的文章；合理清晰地表达意思；运用句子结构和语言，但有些错误影响其理解。

3分到2.5分的标准
在分析性写作方面展示其合理分析的能力，尽管此篇文章至少会出现一个如下的错误：有限地分析和发展其文章；组织结构不清晰；对句式和语言方面运用不熟练，以及总是导致表述不清。

2分到1.5分的标准
  在分析性写作出现严重的问题。此写作出现至少如下一种错误：严重缺乏分析和阐述；缺少组织性的文章；在句式和语言方面出现严重的和经常性的错误，以至于影响其意思的表达。

1分到0.5分的标准
在分析性写作中表现出严重的不足。在写作中至少出现如下一种根本性错误：文中的内容是相反的或者大部分是不相干的；几乎或没有进行阐述；出现普遍的错误导致文章不连贯。

0分标准
考生的写作技巧不能被评估，因为该文章并没有涉及任务中的任何一部分，或者仅仅是尝试复述该题目，或者用外文写作，或者仅仅展示了无法阅读和理解的文字。

无成绩
考生没有写任何文字。

prettywraithUID：197049

第四次作业
（1）
限时argument206，
TOPIC: ARGUMENT206 - The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper.

"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."
WORDS: 384

TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-8-1 13:58:06

In this argument, the author concludes that Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine.文章原话最好改写 To support his conclusion, the author points out that over 80,000 of young players suffered injuries throughout the country last year. And he also cites that youth-league softball players reported pressure form应为from coaches and parents in several big cities and these sports take away time for academic activities. However, the argument suffers a few flaws. 这里用flaws这个词是不是太小了；该段应用原文的句子太多了

To begin with, the author falsely assumes that children under nine in Parkville suffer injuries just like those throughout the country.
First, the child in Parkville may have different interests in sports, such as basketball. Second, the author fails to provide the number of children who is under nine and suffered injuries throughout the country last year. Perhaps only a few children under nine suffered from injuries. Third, the author fails to prove that the children get injuries because of taking sports rather than other possibilities. All these scenarios, if true, will undermine the author's conclusion.用的有些词不太准确；第一个例子没有论证充分

In addition, the author unjustifiably claims that children in Parkvill receive pressure from coaches and parents. The study is interviewed in several big cities, we are not informed whether Parkville is a big city. Even assuming that it is a big city, the author still cannot apply the study to Parkville. There are maybe differences between Parkville and other cities. Perhaps Parkville has stricter regulations to coaches, or perhaps the competition in Parkville is not so serious.

Furthermore, it is unwarranted是否合适 to claim that these sports take away time from academic activities. First, we are not informed how many hours are used for sports and academic activities. Perhaps sports time is far less than the time for academic activities. Second, sports may help to do academic activities better. Without ruling out these possibilities, it is unwise to discontinue organized competition.第二个例子没有说充分

Last but not least, 这个词太敏感了the author suggests too hastily to discontinue all the competition. Even if some competition is dangerous, some others may be good for children. Common sense tells me that children need to take sports. The disadvantage of discontinue may outweigh the advantage.

To sum up, the author fails觉得文中总用fail这个词不是太准确，而且是否有重复过多的问题 to substantiate the conclusion that Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine. The author need further information and reliable study to make the conclusion convincing.

先声明一点，这篇文章比自己现在写的限时文章水平要好很多
优点：单词和句法错误较少；结构清晰；逻辑错误找的比较准确；字数也刚刚好
缺点：文中都标出来了，有些词中国学生用的太多，所以尽量少用；有些alternative explanation 说的不够充分，给人一种逻辑上有跳跃的感觉；有些词用的不太准确；另外第一段照搬原文的地方太多，最好改写一下。

（2）
限时argument131，
TOPIC: ARGUMENT131 - The following appeared in an environmental newsletter published in Tria Island.

"The marine sanctuary on Tria Island was established to protect certain marine mammals. Its regulations ban dumping and offshore oil drilling within 20 miles of Tria, but fishing is not banned. Currently many fish populations in Tria's waters are declining, a situation blamed on pollution. In contrast, the marine sanctuary on Omni Island has regulations that ban dumping, offshore oil drilling, and fishing within 10 miles of Omni and Omni reports no significant decline in its fish populations. Clearly, the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters is the result of overfishing, not pollution. Therefore, the best way to restore Tria's fish populations and to protect all of Tria's marine wildlife is to abandon our regulations and adopt those of Omni."
WORDS: 314
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-7-31 21:03:35

In this argument, the author concludes that the Tria Island should abandon its regulations and adopt Omni's in order to restore its fish populations and protect all of its marine wildlife. To support his conclusion, the author cites the example of Omni Island which has regulations that ban fishing. However, the argument suffers from a few flaws.

To begin with, the author assumes这里不是假设因该是总结吧 too hastily that the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters should blame on overfishing.
Firstly, there are many other nature factors which would influence the fish population, such as water temperature, spaning season, extreme weather phenomenon and so forth. Secondly,
the author fails to prove that the banned actions have not happened. 句子有错，愿意好像是想说是否怎么样If the water is polluted, the fish population will probably decrease.
Besides, the oil may also float from other place. All these sceranios 因该是scenario吧, if true, will undermine the author's conclusion that overfishing should be responsible for decline in fish populations.

In additon, even assuming that overfishing leads to the decline in fish populations, the author falsely concludes that Tria should follow the example of Omni. The author overlooks the differences between the two Islands. There might be disparity in Island weather, water quality, fish sorts and so on. These defferences will make Omni's regulations unsuccessful in Tria. What's more, the author doesn't prove that the fish caught in Tria is within 10 miles of Tria, which will undermine the conclusion.这句话没说完整

Further more, even assuming that the Omni's regulation will success in Tria, the argument still has some flaws. First, the Omni's regulations might not be the best one. There are may be better ones such as stricker ban on dumping. Second, the Omni's regulation cannot guarantee to protect all the marine wildlife.

To sum up, the author fails to substantiate his conclusion that Tria should adopt Omni's regulations. To support his conclusion, the author should provides more information.

才发现和第一篇是同一个人写的，难怪用词和结构很像，还以为遇到了传说中的模板。

1，        单词拼写错了6-7个明显增多
2，        有几个句子有语法问题，而且没写完整
3，        结论段只是呼应了开头，没有进一步升华，而且如果有一些反讽和幽默的句子会让结尾给你印象更深


（3）
Argument 35 首次限时
用时：35m； 字数：449
------------------
35. The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.


"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
------------------

正文

In this summary the author concludes that the number of headaches suffered by average citizen of Mentia will continue to decline. To justify this argument, the author show me some evidence that many foods are naturally rich in salicylates(S), which are similar to aspirin, a medicine used to treat headache. Moreover, the author cites a twenty – year study, amid which the average number of headaches is reported declining. However, close scrutiny of the argument reveals many logical and statistic problems that will without doubt render it unconvincing.

To begin with, the author’s argument relies on a hasty assumption that S is the very factor leading to the decline of the number of headaches. However, no certain proof has been shown to confirm this connection. There is a high possibility that it’s some other chemicals that added in foods curing the headaches, but not S. And it’s 不要用简写形式also possible that even though S is curing the headaches, the consequence is not apparent enough for a survey to check out.

Even if the connection between the use of S and decline of headache is confirmed, the author fails to show the details of the twenty-year study to prove it representative. First, the number of people who has taken the survey is not given. Perhaps the sample is too small to be considered valid. 主谓不一致the sample如果表一类东西的话谓语应该用复数Furthermore, the situation of these sample people is also unknown. It’s possible that the symptom of the headache of the people is not severe enough, and that it’s some other factors resulting in the recovery of their headache, even that it’s cure all by themselves.

Even if the two factors that will lead to the failure of the argument are both proved, the author still cannot prove that the trend of using S as preservative will continue. It’s totally possible that all the companies tend to give up using S as preservative for some reasons, like recent discovery or governmental restricts. Or perhaps, there will be some other chemicals found to be more efficient than S as preservative, which will without doubt result in the decline of using S.

In sum, the argument is unpersuasive as it stand in many facets. Firstly, to strengthen the argument, the author must show me more evidence to prove that it is the S which added as preservative that cure people’s headache, not other chemicals. Secondly, to convince me, the author also have to show more details about the twenty – year study to prove it representative. Finally, the author also have to give adequate evidence to show that the tendency of using S as preservatives will continue. Without ruling out all the other possibilities, the argument will never convince me.

写了400多字还说时间不够用，牛人啊！
1，        开头结尾段过长，
2，        局式单一，it is 这种句子用的太多
3，        我怎么感觉后面的论证和文章的问题不是太相关，



(4)
TOPIC: ARGUMENT203 - The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.

"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."
WORDS: 431
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-4-7 9:59:42

提纲：
1，在医院时间长短不能说明治疗质量
2，治愈比率同样不能说明治疗质量
3，医院有更多工作人员不一定能提供更好服务
4，投诉少不能说明服务好


There are several facets are questionable in this argument. At first, the stayed time is not a good indication about the quality of treatment. Secondly, the cure rate can not indicate about the quality about the hospital. Thirdly, more employees for per patient could not ensure a better treatment for the patient. Finally, few complaints were received about the service does not demonstrate all the other people are satisfied with the service. So, the assertion which the author concluded in the argument is unreliable.句子有些啰嗦，第二句可以直接用indicate就行；另外开头列出来的结构最好和后面讨论结构一致

To begin with, the author has tried to make us believe that the Saluda hospital (SH) could provide better quality treatment because the average length of a patient's stay and the cure rate there is shorter than Megaville Hospital (MH).Lacking information about what kind of illness the patient have got, the author can not confidently draw any conclusion about the quality about the two hospitals. Maybe the patients who visited to SH have some slight sickness, and people may choose the big hospital like MH to cure some serious disease like cancer, or AIDS, and that kinds of sicknesses are not easy,even possible to heal.这里想要说是不可能治愈吧。

Another question about the argument is that though there are more employees for per patient of SH than MH, the author can not make sure that every patient will be provided a better service. 句子有误，加个连词或者变成两个单句For the simple reason that we don't know the jobs of those employees, there may be some of them are bus drivers or cooks in cafeteria. They can do nothing to help patient restore. Granted that all the jobs the employees worked are helpful to the patients. We don't know whether they are loyal to their occupation. So the author generated the conclusion too hastily.

Finally, the data about complaints about service of SH could not ensure us SH provides better service. Because we don't know, how many patients have been the two hospitals respectively to cure some sicknesses, and what fraction of them has reported a complaint. May be the quantity of the complaints of SH is less than that of MH. But the fraction may be larger. Granted that both the quantity and fraction of the complaints received by SH is less. The author can not convince us that all the other people are satisfied with the service.还是wordy，句子精炼一些，或者补充一些推理的过程。

In conclusion, this argument can not be taken seriously as it stands. To strengthen it, the author should provide the detailed information about what kind of illness the patients have, what jobs do the employees worked for, and the exact proportion about the received complaints of all the patients.



（5）

TOPIC: ARGUMENT159 - The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.
WORDS: 431
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-3-17 下午 08:10:53

In this argument, the author recommends both using air conditioners and fans as an effective way of saving money on electricity. In order to justify it, the author cites a survey that different families being diverse in the way of cooling the house spend different money on electricity. However, close scrutiny of the statistic and the line of reasoning reveal that it is not convincing. 看到好多人用close scrutiny；

A threshold problem with the argument involves the statistical reliability of the survey. Lacking of assurance and information about the randomness and relative size of the survey' sample, the author cannot convince me the conclusion of the survey is reliable. As the author mentions, the nation of Claria covers a vast physical area, without enough large sample, so it is entirely possible that the survey is not representative of the real situation of Claria. Moreover different place will 应该去掉will have different temperature and the price of electricity, without comprehensive consideration these factors, I strongly doubt the reliability of the survey. 缺少连词或者修改标点符号The dubious survey undermines the follow conclusions which rely on it.

Secondly, the author asserts different way of cooling the house causes the decrease of electricity consuming just because they happen together. Obviously, the evidence for the casual relationship is too vague to believe. Furthermore, to satisfy the same requirement, common sense informs us air condition costs more electricity than fans. Thus, there must be other reasons causing the decrease of the electric consumption. The most reasonable one is that the expense for air condition is so money-consuming that the citizens would like to tolerate the hot weather rather than pay for it.最后这种解释仍无法说明为什么空调风扇一起用比单独用风扇或空调要省电，只是说有些可能为了节约费用忍受天热带来的不便而不去开空调。

Even though the author can substantiate foregoing assumption and assertion, I still cannot accept his/her recommendation because the author overlooks other factors contributes to the amounts of electricity. As we know, for a family, facilities of cooling the house take little part of electricity. Computer, lights, television, fridge and so forth cost more electricity. Thus it is possible that even though the method of saving electricity recommended by the author works, it makes little contribution to the total electricity consuming so that we cannot see the change on
spending money. Furthermore, if the electric consumptions of other factors increase, it will not save the money, strongly contradicting to the conclusion of the author. It指代不明，这句话需要修改

To sum up, the recommendation suffers from statistic and logic flaws causing that it is not warranted. In order to strengthen it, the author should provide the compelling evidence to prove the reliability of the survey and the casual relationship between the way of cooling their house and decrease of electric consumption. Additionally, the author should also provide appealing evidence to prove the total electric consumption will decrease.

除了前面提到几个问题，这篇文章整体上结构和逻辑都还是可以的。

prettywraithUID：197049

第四次作业

（6）
TOPIC: ARGUMENT163 - The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.
文章各方面写的都挺好的。有些句子自己以前没有见过，大致意思读懂了，但是水平不够不敢乱改啊。就是最后一段有一句“therefore specious at best是什么意思”？好像有问题


（7）

TOPIC: ARGUMENT137 - The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.
"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River."
WORDS: 416          TIME: 00:30:00          DATE: 2009/3/9 16:28:42
In this augument, the author drew the conclution about the increase 这里应该是减少而不是增多of recreational use of the Mason River, after his/her seemingly convincing procedure of reasoning, and suggested the City council to increase the budget for the improvement of lands along Mason River. As far as I see it, this argument omits some sunbstential information, and therefor suffers some logical fallacies.
To begin with, the author falsely established a causal relationship between the complaint about the quality of the water and the seldom using of the nearby River for recreational activity. Although the two things happened simultaneously, but there are pobably many other reasons for seldom using of the water, too. For example, in the city there is a swimming pool, which supplies a good service and has new infrastructure. So the residents prefer going there to siwmming in the river. Like swimming pool, other places, such as park and artifical lack, will attract people as well. Without providing us the information about other places in the city, the author's assumption is invalid.这里应该是想说没提供是否居民去泳池游泳和人工湖划船，而不是说提供其他地方的信息
In addition, can the annoucement about cleaning up Mason River by the agency make the use of river increased? Even assuming that the residents seldom use the River, because they worried the quality of the water, a promise about cleaning up cannot make the river really clean at a short time. The environmental restore will take a relative long time, as we know. Moreover, the author did not tell us the detail of the cleaning plan. When does begin it, and how does the agency put it into practice? So the author's conclution about a increase of use of the water lacks credibility.这段的论证逻辑不太连贯
Last but not least, the author's suggestion is also doubtful. Even if the river can be cleaned up, it is not clear that why the council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the lands along the Mason River? Can this plan represent the residents' real will? It is entirely possible that a majority of residents want to keep these lands wild as before, so that they can get a real relax in the nature. The author did not show the oppinion of the residents, therefore the final suggestion may be not proper.句子使用不符合规范
To sum up, in this argument, the evidence is not enough to support waht the author maintained. To strenghten, more information, 为增加更多信息？such as a introduce of the city, a detailed plan about cleaning up the river and a poll about the improvement of lands, are necessary

1错字较多

2其他见文中标记


（8）

TOPIC: ARGUMENT71 - Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly. WORDS: 475          TIME: 00:30:00          DATE: 2009/3/6 17:32:50 Comparing the new technologies with the traditional ones, “the traditional ones 可以这么用么？the这里用的好像不太对”and then based upon the superiority in electricity reducing of the former, the author thus predicted an optimistic perspective of the new copper-extracting skills. However, to prove those hypothesise requires more work of reasoning and more relative background evidences. To begin with, the author might intensively conceal the purity of copper proceeded and the expenditure of replacing new equipment. Primarily, the quality of the products should not be overlooked. Admittedly, for its important influence in earning profits, cost should be considered as an important factor in comprehensive judgment of new industrial skills, whereas the quality and quantity of the products are even more decisive in determining practical value of certain new technology. 这句话是说铜的质量不能被忽视，因为他是影响利润的重要原因，所以。。。感觉不用这么绕吧，影响利润的有很多因素，比如工艺什么的，质量也是一方面直接说就行了。质量影响的不仅仅是利润。As is self-evident, one industrial innovation could be broadly accepted only when its manufactures satisfied customers. If, for example, the new process of copper-extracting technologies failed to extract more pure copper, factories would never be willing to accept new technologies although the traditional one expends more electricity. In addition, the technical costs are undeserved slipped. When the CEO of one copper-extracting corporation endeavor to decrease their daily cost of energy, the primary consideration of him/her would be how much should he/she pay for the new equipment? If the costs of exchanging equipment, for instance, are much higher than the spending of extra electricity, one would require great act of will to eliminate old equipment. Since the expectation of the author established mainly in wide spread and broad using of the new industrial skills, he/she should not neglect the possibilities mentioned above. What is more, the effects of the new technologies to environment as well face the similar challenge. Are those new industrial skills detrimental to ecosphere? There might be opportunity that the equipment utilizing those technologies would release great amount of detrimental gases or polluted water to our living circumstance. Actually, if certain new technology will be harmful to our generations, it would never be actualized. Since the author rashly skip this possibility while focus merely on the power saving, the optimistic perspective he/she expecting might never emerge. True, new revolutionary industrial technology rarely failed to influence our daily lives, nonetheless, before verifying its practical influences, the positive anticipation is somewhat too hastily. Last but not least, the author failed to take into account that there might be other alternative possibilities to reach out to the purpose of energy saving. Do there exist any chemical compounds that could accelerate the copper-extracting action? As is known to all, appropriate catalyst could lower the temperature required in chemical interactions and therefore reduce the cost of electricity. 这个点自己倒是没有想到 In sum, were there detailed background information demonstrating quality of the products and cost of the machine, particular description convincing the essential impact to circumstance, comprehensive deduction excluding other possible approaches, the expectation of the author would be more rational

最后用了倒装

总之，文章比较好，学习了。

（9）

159.The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.

时间 30:00
----------------正文------------------------
In this argument, the arguer points out that the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity. To support his recommendation, the arguer claims that it is based on a recent study. However, at the first glance, the arguer seems to be plausible, but after a close scrutiny, it lies in several fallacies and logical flaws discussed below.这个应该是传说中的模板吧，我一着急也喜欢用
To begin with, the arguer neglects an important factor which the nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. This phenomenon leads to the different temperature in different region. Therefore, in common sense, with different temperature it is absolutely different costs on electricity. For example, A is natural cooler than B, so A must pay less electric money on fans or air conditioners because the residents in A have already felt cooler than B. Consequently, without consider this factor, the arguer's claim is open to doubt.
Secondly, the arguer fails to prove that it is the fact that all the electric costs which they have seen is the fans' or air conditioners' using cost. In other word, the arguer commits a false equal relationship between the overall electric cost and the fans' and air conditioners’ cost. It is entirely possible that when the residents are using fans or air conditioners, they also use other electric facilities, such as computers, televisions and so forth. Thus, without ruling out other possibilities about the electric cost, the arguer's claim can not convince us thoroughly.
Even if I was to concede that it is the fact that this overall electric cost is equal to the cooling equipments' cost, the arguer's point is also suspect. It is likely that the longer we use the electric facilities, the more opportunity (probability) they will be wrong (they happen to malfunction). It is absolutely possible that the saving money is so little that we can neglect it while the electric equipment is mighty expensive. Therefore, it may not save money if these facilities have something wrong as the result of long time usage.作者是不是想说购买新电器还要花很多钱，电器是易耗品，早晚会坏的。加上购买新电器的钱，总的算下来未必会省钱。
To sum up, this argument lacks credible because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To better bolster and strengthen it, the arguer needs to provide specific information about the electric cost and offer us more data of local temperature in different regions.

（10）主要是学习。大问题没有。有些句子有点问题，比如and 和or的用法

prettywraithUID：197049

第四次作业
（11）
argument65
"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."

According to the sales of their newest store and the results of a survey by Cheeses of the World, the president of a chain of cheese stores comes to the conclusion that the west 是想说best 吧way to improve profits in all of their stores is to discontinue stocking many of their varieties of imported cheeses and concentrate primarily on domestic  cheeses. Though sound as it seems, the reasoning is flawed in several aspects.有人说开头没有反映文章的逻辑链条，应该补充，我不清楚如果那么开头的话是否会显得太罗嗦？

To begin with, in the newest store the domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconisin are the best selling cheeses does not mean that all the domestic cheeses sell well. It is entirely possible that all the other domestic cheeses nevertheless sell badly. Perhaps, in the newest store, the domestic cheeses except for those from Wisconisin sell not as well as the imported cheeses and the overall sales of imported cheeses are far more than that of domestic cheeses. If this is the case, discontinuing stocking the imported cheeses, the stores, whose overall sales will drop sharply, will definitely lose huge profits. Unless the president finds out the other cheeses' sales, his proposal will not be convincing.这个点确实找的不是太明显，或者作者再说的具体一点
Besides, even assuming that in the newest store, the sales of domestic are better than those of imported cheeses, the president's advice still be too hasty. The president has not provided any evidence that the newest can typify all of their stores. There are many disparities among all the stores, such as the geography positions, the economical conditions of the cities where the stores are located, the tastes of the stores' customers, which will lead to different  results of the president' proposal in variable stores. To guarantee this proposal can improve profits, the presidents must make an investigation to learn what the sales in other stores and whether the sales of the newest store can represent all the stores' sales.看来还是要列逻辑链条，否则读起来比不是太清晰啊

In addition, the result of the survey by the magazine can lends little support to the president's proposal. The majority of the survey's respondents are the subscribers of the magazine and not representatives of the overall customers of this chain of cheese stores. Perhaps the respondents' tastes differ greatly from the tastes of this chain of stores' customers, who more prefer imported cheeses. If the president wants to know what the tastes of his stores' customers, he should do a survey among the customers of their chain of stores, rather than blindly believing one magazine’s survey.

In sum, there are still many jobs demanding the presidents to do before his proposal's carried out. Such as, making an investigation to learn what the sales of the other cheeses and what the tastes of customers in all the stores of the chains are

prettywraithUID：197049

第四次作业
（16）
argument188  
TOPIC: ARGUMENT188 - A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids-a painkiller-to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.
WORDS: 424          TIME: 00:28:34          DATE: 2008-12-1 15:54:44

In the argument, the arguer draw a conclusion that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. Besides, the arguer also suggests that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women. The argument is mainly based on a research about 28 men and 20 women having their wisdom teeth extracted. However, although the conclusion sounds indeed reasonable at first thought, several logical flaws may seriously undermine this argument.

First of all, the arguer commits a fallacy of "hasty generalization". Firstly, the research only tests one kind of painkiller-- kappa opioids without testing other kinds of painkiller's effect. Based on a specific example, it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all medications. It is very possible that other kind of medications might be completely different from kappa opioids, they might have the same effect on men and women, or might be more effective on men than women. 句子有问题，少连词或者改标点Secondly, the result of the research is limitedly based on one kind of situation--extracting the wisdom teeth. It is likely that this situation is not typical in general and in other cases kappa opioids might have the same effect on men and women. In fact, in the face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.  

Moreover, the research cited by the arguer is too vague to be informative. The number of the subjects, 28 men and 20 women, might constitute an insufficiently small sample to draw any reliable conclusion. Also, the sample might be unrepresentative of the most people. It is possible that the women in the group are more health than the men. Without better evidence that the research is statistically reliable, the arguer cannot convince me to accept his conclusion.

Last but not least, the arguer assumes that kappa opioids are more effective to women than men, according to the evidence that the women reported felling much less pain than the men. 这里不是假设药物对女士更有效吧，作者是通过那个小实验推出的中间结论But it is not sufficient to substantiate the assumption. It is entirely possible that the women might own more powerful ability to stand the pain or the men might express the pain openly. 最后这句话好像说的有点问题，为什么说“完全不可能”

To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to do more scientific and substantial research. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding the reference of other medications.这两句话说的大概是一个意思，是否有必要写两句。

prettywraithUID：197049

第四次作业
21-25

prettywraithUID：197049

第四次作业
26-30

prettywraithUID：197049

上来了好像没怎么写过心情日志，主要是在这7天里一直“连滚带爬”补“精英备考组”的海选作业。感叹一句“当精英不容易”，呵呵，自嘲一下。其实自己也没想过要当什么精英，更别说面对的是GRE，GAMT,LAST这些难度高的技术动作。只是不甘心自己就这么“沉沦堕落”下去，希望找个有凝聚力的团队可以相互激励，帮助。有幸能看到“草木”版主的英雄帖，这几天小小的发奋了一下。收获不小啊！:D

说一下今天都干嘛了：
昨晚失眠，2-3点才睡，中午也没睡成，一天没什么精神。不过还是改了改自己写的作文和别人写的作文。尽管进展缓慢，权当休息了。
女朋友感冒了，偶还要“小心伺候”啊，:loveliness:

电脑年久失修，准备一会儿重装下系统。
晚上睡个好觉！:sleepy:

prettywraithUID：197049

“精英组”精选阶段第一次任务

翻译178-183的Argument
178
下面的内容出现在National Brush Company（NBC）年度报告上：“为节省开支，我们公司NBC决定按生产刷子多少支付雇员薪水，以此代替按工作时间来支付工资。我们相信这项政策将会提高刷子的产量和质量，将降低雇员规模，同时使公司的工厂减少运营时间从而节省电费和降低安全成本。这些改变将保证最好的工人保住了他们的工作，而且公司在来年将实现盈利。”

179
下面是一份人事主管写个Cedar Corporation总裁的备忘录：“明年，继续雇佣Good-Taste（GT）公司为我们职工餐厅供应食物将是个错误。它是全市第二贵的餐饮承办公司。此外，在过去三年里，它的价格每年都在上涨，并且它拒绝为那些有特殊饮食需要的人提供服务。仅仅上个月就有三个员工跟我抱怨，说他们不会再在餐厅用餐了，因为那种经历实在让人难以忍受。我们公司应该雇佣Discount Foods（DF）来替代GT。DF是本地家族企业，它提供鱼和家禽类的多种菜单。最近我在DF提供服务的众多公司中的一家品尝了一份样菜，味道可口。这说明，雇佣DF将提高员工的满意度。”

180
下面是人事主管提给Acme Publishing Company总裁的一项建议：“最近，很多其它公司说他们的员工参加了Easy Read（ER）的速读课程之后生产效率大大提高。课程的一个毕业生能够在两个小时之内读完一份500页的报告；另一个毕业生在一年之内从一个经理助理升职为副总裁。显然，阅读速度越快，在一个工作日内吸收的信息就越多。此外，ER的学费只需每位雇员500美元，当你考虑到它将给Acme带来的益处时，这笔费用就只是小数目了。这个费用包括在Spruce市的三星期研讨班学习和ER时事通讯的终身赠阅。显然，通过要求我们的所有员工参加ER的课程，将会使Acme获得极大的好处。”

181
一封写给都市报编辑的信件：“最近一项研究表明，很多青少年需要更多的睡眠，同时另外一项研究显示我们城市中很多高中学生对自己的学习成绩不满意。作为解决这些问题的方法，我市的高中应该在早上8：30开始上课，而不是7：30，并且推迟一小时放学。这种安排将给学生在早晨多一个小时的睡觉时间，从而使他们更加清醒更有效率。因此，学生在测验和其他作业中将表现得更好，他们的学习能力将会大大提高。”

182
Happy Pancake House（HPH）在美国西南部的餐厅用人造黄油代替天然黄油。大约只有2％的顾客投诉过，这表明100个人中有98人对这种改变感到满意。此外，很多服务员反映，许多仍然要天然黄油的顾客，当天然黄油被替换成人造黄油时，他们并不会投诉。显然，这些顾客都不能区分天然黄油和人造黄油，或者他们是用“黄油”这个词来表示天然黄油或者人造黄油。因此，为避免购买天然黄油的开销，HPH应该在东南和东北部地区的餐厅推广这种节省开销的措施。

183
很多美国大公司的员工担心他们在不久的将来会丢掉工作，但这种担心很大程度上是没有事实依据的。根据最近的一项研究，大部分公司准备在来年雇佣新员工，同时较少的公司准备裁员。另外，尽管下岗确实很令人不安，但一些帮助人们改善求职技巧的培训项目和讲习班的激增使下岗远没有以前那么痛苦。

prettywraithUID：197049

本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-21 00:30 编辑
Comments( 2009-12-18):
    I have heard a lot of news about Copenhagen conference in which countries discuss framework about climate change. Although always pay more attention on environment, I do not care about this conference, because countries’ leader concern politics more than climate. Having read this report, I know global warming deeply, and have new attitude to look at climate crisis.

Firstly, because proper climate record-keeping started in 1979, scientists cannot provide sufficient evidence show that human activity leads to climate change. But as have they known, they reckon “those trends are all likely or very likely to have been caused by human activity and will probably continue”. The report offers several examples to tell us how human activity influence on climate. The typical one is that climate becomes warming , as atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing; meanwhile, carbon-dioxide emitting by human activity are increasing higher than before. Most of discussion about climate change in report are convincing, except that he does not give us more details about damage of climate change.  

Secondly, the report why climate change is also one political problem or one economic problem. Any global climate deal have to be affected by domestic policies, which mainly concern national beneficence. Every country does not want to pay more money for problem which will not sure whether happen or not decades later. Thus, green policies have to face huge troubles before they accepted by global world.

Good sentences:
“So far the effort to tackle global warming has achieved little.” 主要是词用的比较好，比如”so far”, “effort”, ”tackle”, 和”achieve”

“Its population rises and falls unpredictably, destroying clumps of pinewood as it peaks which then regenerate as the bug recedes.” 句子比较简洁，而且结构也较特别，定于之前插入一个状语”as it peaks”

“According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the body set up to establish a scientific consensus on what is happening, heat waves, droughts, floods and serious hurricanes have increased in frequency over the past few decades. “ 主句宾语从句后又接宾语从句

“But the broad scientific consensus is that serious climate change is a danger, and this newspaper believes that, as an insurance policy against a catastrophe that may never happen, the world needs to adjust its behaviour to try to avert that threat.” 值得学习的长句子的写法

“The UN is a useful talking shop, but it does not get much done.” 用到了比喻，讽刺的手法

“Not only is the latest round of negotiations mired in difficulty, but the World Trade Organisation’s task is child’s play compared with climate change.” 句子用到了比喻，而且有倒装，典型的”not only…, but…”的用法。

“Voters do not want to bear the cost of their elected leaders’ aspirations, and those leaders have not been brave enough to push them.” 句子几个词用的都很精当”bear”, “push”

Difficult sentences:
“Jakobshavn Isbrae, the largest of them, which drains 6% of Greenland’s ice, is now moving at 12km a year—twice as fast as it was when the UNFCCC was signed—and its “calving front”, where it breaks down into icebergs, has retreated by 20km in six years.” 主要是主句的主语和谓语距离较远，而且有几个词的意思较抽象，看了几遍才明白。

“The human race has almost all the tools it needs to continue leading much the sort of life it has been enjoying without causing a net increase in greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere.” 没弄清句子结构

“It is a prisoner’s dilemma, a free-rider problem and the tragedy of the commons all rolled into one” 没理解后半句的深层含义

“And if taxpayers decide that green policies are packed with pork, they will turn against them.” 这个比喻不太明白其中的含义


Comments( 2009-12-19):
        Although art or art market is far from my life or most ordinary Chinese, I have to say they play an important role in human spiritual wealth. From this special art market report, I have learned many useful knowledge. Admittedly, the report objectively tell us: the influence of recession impacting on art market, the way of recovery, masters of art universe, and the market rules. But I have to doubt whether author fairly assessed Christie and Sotheby or not.
        Do you remember bronze rabbit and rat head sculptures had been auctioned in France, on February 25, 2009? That’s my first time I hear about Christie, and auction is filled with original sin in my eyes. Then I know more information about Christie and Sotheby. Actually, Sotheby always keep a good relationship with China auction.
Eliminating these prejudice named after nationalism, there is still one serious problem of Christie and Sotheby. They monopolize art market, and they can easily control word art market. There are a number of figures in the report can deduce the conclusion. According to one typical data of the report, which Christie and Sotheby share almost half market’s business conducting at public auctions, it can seen their dominated strength in art market. Therefore, to protect private collectors’ benefit and preserve fair market, government should regulate auction strictly, such as private dealers, Christie and Sotheby.
        The report implies another problem is that China is becoming important client in art market. For instance, the report says “Last year China overtook France as the world’s third-biggest art market after America and Britain”. I do think this is a good news. Because, there are 120 million Chinese live in poverty reckoned by the United Nations. Except for 5% rich man, the average deposit for each people is only 6000 yuan, and the wealth gap is becoming huge continuously. In foreigners’ eyes, Chinese are rich, but they can imagine 120 million Chinese are suffering hungers, while the minority rich man are considering if 30 million dollars are enough for one art. You may say I am idealist or pragmatist. But still I think it is better spend more money to help those poor people, than buy those luxurious arts.

Good sentences:
Over the past 25 years more than 100 have been built, not only in America and Europe but also in the sheikhdoms of the Persian Gulf and the fast-growing cities in Asia. 觉得more than，not only…but also的用法值得学习，而且还有各地的名称

Over the same period the number of wealthy private collectors has also increased many times over, and so has their diversity. 后面的倒装句用的很简洁

Yet even here there are dark corners. The leading auctioneers offer inducements such as guaranteed prices to persuade sellers to part with their treasures, and generous terms of payment for buyers. 前面的句子用的简洁有力，而且还有比喻。后面的第一次读比较抽象，读几遍，理解其含义后句子写的还是很紧凑的。

Sotheby’s is a quoted company whereas Christie’s, once listed, was taken private in 1999 by its current owner, Mr Pinault. 主要是是一些专业词汇：quoted company 上市公司

The response of both auction houses to the current slump has been broadly similar: staff cuts, unpaid leave, a squeeze on salaries, slashed marketing and travel budgets, and an edict that the glossy auction catalogues, which in the boom cost each of them £25m a year to produce, were no longer to be handed out like chocolate drops. 一段就一句话，典型的长句子，值得模仿。

Difficult sentences:
But the proportion of all luxury spending that went on art increased as investors looked for assets that would hold their value in the longer term. 当时断句没断好，读了几遍才弄明白意思

Everyone wants an iconic work, which helps explain the global demand for artists such as Warhol, Jeff Koons and Mr Hirst—and the eye-watering prices such work can command. 主要是句子里面几个词都不太明白什意思

Sotheby’s, for its part, is still smarting from the public beating it received in America nearly a decade ago when its chairman, Alfred Taubman, and its chief executive, Diana Brooks, were found guilty of conspiring with Christie’s to fix commissions. 句子结构没有那么清晰


Comments( 2009-12-20):
        Relating the relationship between China and America, each Chinese have heard a host of messages, such as news, articles, speeches and books. Most Chinese know America so much, but so do not Americans. As most Chinese, I also concern America always, with my own attitude to the Sino-American relationship. From this article, I find one professional attitude which American people take to China. But I do not think the author really understands China.
        When I see the former paragraphs, I have thought that the author is one American holding on Chinese threat opinion. He introduce many merits about China. Although, as a Chinese, I am very glad to see my country is becoming prosperous, but，actually China still faces a number of problems or crisis in today and future. As author have said in article back, China is a “dwarf” , when comparing with America.
        Certainly, China have achieved amazing records by fighting in last decades. But we should have calm attitude to our problems and achievements. Especially facing America this the most developed country, we should better make more Chinese people be educated, live better and eat better, than mention “G2” concept, or the biggest creditor of America.

        这篇文章学到了很多有用的词汇，比如 “the Sino-American relationship”等等。当然有些句子也是很精彩的。


Good sentences:

“Our future history will be more determined by our position on the Pacific facing China than by our position on the Atlantic facing Europe” 不仅是因为总统先生说的，确实句子很整齐，用than连接两个对称的成分，our position on the Pacific facing China 读起来也显得干净利落。

China is exploring the rubble of the global economy in hopes of accelerating its own rise. 理由几个词觉得用的很精当。

It sees America’s plight as a cue to push for the lifting of such barriers and for Chinese companies to look actively for buying opportunities among America’s high-technology industries.句子写得比较严密

Between the communist victory in 1949 and President Richard Nixon’s historic visit to China in 1972 there had been as little contact between the two countries as there is between America and North Korea today. 句子比较长，但结构很清楚。

prettywraithUID：197049

今天主要是做了作业，然整理了部分语法笔记。另外是背了单词。总觉得时间不太够用。看来效率还是比较低，加油啊！

Comments( 2009-12-21):
        From the headline of this article, we can conclude there is still long way to achieve  economic recovery. I agree with the author’s assertion, but his evidence is not sufficient.
        In this report, author does not mention what are the causes of this recession. I do not think society internal economic law leads to this depression. Actually, overwhelming speculation in Wall Street, which is the biggest financial market in the world, creates capital market crisis, leading to global economic crisis directly. Lacking efficient supervision for speculators in Wall Street, American government should be responsible for this serious crisis. And the Federal Reserve(FR) lows the currency interest in long-term, which increases the price of American houses, is another reason prompting recession. Although some economic specialists said “economy is recovering from financial disaster, with government huge fiscal stimulus.”, I will not anticipate for any real recovery, without government improving their regulation or central banks taking proper currency strategy.
        I have to say fiscal stimulus stop the crisis expanding, but this effect could only work shortly. Huge financial deficits will lead serious inflation. Until then, if the economy still cannot recover powerfully, there would be a real disaster for us, which may be “lost decade” or serious stagflation. I certainly hope this scene has happened, but until now American government do not do anything to improve their regulation except for quantitative easing, while there are a host of debt belonging to American or European consumers.

Good sentences:
“Its information office promises nine miles of pristine sand, fine dining for devoted epicureans and an atmosphere of laid-back sophistication. ”Promise, pristine sand, devoted epicureans, laid-back 这几个词的使用值得学习

“Saddled with the worst credit rating in the country, the ‘Golden State’ is cutting spending on schools, prisons and health care for the elderly, as well as closing parks and laying off staff for three days a month.”政府节约开支的几种说法全有了，以后写作可以学习。

“He likened the economy to a piece of string stretched taut on a board. The more forcefully the string is plucked, the more sharply it snaps back.”学习老外是怎么写类比的句子

Difficult sentences:
“They find that, on average, seven years after a bust an economy’s level of output was almost 10% below where it would have been without the crisis.” 看了好几遍才找出合适断句的地方，这里seven years after a bust应该是个做插入成分的时间状语

“overinvestment and overspeculation…would have far less serious results were they not conducted with borrowed money.”后面的“were they not conducted with borrowed money”应该是个省略if的倒装，这里为啥没加标点就不知道了。？？？


“The typical post-war recession begins when the flow of spending in the economy puts a strain on its resources, forcing prices upwards.” 这句话能大概猜出意思，但是put a strain on 这个具体什么意思不清楚。？？？

“Only when you hit bottom can you stop and contemplate the cliff you must now climb.”
这句话我理解是这样的一个句子“When only you hit bottom, you can stop and contemplate the cliff (that) you must now climb”，貌似这样能翻译的通，不知道对不对？？？

“I fancy that over-confidence seldom does any great harm except when, as, and if, it beguiles its victims into debt.”句子意思大概明白，“as，and if”这里起什么作用？？？


参考资料 中英对照可以帮助理解
http://news.iciba.com/200901/547739.html

prettywraithUID：197049

Comments( 2009-12-22):
For America’s health-care bill, I am always interested in it. But, I find that I need know more knowledge about American politics, insurance, and fiscal budget, not only health-care, for wanting to understand America’s health-care bill substantially. Therefore, this article’s contents are obscure to me, though I have seen several videos made by CNN introducing health-care. Actually, the hardest problem I cannot understand is why president Barack Obama put such effort to reform health-care, why this health-care bill lead to debate intensely among congressmen, senators, and ordinary American, and why several health-care reform bills had failed in past. Certainly, I cannot find answers from this short passage, but I have gotten good question from this article.

Later, I have read several special reports for America’s health-care bill, containing Chinese articles and internet passages. I solve my queries basically and satisfy my curiosity, though those information not clear enough. Because health-care has a long story to say, I do not introduce them in this place. If you are interested in these either, please check websites as follows.

http://healthcareaccess.cookmedi ... z6Z4CFYYwpAodPVOTbQ
http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video ... .cnn?iref=allsearch

http://world.people.com.cn/GB/9722790.html
http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-09/12/content_12035814_1.htm

Good sentences:
“Since 60 votes is the precise number needed to avoid a filibuster, there was no room for error whatsoever, the reason why the procedural motion had taken so long.”对我来说“the reason why…”这个地方用比较特别

Difficult sentences:
“Shortly after 1am on Monday December 21st, the health bill cleared the first, and the most difficult, of the procedural hurdles it has to leap in order to secure passage through the Senate.”
句子主干知道意思明确，但是这个成分“of the procedural hurdles”不太理解是修饰哪部分的？

prettywraithUID：197049

今天主要了复习单词，和语法。将今天的文章看完了。写了一部分comments，一个好久没有联系的同学来个电话，聊的比较久。所以comments也没写完。计划做的数学题也没做。
不过，既然是友情肯定是要花些时间的。朋友可能以后就定居意大利了，觉得在外面的中国人多少还是不容易的，倒不是物质上，可能更多是精神上的归属感。可能住的时间久了就好了。祝福一下！

prettywraithUID：197049

Comments (2009-12-23,24):
From this debate and its comments, I have learned so much. Especially Steven’s and Nell’s remarks, both them provide solid contents, logical reasoning, effective evidence, and forceful examples. If they write Analytical Writing (AW) like this, ETS would give them score 6. Moreover, numerous written techniques arguing with other are very useful for preparing AW test, though there are some terminologies obscuring me. But these remarks are not perfect in my eyes. Next, I will reveal several flaws in their remarks.

How many salaries paying for executives are reasonable? This is a headache problem in every country. For American company, both Steven and Nell express their standpoints. As proposer, Steven has provided a number of data and evidence to support his assertion. But I still have some questions for his statements. Firstly, Steven insists CEO pay has not gone up in recent years. If it is true, then why CEO pay increases from ten times to 300 times worker’s pay. Secondly, he believes CEO pay is always related to performance. But, why several financial institutions paid more money for their executives, which are suffering from subprime disaster and have to beg for government’s capital injection. Therefore, Nell shows two extended examples to contradict Steven’s assertion. But, Nell did not give us more related data to strengthen her statement and she did not take against Steven’s first statement. Maybe, actually, Nell also think CEO pay has not increase in decades.

Good sentences:
But thereafter, starting in America and slowly spreading to the rest of the world, the multiples increased exponentially. 简洁的表达“指数增加”这一含义

While CEO pay practices are not perfect, they are driven by market forces and performance. 用词比较简练

These may be anecdotes, but they are illuminating ones. The numbers and details may be at the extreme, but the underlying approaches are representative.
这话完全可以改改用到自己文章里。

prettywraithUID：197049

今天除了comment，自己主要是背单词，另外仔细读了林肯的葛底斯堡演说词，精彩啊。学习之外还帮别人买手机，好久不看这些东西，比较生了。

Comments (2009-12-25):
The house of the Economist appears a splendid debate for us, though I cannot get a conclusion before catching enough reliable data. In these rebuttal remarks, I acquire satisfying answers for my questions in the last comment. Moreover, for my test preparation, there are numerous of good sentences, which are used to prove or contradict one viewpoint, to learn.

Firstly, as the proposer, Mr. Kaplan thinks Ms. Minow’s examples too few to persuade people. Moreover, he reveals these two examples are not accurate, because one CEO is charged recently. At last, he proves why Ms. Minow’s five claims are false and tells us the exact reason of economic crisis.

Ms. Minow also fights back powerfully, by taking more detailed data and evidence. In first step, she explains why she argues that current executive compensation plans are out of whack and how these plans lead to the crisis. In this process, she gives us two more examples than last remarks, such as Goldman’s and AIG’s bonuses scandal. Furthermore, by exposing the realized CEO compensation, she suspects the validity of data used by Mr. Kaplan. In the meantime, she points there is no relationship between CEO pay and the increase of CEO fired by boards. In a word, focusing on Mr. Kaplan’s evidence and reasoning, she criticizes executive compensation plans thoroughly. In the end, she also show us seven deadly sins found these plans, and will tell us how to do it right in next response.

Both Mr. Kaplan and Ms. Minow bring us excellent discussion, and we can learn much knowledge in their remarks. And I almost forget the moderator’s statement also give me a deep impression. Mr. Wooldridge not only gives us one open debate space, but also keeps the debate in right direction. What is more, his remarks make me clearly to understand the main clue of the debate.

Good sentences:

Once again, Wall Street is all about capitalism when it comes to the upside, but all about socialism when it comes to the downside, that is, from each, according to his ability, to each, whatever he can get away with. 句子简练，用到了演绎等修辞手法。

To 番茄斗斗 ，前半句说：“华尔街在繁华时期施行资本主义，低谷时期施行社会主义”，作者的意思是繁华的时候，公司大佬们都拿绩效工资，这样拿的多啊，经济低迷时，开始靠政府救济，这时候就不讲绩效了，大佬们就想能多分奖金就多分。

  后半句，我觉得作者是在演绎马克思的一句话“From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.——Karl Marx”，这句话的意思是“各尽所能，按需分配 --百度”，文中的“from each, according to his ability, to each, whatever he can get away with.”这句话估计是讽刺现存的分配制度不合理，也就是“各尽所能，无论如何一部分有特权的人都可能侥幸获得更多”

The preponderance of the data and, even Ms Minow's "outlier" "anecdotes," therefore, fail to provide any evidence that top executive compensation had much to do with the financial crisis. 写驳论文的时候可以模仿的句子。

Difficult sentences:

All Special Master Kenneth Feinberg can do is ask the company not to pay the bonuses and rattle his sabre about the pay he can control going forward, hoping that the threat of clamping down on the 25 executives at each of the covered companies he does have authority over will be enough of an incentive to force a change. 这句话读起来吃力，读完了不知所云，尤其是 “is ask”怎么这里像有语病。请人帮忙解释一下啊。多谢！

I do not understand why he brings up the net worth of CEOs; that has no relationship whatsoever to their pay, its relationship to performance, or its effectiveness at aligning CEOs' interests with shareholders'.
哪位读懂了帮忙解释一下啊。多谢！